Crop yield response to water - Cra

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TAbLE 1Duration of the main phenological phases of wheat in days from sowing (S)for various wheat producing areas.wheat areas S-Emergence S-Heading S-Anthesis S-maturity Cultivar typeCentral and Northern Europe 12-48 54-250 71-280 spring, winterItaly 12-19 62-166 67-170 100-213 springChina 67- -217 83-251 spring, winterIndia 4- ca. 77 70-103 85-145 springRussia 39- 76-305 spring, winterNorth Africa and West Asia 6-16 116-138 158-178 springUSA 55-210 113-310 spring, winterCanada 5-15 50-250 90-300 spring, winterSouth America 6-12 70-135 112-186 springAustralia 7-17 35-90 60-170 90-215 spring, winterFIGURE 3 Typical developmental stages of wheat.sowingemergencefirst tillerfloral initiationfirst nodeterminal spikeletflagleafliguleheightreach max. growth rate: up <strong>to</strong> 250 kg/ha/day dry matter and 3 kg N/ha/daybasespikepeduncle4th node3rd node2nd node1st nodeleaf.: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 main stem leavesleaf emergencebootingheading flowering kernel growthestablishemergence - tiller - survivalspike growthgrain growthspike initiationpotential - kernel number - actualpotential kernel sizestem elongationpedunclewheat 95
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Crop yieldresponse to waterFAOIRRIG
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1. IntroductionFood production and
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Lead AuthorsMartin Smith(formerly F
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3. Yield response to waterof herbac
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The WP parameter introduced in Aqua
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figure 7 The root zone depicted as
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threshold and 1.0 at the lower thre
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also calculated by multiplying with
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FIGURE 14 Schematic representation
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figure 17ClimateInput data defining
Page 59 and 60: Table 1 Conservative crop parameter
Page 62: figure 18 The Main AquaCrop menu.di
Page 67: Applications to Irrigation Manageme
Page 72: Box 1 Simulating deficit irrigation
Page 75 and 76: for each planting date. If there ar
Page 77: ox 2 (CONTINUED)FIGURE 1 Difference
Page 83 and 84: Heng, L.K., Hsiao,T.C., Evett, S.,
Page 88 and 89: Table 2Additional information and d
Page 90 and 91: capacity (FC) and permanent wilting
Page 95 and 96: densities. This range is referred t
Page 97 and 98: Table 3Comparison of simulated with
Page 99 and 100: In Equation 3 C a is the mean air C
Page 102: REFERENCESAllen, R., Pereira, L., R
Page 107 and 108: Lead AuthorSenthold Asseng(formerly
Page 109: Figure 1 World wheat harvested area
Page 114: minimize water deficits during the
Page 119 and 120: Lead AuthorBas A.M. Bouman(IRRI, Lo
Page 121: historically grown under shifting c
Page 125: and 6-8 tonne/ha in the wet season.
Page 130: Figure 1 World maize harvested area
Page 133: estricted transpiration rate. Contr
Page 136: maize 121
Page 143 and 144: can continue to grow after this. Ma
Page 145 and 146: flowering. Irrigation during pod fi
Page 149 and 150: Lead AuthorRoxana Savin(University
Page 151 and 152: two cereals are scarce, one of the
Page 154 and 155: the onset of stem elongation to the
Page 156: ReferencesAbeledo, L.G., Calderini,
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Figure 1 Typical developmental stag
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15 °C, grain sorghum takes 250 to
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at flowering would inhibit pollinat
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Lead AuthorSteven R. Evett(USDA-ARS
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Table 1Days for development stage b
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from 0.65 to 1.3 tonne/ha for surfa
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Lead AuthorsMargarita Garcia-Vila(U
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genotypes to photoperiod is variabl
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Irrigation practiceSunflower is gro
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Figure 1 World sugarcane harvested
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The stalk is composed of an immatur
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Yield and harvest indexCommercial y
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Lead AuthorRoberto Quiroz(CIP, Lima
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quinoa, or vegetables as in the And
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ecommended fertilization rates rang
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Figure 1 World tomato harvested are
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Tomato flowers develop from buds si
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nil at EC e of 13 dS/m in some stud
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TOMATO 199
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Figure 1 World sugar beet harvested
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TAbLE 1Phenology of sugar beet in s
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thinning. As mentioned, excessive n
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SUGAR BEET 209
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death is mainly caused by competiti
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y the requirement set by transpirat
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ReferencesAsseng, S. & Hsiao, T.C.
