Crop yield response to water - Cra

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from 0.65 to 1.3 tonne/ha for surface and sprinkler irrigation, and from 0.9 to 1.6 tonne/ha fordrip irrigation in the United States southern high plains, depending on irrigation level, versusan average of 1.3 tonne/ha for Upland and 1.1 tonne/ha for Pima in the Central Valley ofCalifornia. This contrasts with lint yields ranging from 1 to 1.7 tonne/ha in sub-humid Alabamawhere irrigation is supplemental (Balkcom et al., 2006). Excessive irrigation (> 700 mm ortotal of irrigation + precipitation > 900 mm) causes yield declines. Narrow row (< 0.76 m rowwidth) cotton may increase yields by 10 to 30 percent in many environments. Yield levels inother cotton production regions of the world range from 0.5 to 1.9 tonne/ha. The impact ofirrigation and water regimes on yield can be caused at least in part by changes in harvestindex which is increased (up to 0.46, for yield of lint plus seed, (Garcia-Vila et al., 2009) bywater deficit sufficient to inhibit vegetative growth but not enough to suppress substantiallyphotosynthesis per canopy area. Alternatively, yield is reduced by high plant water statusstimulating rank growth and biomass production (down to HI=0.35 with biomass >12 tonne/ha). If water deficit restricts vegetative growth and canopy development from very early on,canopy would be too sparse and would capture less of the incident solar radiation for growthand production. In that case, biomass production could be reduced sufficiently to result in lessyield in spite of a high HI. AquaCrop has been constructed to account for these rather nuancedeffects of water status on HI and yield.The cases of highest WP lint/et under drip irrigation, mentioned earlier, are likely the combinedeffects of reduced soil evaporation and a more controlled deficit. Surface irrigation, generallywith a minimum of 30 to 40 mm applied periodically, provides enough water for goodvegetative growth at least for a few days, whereas drip irrigation can be managed to keep theplant within a more controlled range of mild water deficit.ReferencesAlam, M., Colaizzi, P.D., Rogers, D.H. & Shaw, L. K. 2008. Irrigating cotton in a thermally-limited area. Proceedings2008 Irrigation Show and Conference, Nov. 2-4, 2008, Anaheim, California.Ayars, J.E., Phene, C.J., Hutmacher, R.B., Davis, K.R., Schoneman, R.A., Vail, S.S. &Mead, R.M. 1999. Subsurfacedrip irrigation of row crops: a review of 15 years of research at the Water Management Research Laboratory.Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 42, pp. 1-27.Balkcom, K.S., Reeves, D.W., Shaw, J.N., Burmester, C.H. & Curtisl, L.M. 2006. Cotton yield and fibre quality fromirrigated tillage systems in the Tennessee valley. Agronomy Journal 98:596–602.Bange, M.P. & Milroy, S.P. 2004. Impact of short term exposure to cold night temperatures on early development ofcotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55(6): 655-664.Baumhardt, R. Louis, and Jaime Salinas-Garcia. 2006. Mexico and the US Southern Great Plains. p. 341-364. In:Peterson, G.A., Unger, P.W. & Payne, W.A., eds. Dryland Agriculture. Second edition. Madison, Wisc., AgronomyMonograph No. 23. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA.Bradow, J.M. & Davidonis, G.H. 2000. Quantitation of fibre quality and the cotton production-processing interface:A physiologists perspective. Journal of Cotton Science 4:34–64.Colaizzi, P.D., Evett, S.R. & Howell, T.A. 2005. Cotton production with SDI, LEPA, and spray irrigation in a thermallylimited climate. In: Conference Proceedings Emerging Irrigation Technology. Phoenix, Arizona, November 6–8,2005, (CD ROM), The Irrigation Association, pp. 15–30.Colaizzi, P. D., Evett, S.R. & Howell, T. A. 2006. Near-surface soil water and temperature for SDI, LEPA, and sprayirrigation. In: Proceedings Technical Conference, 27th Annual International Irrigation Show, San Antonio, TX, 5-7November, 2006. Irrigation Association.Constable, G.A. 1976. Temperature effects on the early field development of cotton. Australian Journal ofExperimental Agriculture Animal Husbandry 16:905–910.160crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
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Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
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Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
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When nutrition is limiting, yield p
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wheat 101
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Figure 1 World rice harvested area
Page 123: Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130: Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
Page 132 and 133: emergence to flowering is about 65
Page 135 and 136: ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
Page 140: Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
Page 144 and 145: A number of studies indicate that s
Page 146: ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1 World barley harvested are
Page 152: Barley development may be thought o
Page 155 and 156: The seasonal water requirements for
Page 159 and 160: Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, A
Page 161: sowing usually starts in late Septe
Page 164 and 165: loss. If water stress is severe eno
Page 166: ReferencesFAO. 2011. FAOSTAT online
Page 170: Figure 1 World cotton harvested are
Page 173: Response to StressesCotton stands o
Page 179: Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(U
Page 182 and 183: genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
Page 184: Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
Page 190 and 191: Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
Page 192 and 193: The stalk is composed of an immatur
Page 194: Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
Page 199 and 200: Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
Page 201 and 202: quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
Page 203 and 204: ecommended fertilization rates rang
Page 208 and 209: Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
Page 210 and 211: Tomato flowers develop from buds si
Page 212 and 213: nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
Page 214: TOMATO 199
Page 218 and 219: Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
Page 220 and 221: TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
Page 222 and 223: thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
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SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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FAO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPERS1
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