Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested area and average yield over the period 1961-2009 (FAO, 2011).Area harvestedYield30602550Area harvested (million ha)20151050196119641967197019731976197919821985Figure 2 Sugar beet harvested area (GAEZ, 2011).19881991199419972000200320062009403020100Average yield (tonne/ha)Reference year 2000SUGAR BEET 203
North Africa and near East ranges from September to December, depending on the beginningof rainfall. Sowing in India can be in summer, winter and kharif period. Extending the sowingtime of sugar beet in winter and autumn has been an important breeding goal in the lastdecades, in order to reduce water requirement by avoiding parts of the summer, whilelengthening the crop cycle and thus increasing productivity (Rinaldi and Vonella, 2005).Minimum soil temperature for germination can be as low as 4 o C. Once established, theseedling enters a period of leaf initiation with virtually no enlargement of the upper portionof tap root for storage. By six weeks the plant has 8-10 leaves but the storage portion of theroot is just enlarging (see Table 1 and Figure 3). From this stage onwards, growth of leavesand storage portion of root occur simultaneously with the root making up an increasingproportion of total plant dry weight.Sugar beets develop an effective root zone of 1.20 m or deeper. In deep soils the crop candevelop a deep tap root system. As is the case for other crops, when the soil profile is relativelywet, normally most of the water is extracted from the upper half of the soil of the root zone,although water extraction down to 3 m has been reported for deficit-irrigated sugar beetin very deep, open soils. Since this crop is cultivated for sugar production, the season lengthinfluences the root sucrose concentration. The length of time when the crop is in the field islimited by the biennial cycle duration and by the water, light and temperature constraints; ingeneral, a prolonged crop cycle during the summer can modify the source-sink relationshipbetween leaves and root and, consequently, reduce the storage root sucrose content that canflow to the leaves.The evolution of canopy cover (CC) is mainly temperature dependent, and often maximum CC(CC x ) is reached after about 8 to 10 weeks. The duration in days is merely indicative becausetemperatures and water availability can influence the length of each phase. How long theleaves (hence the canopy) remain green depends on temperature and water stress. Springplanted crops in western and Eastern Europe and United States are harvested betweenSeptember and November, while autumn planted crops are harvested at the end of springor early summer (May to July in the Northern Hemisphere). Lengths of main crop stages arereported in Table 1 with reference to different cropping regions and sowing dates.When grown at several constant temperatures (range of 7 to 31 o C, spaced 4 to 7 o C apart),fastest leaf growth was obtained at 24 o C, and fastest tap/storage-root growth was observeda considerably lower temperature, at less than 17 o C (Terry, 1968; Milford and Riley, 1980).Leaf growth is a linear function of temperature above 3 o C, and in the field leaf growth isclose to a linear function of growing degree days calculated with a base temperature of 1 o C(Milford et al., 1985).Modern sugar beet cultivars are almost insensitive to day-length, and bolting (appearanceof flowering stalk) and flowering do not take place under normal cropping conditions in thefirst season. Bolting reduces sucrose yield and is induced by a combination of low wintertemperatures (0-10 o C) and long days. Breeders have selected cultivars with very strong flowerinduction requirements that can now be used for early sowing. The plant only flowers in thesecond year when seed production is the goal.204crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
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loss. If water stress is severe eno
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ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
Page 170: Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
Page 173: Response to StressesCotton stands o
Page 176: FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 181 and 182: spring. In double cropping, sowing
Page 183 and 184: size as affected by soil water defi
Page 186: sunflower 171
Page 191 and 192: to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193 and 194: Response to stressLow temperatureSu
Page 196: Sugarcane 181
Page 200 and 201: Figure 1 World potato harvested are
Page 202 and 203: initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
Page 204: ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
Page 209 and 210: Tomato requires soils with proper w
Page 211 and 212: and there is frequent wetting of ex
Page 213 and 214: is so excessive that fruit setting
Page 217: Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Ba
Page 221 and 222: Water use & ProductivitySugar beets
Page 223 and 224: ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
Page 228 and 229: Figure 1 Alfalfa harvested area (SA
Page 231 and 232: Water use & ProductivityAs a perenn
Page 233 and 234: SalinityAlfalfa is tolerant to rela
Page 237 and 238: Lead AuthorAsha Karunaratne(formerl
Page 239 and 240: Generally, the growing season begin
Page 241 and 242: FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 244 and 245: *Flower and grain colour presented
Page 246 and 247: Figure 1 World quinoa harvested are
Page 248 and 249: with typical values around 10.5 g/m
Page 250: ReferencesAlvarez-Jubete, L., Arend
Page 254 and 255: Growth and developmentThe common me
Page 256 and 257: soils (EARO, 2002). Tef has some to
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Page 261 and 262: Lead AuthorsElias Fereres(Universit
Page 264: equirements per unit land area for
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figure 6 The water balance of an or
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ox 2 Understanding the transpiratio
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Orchard transpirationTree Tr is det
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ox 4 Sample calculation of E dz , E
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ox 5 Computing olive tree transpira
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FIGURE 10 Crop coefficient (K c ) c
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For training systems on a vertical
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ox 7Consumptive and non-consumptive
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are seeking more precision in their
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ox 9 Examples of soil water monitor
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ox 10 (CONTINUED)The major limitati
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ox 12Definition of CWSI and an exam
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The water budget methodWith this me
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ox 15 Evolution of soil water under
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opening and photosynthesis relative
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that occur during the periods of fr
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The crop, where price can vary more
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Modify horticultural practicesPruni
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FIGURE 13Comparison of yield per un