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Figure 1 World bambara groundnut ha
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temperatures clearly influence repr
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BAMBARA GROUNDNUT 227
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Lead AuthorSam Geerts(KU Leuven Uni
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physiological maturity varies betwe
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(Bertero et al., 2000; Jacobsen and
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Lead AuthorAlemtsehay Tsegay(Mekell
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about 55 days or more after plantin
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Hirut, K., Johnson, R.C. & Ferris,
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Yield response to waterof fruit tre
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techniques; d) relations between yi
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has been such that wherever farmers
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tasted better than those from fully
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The orchard ET processThe ET c from
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The model AquaCrop computes E for t
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(8) Tr cc = K cc ET o f ccWhere, f
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ox 5 (CONTINUED)F 2 VALUES (Norther
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ox 6 Examples for determining ET of
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Determining irrigation requirements
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ox 8 Spatial relation between the d
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accurately determine volumetric soi
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ox 10 This page: Examples of the di
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ox 11 Reference values of stem-wate
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A major advantage of the canopy tem
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The water budget technique is very
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high sensitivity level, as discusse
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of crop responses to water deficits
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ox 18 Generalized relationships bet
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ox 19 (CONTINUED)(b) In the second
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Figure 12Patterns of seasonal appli
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figure 14Response of an almond orch
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Additional ReadingFollowing are a n
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Lead AuthorSRiccardo Gucci,(Univers
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in the first years of production (t
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Because olives flower late, the ris
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Table 1b Summary of recommended oli
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Table 2 Relative yield and gross re
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Figure 5Hypothetical seasonal cours
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ReferencesAngelopulos, K., Dichio,
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Early vegetative and reproductive g
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Summer stressDuring this period of
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almond had its highest Gl of close
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Water Production FunctionsThe two p
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Figure 3aCrop-water production func
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Goldhamer, D. A. & Salinas, M. 2000
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Figure 1 Production trends for appl
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division, and that limitation of po
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oth irrigation level and crop load.
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Figure 6Seasonal reference ET o cro
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Figure 8 Water production function
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Table 2 Apple orchard water require
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Lead AuthorSDiego S. Intrigliolo,Ju
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The fruit with fleshy pericarp is c
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Figure 2 Relationships between aver
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Suggested Deficit Irrigation Strate
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Lead AuthorDavid A. Goldhamer(forme
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Early Vegetative and Reproductive g
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The research results on preharvest
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Much less work has been done on the
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Figure 5 shows that with mild defic
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FIGURE 6Relationships between appli
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Table 2 Irrigation management, yiel
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Table 3 Suggested RDI strategies fo
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Lead AuthorJordi Marsal(IRTA, Lleid
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Figure 2Reproductive growth of pear
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Figure 3Effects of postharvest irri
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Table 1Crop coefficients relative t
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same cultivar but used in Italy and
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notice that this was the case for B
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REFERENCESAllen, R.G., Pereira, L.S
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Lead AuthorSJoan Girona(IRTA, Lleid
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Description of the stages of develo
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Figure 3(a): Relationship between a
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several others since that time have
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BOXDetecting water stress in peachA
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Water RequirementsThe water use rat
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Figure 6Relation between relative y
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Johnson, R.S. & Phene, B.C. 2008. F
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production recovery from severe wat
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Description of the stages of develo
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used to collect the nuts, which are
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yield of marketable product (split
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Figure 4Total tree nut load for tre
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Figure 6Production function develop
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ReferencesAydın, Y. 2004. The effe
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Figure 1 Production trends for apri
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Responses to Water DeficitsIn areas
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Figure 4Apricot (cv. Búlida) shoot
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apricot 439
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Figure 1 Production trends for avoc
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Stem-water potential (SWP) values a
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ReferencesFaber, B., Apaia, M. & M.
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Figure 1 Production trends for swee
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Figure 4Daily patterns of sunlit le
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season (Marsal, 2010). However, the
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sweet CHERRY 457
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Figure 1 Grape production between 1
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Table 1Key vegetative and reproduct
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Figure 3Plasticity of flowering of
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In common with most crops, tissue e
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minimal4season 1 (l h -1 )4eason 1
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Table 4Yield, fruit sugar concentra
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Figure 10Negative associations betw
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Table 5Sensory evaluation of experi
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FIGURE 14Seasonal dynamics of crop
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Box 2 Crop and soil measurements to
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ReferencesAlmenberg, J. & Dreber, A
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Petrie, P.R. & Sadras, V.O. 2008. A
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Figure 1 Production trends for kiwi
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Figure 3Evolution of the LAI in A.
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Figure 7Schematic representation of
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water content is high enough to avo
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REFERENCESClearwater, M.J., Lowe, R
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attention to rough estimations or a
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