Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(University of Cordoba, Spain)Elias Fereres(University of Cordobaand IAS-CSIC, Cordoba, Spain)Contributing AuthorsM. Henar Prieto(SIA, Junta de Extremadura,Badajoz, Spain),Carmen Ruz(IAS-CSIC, Cordoba, Spain),Rossella Albrizio(formerly CIHEAM-IAMB, Bari,Italy; currently CNR-ISAFOM,Ercolano, Italy),Mladen Todorovic(CIHEAM-IAMB, Bari, Italy)M. Auxiliadora Soriano(University of Cordoba, Spain).AcknowledgmentsTheodore C. Hsiao(University of California,Davis, USA)Scientists contributingwith experimentalDATA and tests for thecalibration of AquaCroPMarie-Therese Abi Saab(formerly CIHEAM-IAMB, Bari,Italy; currently LARI,Fanar, Lebanon),Rossella Albrizio(formerly CIHEAM-IAMB, Bari,Italy; currently CNR-ISAFOM,Ercolano, Italy),Carmen Gimenez(University of Cordoba,Cordoba, Spain),Theodore C. Hsiao(University of California,Davis, USA),M. Henar Prieto(SIA, Junta de Extremadura,Badajoz, Spain),Claudio Stöckle(Washington State University,Washington, USA),Mladen Todorovic(CIHEAM-IAMB, Bari, Italy),Ljubomir Zivotic(CIHEAM-IAMB, Bari, Italy)SunflowerGeneral descriptionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant that originatedin Central and North America and is now widely grown throughoutthe world. Among oil crops, sunflower is the fifth most cultivatedannual crop with 23.7 million ha in 2009, after soybean, rapeseed, cottonand groundnuts (FAO, 2011). The sunflower area greatly increased afterthe introduction of hybrids in the early 1970s, and since then average yieldincreased moderately (Figure 1). World production of sunflower oil (13million tonne) represents around 9 percent of total world oil production,ranking fourth after palm (30 percent), soybean (26 percent), and rapeseed(15 percent) oil.Sunflower is grown in arid and semi-arid climates under irrigation or rainfed,and in temperate zones under rainfed conditions. The main producingcountries are the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Argentina, China, France,the United States, and Hungary, in that order (see Figure 2 for harvestedareas). Growing sunflower in rotation with other crops is very important forthe sustainability of the cropping system. In fact, sunflower fits in well as ascavenger crop following shallow-rooted crops, as its deep root system canrecover some of the nitrogen applied to the previous crop that has beenleached to below its root zone. Residual water left in the subsoil by previouscrops can also be exploited by sunflower (Fereres et al., 1993). In addition, itsshorter growing season, compared to many other summer crops makes it anattractive option for double cropping. Because of its high water extractioncapacity, sunflower can be important in rotations at locations with highprobabilities of annual replenishment of soil water at depth. Sunflower isusually grown in 3-4 year rotations (reducing the likelihood of disease) withcereals (e.g. wheat, maize, sorghum), soybean, and beans.Growth and DevelopmentEven though sunflower was originally a summer crop, it can be sown overa wide time period (once soils have warmed to 7-9 °C) because of its fastgrowth at relatively low temperatures; efficient photosynthetic radiationcapture by sun tracking; and the early maturity of most cultivars. Intemperate regions with mild winters, highest yields and oil percentages areobtained by sowing quite early, before spring arrives (Gimeno et al., 1989).Normal sowing dates in colder environments range from early to late164crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
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Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130: Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
Page 132 and 133: emergence to flowering is about 65
Page 135 and 136: ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
Page 140: Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
Page 144 and 145: A number of studies indicate that s
Page 146: ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1 World barley harvested are
Page 152: Barley development may be thought o
Page 155 and 156: The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160: Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
Page 161: sowing usually starts in late Septe
Page 164 and 165: loss. If water stress is severe eno
Page 166: ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
Page 170: Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
Page 173: Response to StressesCotton stands o
Page 176: FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online database,
Page 182 and 183: genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
Page 184: Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
Page 190 and 191: Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
Page 192 and 193: The stalk is composed of an immatur
Page 194: Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
Page 199 and 200: Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
Page 201 and 202: quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
Page 203 and 204: ecommended fertilization rates rang
Page 208 and 209: Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
Page 210 and 211: Tomato flowers develop from buds si
Page 212 and 213: nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
Page 214: TOMATO 199
Page 218 and 219: Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
Page 220 and 221: TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
Page 222 and 223: thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
Page 224: SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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