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season. Thus the risks of salinity
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4.1 Fruit trees and vinesEditor:Eli
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Figure 1 Production trends for oliv
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Figure 2Occurrence and duration of
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The use of displacement sensors to
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Figure 4 Relationship between relat
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Table 3 Sample calculation of month
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clayey soils. If supply is very lim
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Fruit growth during this stage is t
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Season-long stressSeveral studies h
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Table 1Published monthly crop coeff
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Four crop-water-production function
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size distribution toward more favou
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Lead AuthorSAmos Naor(GRI, Universi
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Apples tend to have a biennial bear
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water stress and thus highly respon
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indicate that deficit irrigation ad
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Figure 7Effect of midday light inte
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Figure 10Response of marketable fru
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Failla, O., Zocchi, Z., Treccani, C
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Figure 1 Production trends for plum
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soil water. In young orchards, post
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Figure 3 Relationships between rela
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ReferencesAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Figure 1 Production trends for almo
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FIGURE 2The three stages of almond
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Figure 3Differences in the cultivar
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Indicators of tree water statusTo p
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nuts are rapidly expanding and late
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ReferencesAyars, J.E., Johnson, R.
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Table 2 (Continued)Year TreatmentWa
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Table 3 (continued)Potential900 mmA
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Figure 1 Production trends for pear
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(Elkins et al., 2007). The appearan
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out in Spain under more common grow
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Figure 4Relationships between the p
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Data in Figure 5 suggest that there
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e saved, but this causes a reductio
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pear 389
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Figure 1 Production trends for peac
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Figure 2bEvolution of vegetative (s
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The postharvest period is important
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the midday stem-water potential in
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PHOTOPeach leaf appearance under th
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FIGURE 5Relation between the crop c
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In applying RDI strategies an impor
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peach 407
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Figure 1 Production trends of walnu
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1 100 mm, a team in California appl
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Figure 1 Production trends for pist
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There are two types of shoot growth
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FIGURE 3Time course development of
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Stage III was the most stress sensi
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(see Chapter 4), as in other specie
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Table 2 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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is completed within 20 days; therea
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or peach. However, because fruit is
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to a midday value varying between -
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Lead AuthorRaúl Ferreyraand Gabrie
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The most critical developmental per
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Figure 4Effects of the level of app
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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water stress should not be imposed
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Under certain growing conditions, s
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ReferencesAntunez A., Stockle, C. &
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Lead AuthorSVictor O. Sadras(SARDI
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Current season inflorescences becom
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the actual timing of each critical
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environments, rainfall pulses and l
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Figure 6Yield reduction with increa
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Table 3Yield and yield components o
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Figure 9Wine quality score as a fun
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Figure 11Wine attributes of Tempran
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(McCarthy and Coombe, 1999), but ev
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Figure 15Relative yield as a functi
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Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvèdre in
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Girona, J., Mata, M., del Campo, J.
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Lead AuthorSCristos Xiloyannis(Univ
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Figure 2Seasonal pattern of the lea
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Figure 5Fraction of the exposed and
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FIGURE 9Soil volume explored by roo
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Water Requirements and IrrigationMa
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5. EpilogueThis publication, Irriga
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operating systems (e.g., Linux, Uni
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Crop yield response to waterAbstrac
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