Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Lead AuthorsMichele Rinaldi(CRA, Bari, Italy)Sugar BeetContributing AuthorsStefaan Horemans(SESVanderhave, Tienen, Belgium)AcknowledgmentsPasquale Garofalo(CRA, Bari, Italy),Theodore C. Hsiao(University of California,Davis, USA)Scientists contributingwith experimentalDATA and tests for thecalibration of AquaCroPPhilippe Clouet(Cristal Union, France),Sam Geerts,Nirman Shrestha(KU Leuven University,Leuven, Belgium),Michele Rinaldi,Pasquale Garofalo(CRA, Bari, Italy)General descriptionSugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a biennial plant that produces a largestorage root as a part of tap root containing 14 to 20 percent sucroseon a fresh mass basis. When cultivated for sugar production, it isharvested in the first season, while for flowering and seed production thecultivation is prolonged to the second year. The first season for autumnplanted crop is autumn to early summer of the next year, and for springplanted crop, from spring to autumn of the same year.Current world production is about 227 million tonne of beets produced on4.2 million ha (FAO, 2011). The cropped area has been decreasing over thepast two decades; total root production, however, remained stable over thesame period because of increasing yields (Figure 1). Sugar beet is croppedin the belt from 60° LAT N to 30° LAT S, with the main producing countriesbeing France, United States, Germany, Russian Federation, Turkey, Poland,Ukraine, United Kingdom and China, in that order (FAO, 2011) (Figure 2).Sugar beet is usually cropped in rotation with cereals (Europe, RussianFederation, Ukraine), maize (Southern Europe, America), beans andsoybean (United States, China), in 3-5 year rotations (e.g. wheat – sugarbeet – barley – peas). Optimal beet yields are obtained following wheat orbarley, while excessive nitrogen availability after maize or soybean reducessugar yield. At least a 3-year rotation is required to minimize root disease,Cercospora leaf spot, and herbicide carryover.Growth and developmentBeet seeds are bulky and light in mass, one seed weighs only about 10 mg.Seeds are planted 1 to 2 cm deep in a single row, seldom in a double row,with rows spaced 0.40 to 0.76 m apart. Monogerm seeds allow precisionsowing with 120 000 seeds/ha to obtain 60 000 to 110 000 plant/ha atharvest. In some situations, thinning by hand or by machine is needed toobtain optimal plant density and uniform spacing. Planting should be donewhen soil temperature is higher than 4 °C and the risks of frost is nil, andalso depends on crop management and harvest scheduling. The sowingperiod ranges from autumn (India, Mediterranean-type climates), to earlyspring (Western and Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, United States), tolate spring (Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States). Sowing in202crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
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A number of studies indicate that s
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ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
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Figure 1 World barley harvested are
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Barley development may be thought o
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The seasonal water requirements for
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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
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sowing usually starts in late Septe
Page 164 and 165: loss. If water stress is severe eno
Page 166: ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
Page 170: Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
Page 173: Response to StressesCotton stands o
Page 176: FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 181 and 182: spring. In double cropping, sowing
Page 183 and 184: size as affected by soil water defi
Page 186: sunflower 171
Page 191 and 192: to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193 and 194: Response to stressLow temperatureSu
Page 196: Sugarcane 181
Page 200 and 201: Figure 1 World potato harvested are
Page 202 and 203: initiation, vigorous canopy, profus
Page 204: ReferencesBradshaw, J.E. 2009. A ge
Page 209 and 210: Tomato requires soils with proper w
Page 211 and 212: and there is frequent wetting of ex
Page 213 and 214: is so excessive that fruit setting
Page 218 and 219: Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
Page 220 and 221: TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
Page 222 and 223: thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
Page 224: SUGAR BEET 209
Page 229: death is mainly caused by competiti
Page 232 and 233: y the requirement set by transpirat
Page 234: ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
Page 238 and 239: Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
Page 240 and 241: temperatures clearly influence repr
Page 242: BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
Page 245 and 246: Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
Page 247 and 248: physiological maturity varies betwe
Page 249 and 250: (Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
Page 253 and 254: Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
Page 255 and 256: about 55 days or more after plantin
Page 257 and 258: Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
Page 260 and 261: Yield response to waterof fruit tre
Page 262: techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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FAO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPERS1
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