Crop yield response to water - Cra

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Lead AuthorSuhas P. Wani(ICRISAT, Andhra Pradesh,India)Contributing AuthorsRossella Albrizio(formerly CIHEAM-IAMB, Bari,Italy; currently CNR-ISAFOM,Ercolano, Italy),Nageswara Rao Vajja(ICRISAT, Andhra Pradesh, India)AcknowledgmentsElias Fereres(University of Cordoba andIAS-CSIC, Cordoba, Spain),Lee K. Heng(Soil and Water Management& Crop Nutrition Section, JointFAO/IAEA Division, Vienna,Austria),Theodore C. Hsiao(University of California,Davis, USA),Pasquale Steduto(FAO, Land and Water Division,Rome, Italy)Scientists contributingwith experimentalDATA and tests forthe calibration ofAquaCropPeter Cooper(ICRISAT, Andhra Pradesh,India),Lee K. Heng(Soil and Water Management& Crop Nutrition Section JointFAO/IAEA Division, Vienna,Austria),Gerrit Hoogenboom(University of Georgia,Athens, USA),Theodore C. Hsiao(University of California,Davis, USA),Pasquale Steduto(FAO, Land and WaterDivision, Rome, Italy)SorghumGeneral descriptionSorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a crop indigenous toAfrica, where it appears to have been domesticated in Ethiopiaabout 5 000 years ago. It is now widely cultivated in dry areas ofAfrica, Asia, the Americas, Europe and Australia between latitudes ofup to 50 °N in North America and Russia and 40 °S in Argentine. Sweetsorghum is a variant closely related to grain sorghum; it differs mainly inthat its stalks are taller and juicier with higher sugar content than the grainsorghum type. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal in the worldafter wheat, rice, maize and barley. In Africa it comes second after maizein terms of production. Sorghum is well adapted to tropical climates withseveral traits making it a drought-tolerant crop that survives under adverseclimatic conditions, and thus is often relegated to poor soils and low-inputmanagement. It is extensively grown under rainfed conditions for grainand forage production. High production may be achieved when sufficientwater and nutrients are applied especially at critical stages of crop growth.World sorghum production during 2009 was about 59 million tonne of grainfrom 40 million ha with an average productivity of 1.4 tonne/ha (FAO, 2011),with the United States, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Australia, andBrazil as major producing countries, in that order (FAO, 2011) (Figure 1).Sorghum is mainly cultivated in dry areas, often on shallow to mediumdeep, lighter to medium textured soils, and also on medium to deep soils ofhigh water retention capacity as a post-rainy season crop (Figure 2).In India, rainy season (kharif) sorghum is sown between the second weekof June and the first week of July, with rains of the southwest monsoon.However, sorghums are prone to fungal attacks leading to grain mouldif late season rains occur during grain maturity. Post-rainy season (rabi)sorghum is sown generally from the last week of September to secondweek of October, and is generally exposed to low winter temperatures atsowing resulting in low germination and poor stand establishment. Latesown rabi season crops are exposed to terminal drought when grown onblack soils (Vertisols) with stored soil moisture and are prone to diseasesuch as charcoal rot. Sorghum planting season in the United States startsfrom the second week of May to first week of August in Kansas and SouthDakota, and from the last week of March until the first week of August onthe Great Plains. In the subtropical and temperate regions of Argentina,144crop yield response to water
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
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Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
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figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
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Applications to Irrigation Manageme
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Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
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for each planting date. If there ar
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ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
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Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
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Table 2Additional information and d
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capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
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densities. This range is referred t
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Table 3Comparison of simulated with
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In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
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REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
Page 107 and 108: Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
Page 113 and 114: When nutrition is limiting, yield p
Page 116: wheat 101
Page 120 and 121: Figure 1 World rice harvested area
Page 123: Response to StressesBecause rice ev
Page 129 and 130: Lead AuthorTheodore C. Hsiao(Univer
Page 132 and 133: emergence to flowering is about 65
Page 135 and 136: ReferencesAyers, R.S. & Westcot, D.
Page 140: Figure 1 World soybean harvested ar
Page 144 and 145: A number of studies indicate that s
Page 146: ReferencesBhatia, V.S., Piara Singh
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1 World barley harvested are
Page 152: Barley development may be thought o
Page 155 and 156: The seasonal water requirements for
Page 160 and 161: Figure 1 Typical developmental stag
Page 163 and 164: 15 °C, grain sorghum takes 250 to
Page 165 and 166: at flowering would inhibit pollinat
Page 169 and 170: Lead AuthorSteven R. Evett(USDA-ARS
Page 172 and 173: Table 1Days for development stage b
Page 175 and 176: from 0.65 to 1.3 tonne/ha for surfa
Page 179: Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(U
Page 182 and 183: genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
Page 184: Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
Page 190 and 191: Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
Page 192 and 193: The stalk is composed of an immatur
Page 194: Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
Page 199 and 200: Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
Page 201 and 202: quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
Page 203 and 204: ecommended fertilization rates rang
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Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
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Tomato flowers develop from buds si
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nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
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TOMATO 199
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Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
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TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
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thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
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SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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