Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly FAO, Land and WaterDivision, Rome, Italy;currently retired)Pasquale Steduto(FAO, Land and Water Division,Rome, Italy)2. Yield response to water:the original FAO waterproduction functionGeneral descriptionFAO addressed the relationship between crop yield and water use in thelate seventies proposing a simple equation where relative yield reductionis related to the corresponding relative reduction in evapotranspiration(ET). Specifically, the yield response to ET is expressed as:(1)⎛ ⎞⎜ 1−Y ⎛a⎟ = K y1−ET ⎞a⎜ ⎟⎝ Y x ⎠ ⎝ ET x ⎠where Y x and Y a are the maximum and actual yields, ET x and ET a are themaximum and actual evapotranspiration, and K y is a yield response factorrepresenting the effect of a reduction in evapotranspiration on yieldlosses. Equation 1 is a water production function and can be applied to allagricultural crops, i.e. herbaceous, trees and vines.The yield response factor (K y ) captures the essence of the complex linkagesbetween production and water use by a crop, where many biological,physical and chemical processes are involved. The relationship has showna remarkable validity and allowed a workable procedure to quantify theeffects of water deficits on yield.This approach and the calculation procedures for estimating yield responseto water were published in the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33(Doorenbos and Kassam, 1979), which was considered one of FAO'smilestone publications, and were used widely worldwide for a broad rangeof applications.In this Chapter, the procedures used to quantify the yield response to waterdeficits using Equation 1 are briefly described. To get fully acquainted withthe original procedures, the K y use and related applications, the reader isreferred to the original publication.6crop yield response to water
Page 3: Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
Page 16 and 17: 1. IntroductionFood production and
Page 24: Maximum Yield (Y x )The FAO I&D No.
Page 38: figure 3 An example of the progress
Page 41: figure 5 Relationship (a) between a
Page 44: FIGURE 8 A soil profile with more t
Page 48: acclimation. The stress thresholds,
Page 51: selected with a tendency to set mor
Page 55: occupied by air in the root zone. T
Page 58 and 59: Care must be taken, however, to avo
Page 60: It should be emphasized that for te
Page 64: Users should change the first part
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conducted (and saved to disk) to re
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Applications related to agronomy an
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Box 2 (CONTINUED)A common soil for
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• typical crops with representat
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AQUACROP APPLICATIONS 69
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Location and User Specific Paramete
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eginning of flowering, to the begin
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After LAI of the planting is estima
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line portion of near constant slope
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depletion) in AquaCrop. Depending o
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3.4 Herbaceous cropsEditor:Theodore
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with the lower densities being used
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TAbLE 1Duration of the main phenolo
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minimize water deficits during the
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Lead AuthorBas A.M. Bouman(IRRI, Lo
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historically grown under shifting c
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and 6-8 tonne/ha in the wet season.
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Figure 1 World maize harvested area
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estricted transpiration rate. Contr
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maize 121
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can continue to grow after this. Ma
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flowering. Irrigation during pod fi
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Lead AuthorRoxana Savin(University
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two cereals are scarce, one of the
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the onset of stem elongation to the
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ReferencesAbeledo, L.G., Calderini,
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Figure 1 Typical developmental stag
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15 °C, grain sorghum takes 250 to
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at flowering would inhibit pollinat
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Lead AuthorSteven R. Evett(USDA-ARS
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Table 1Days for development stage b
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from 0.65 to 1.3 tonne/ha for surfa
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Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(U
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genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
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Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
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Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
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The stalk is composed of an immatur
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Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
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Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
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quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
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ecommended fertilization rates rang
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Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
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Tomato flowers develop from buds si
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nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
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TOMATO 199
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Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
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TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
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thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
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SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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FAO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPERS1
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