Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Yield and harvest indexCommercial yields vary hugely. Under favourable climatic conditions (7 300 MJ/m 2 of radiationover the life cycle, 4 000 GDD using a base temperature of 10 o C) and adequate water supply(1 800 mm net) experimental yield of 200 tonne/ha fresh cane (24 tonne sucrose/ha) per yearcan be achieved (derived from Inman-Bamber, 1995). Actual commercial yields under irrigationvary from 80 to 150 tonne/ha fresh cane (10 to 17 tonne sucrose/ha) (Waclawovsky et al., 2010).Worldwide a yield of 120 tonne/ha (14 tonne sucrose/ha) is considered a good yield under fullirrigation. Rainfed cane yields vary from 30 to 90 tonne/ha of fresh cane per year depending onsoil and climatic conditions, with a yield of 60 tonne/ha considered as good. Water productivityin terms of above ground biomass and evapotranspiration (WP B/et ) ranges from 3.5 to 5.5 kg/m 3 ,and, in terms of sucrose and evapotranspiration (WP sucrose/et ), from 1.3 to 2.2 kg/m 3 (derivedfrom Thompson, 1976; Olivier and Singels, 2003; Carr and Knox, 2011).The sucrose content of fresh stalk varies in extremes from 5 to 16 percent and from 20 percentto 58 percent on a dry mass basis, depending on genotype, crop age and growth conditions(temperature and water status) during the last four weeks preceding harvest. Typical stalksucrose content at harvest is around 12.5 percent on a fresh mass basis and around 50 percenton a dry mass basis. Expressed as sucrose mass per unit of aboveground biomass the harvestindex varies around 35 percent (derived from Thompson et al., 1976; Inman-Bamber et al.,2002; Carr and Knox, 2011)ReferencesBell, M.J. & Garside A.L. 2005. Shoot and stalk dynamics and the yield of sugarcane crops in tropical and subtropicalQueensland, Australia. Field Crop Research 92: 231-248.Bull & Glasziou. 1976. Sugar cane. In: Evans, L.T. ed. Crop physiology. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.pp. 51-72.Carr, M.K.V. & Knox J.W. 2011. The water relations and irrigation requirements of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum):a review. Experimental Agriculture 47: 1-25.Ebrahim, M.K., Zingsheim, O., El-Shourbagy, M.N., Moore P.H. & Komor E. 1998. Growth and sugar storage insugarcane grown at temperatures below and above optimum. Journal of Plant Physiology 153: 593–602.FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database, available at link http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed on December 2011.GAEZ. 2011. Global Agro-Ecological Zones ver. 3.0, FAO, IIASA.Glaz B. & Morris D.R. 2010.Sugarcane responses to water-table depth and periodic flood. Agronomy Journal 102(2): 372-380.Golden L.E. & Ricaud R. 1963. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of sugarcane in Louisiana. LouisianaAgric. Exp. Stn. Bulletin 574.Inman-Bamber N.G. 1994. Temperature and seasonal effects on canopy development and light interception ofsugarcane. Field Crops Research 36: 41-51.Inman-Bamber, N.G. 1995. Climate and water as constraints to production in the South African sugar industry. In:Proceedings of Conference South African Sugar Technology Association 69: 55-59.Inman-Bamber, N.G., Muchow, R.C. & Robertson, M.J. 2002. Dry matter partitioning of sugarcane in Australia andSouth Africa. Field Crops Research 76: 71–84.Inman-Bamber N.G. & McGlinchey M.G. 2003. Crop coefficients and water-use estimates for sugarcane based onlong-term Bowen ratio energy balance measurements. Field Crops Research 83 (2): 125-138.Lingle, S.E. 1999. Sugar metabolism during growth and development in sugarcane internodes. Crop Science 39,480–486.Nelson P.N. & Ham G.J. 2000. Exploring the response of sugar cane to sodic and saline conditions through naturalvariation in the field. Field Crops Research 66: 245-255.Sugarcane 179
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
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Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
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emergence to flowering is about 65
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ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
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Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
Page 144 and 145: A number of studies indicate that s
Page 146: ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1 World barley harvested are
Page 152: Barley development may be thought o
Page 155 and 156: The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160: Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
Page 161: sowing usually starts in late Septe
Page 164 and 165: loss. If water stress is severe eno
Page 166: ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
Page 170: Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
Page 173: Response to StressesCotton stands o
Page 176: FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 181 and 182: spring. In double cropping, sowing
Page 183 and 184: size as affected by soil water defi
Page 186: sunflower 171
Page 191 and 192: to produce energy (electricity from
Page 193: Response to stressLow temperatureSu
Page 199 and 200: Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
Page 201 and 202: quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
Page 203 and 204: ecommended fertilization rates rang
Page 208 and 209: Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
Page 210 and 211: Tomato flowers develop from buds si
Page 212 and 213: nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
Page 214: TOMATO 199
Page 218 and 219: Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
Page 220 and 221: TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
Page 222 and 223: thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
Page 224: SUGAR BEET 209
Page 229: death is mainly caused by competiti
Page 232 and 233: y the requirement set by transpirat
Page 234: ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
Page 238 and 239: Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
Page 240 and 241: temperatures clearly influence repr
Page 242: BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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