TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHROMIUM - Davidborowski.com

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Sample matrixSoil, sedimentand sludges(chromium(VI))Table 6-2. Analytical Methods for Determining Chromium in Environmental Samples (continued)Preparation methodAlkaline digestion extractionusing Na 2 CO 3 and NaOHAnalyticalmethodSample detectionlimit Percent recovery ReferenceUV-VIS No data 85–115% EPA 1997(Method 3060A and7196A)AAS=atomic absorption spectrophotometry; AlCl 3 =aluminum chloride; APDC=ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate; CHCl 3 =chloroform;DPPA=differential pulse polarographic analysis; EAAS=electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry; EP=extraction procedure (for toxicity testing); FIA/uv/vis=flow injection analysisultraviolet/visiblespectroscopy; GFAAS=graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; H 2 SO 4 =sulfuric acid; HCI=hydrochloric acid; HNO 3 =nitric acid; HPLC=high pressure liquidchromatography; ICP-AES=inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; INAA=instrumental neutron activation analysis; MIBK=methylisobutyl ketone; Na 2 O 2 =sodiumperoxide; NaOH=sodium hydroxide; Na 2 CO 3 =sodium carbonate; (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 =ammonium sulfate; NH 3 =ammonia; PIXE=proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry; SO 2 =sulfur dioxide;UV=ultraviolet; XRF=X-ray fluorescence analysisCHROMIUM 3242. HEALTH EFFECTS
CHROMIUM 3256. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASESection 104(i)(5) of CERCLA, as amended, directs the Administrator of ATSDR (in consultation with theAdministrator of EPA and agencies and programs of the Public Health Service) to assess whetheradequate information on the health effects of chromium is available. Where adequate information is notavailable, ATSDR, in conjunction with the National Toxicology Program (NTP), is required to assure theinitiation of a program of research designed to determine the health effects (and techniques for developingmethods to determine such health effects) of chromium.The following categories of possible data needs have been identified by a joint team of scientists fromATSDR, NTP, and EPA. They are defined as substance-specific informational needs that if met wouldreduce the uncertainties of human health assessment. This definition should not be interpreted to meanthat all data needs discussed in this section must be filled. In the future, the identified data needs will beevaluated and prioritized, and a substance-specific research agenda will be proposed.6.3.1 Identification of Data NeedsMethods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. There are studies correlatingchromium in urine (Gylseth et al. 1977; Kilburn et al. 1990; Lindberg and Vesterberg 1983a; McAugheyet al. 1988; Minoia and Cavalleri 1988; Mutti et al. 1985b; Sjogren et al. 1983; Tola et al. 1977), blood(Kilburn et al. 1990; Lewalter et al. 1985; McAughey et al. 1988; Wiegand et al. 1988), hair (Randall andGibson 1987, 1989; Takagi et al. 1986), nails (Takagi et al. 1988) and erythrocytes (Lukanova et al.1996) to occupational exposure levels. Since chromium is an essential element, levels of chromiumcompounds have to be relatively high in humans before they signify an increase due to exposure. Hairhas been useful in determining chronic occupational exposure to chromium in high concentrations(Randall and Gibson 1989); the usefulness of this method for detecting prior exposures is limited to atimespan of months (Simpson and Gibson 1992). Analytical methods to detect chromium concentrationsin urine (Randall and Gibson 1987), whole blood (Dube 1988), serum/plasma (Simonoff et al. 1984), andtissue (Liu et al. 1994) have been reported. Generally, the detection limits are in the subppb to ppb range,and recoveries are good (>70%). These methods are sensitive enough to measure background levels inthe general population.Chromium induced DNA-protein complexes may be used as a biomarker of exposure as discussed inSection 2.12.2. These complexes can be detected by potassium chloride-sodium dodecyl sulfate mediated
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FORCHROMIUMU.
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CHROMIUMiiiUPDATE STATEMENTToxicolo
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CHROMIUMviiQUICK REFERENCE FOR HEAL
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CHROMIUMxiPEER REVIEWA peer review
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CHROMIUMxiv2.2.3.1 Death ..........
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CHROMIUMxviC. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIO
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CHROMIUM 11. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 121. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEME
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CHROMIUM 142. HEALTH EFFECTSessenti
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CHROMIUM 162. HEALTH EFFECTSuncerta
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TABLE 2-1. Levels of Significant Ex
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11 Rat 90 d Resp 0.025 M (increased
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20 Rat(Wistar)Reproductive90 d7 d/w
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33 Rat I8 mo Resp 0.1 M Glaser et a
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43 Human44 Human45 Human46 Human47
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forFigure 2-1. Levels of Significan
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35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r
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CHROMIUM 322. HEALTH EFFECTSInterme
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CHROMIUM 342. HEALTH EFFECTSexposur
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CHROMIUM 362. HEALTH EFFECTSsulfate
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CHROMIUM 382. HEALTH EFFECTScorrela
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CHROMIUM 402. HEALTH EFFECTS1953).
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CHROMIUM 422. HEALTH EFFECTSBaltimo
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CHROMIUM 442. HEALTH EFFECTSHepatic
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CHROMIUM 462. HEALTH EFFECTSdichrom
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CHROMIUM 482. HEALTH EFFECTSdamage
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CHROMIUM 502. HEALTH EFFECTSChromiu
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CHROMIUM 522. HEALTH EFFECTSAn exte
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CHROMIUM 542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.7
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CHROMIUM 562. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.8
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CHROMIUM 582. HEALTH EFFECTSmajor p
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CHROMIUM 602. HEALTH EFFECTSfound a
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CHROMIUM 622. HEALTH EFFECTSsignifi
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CHROMIUM 642. HEALTH EFFECTSheavy s
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CHROMIUM 662. HEALTH EFFECTScarcino
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CHROMIUM 682. HEALTH EFFECTS(female
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CHROMIUM 702. HEALTH EFFECTSFerroch
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CHROMIUM 722. HEALTH EFFECTS1.2x10
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CHROMIUM 742. HEALTH EFFECTSchromiu
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8 Rat once 26 M (LD 50)(Fischer- 34
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20 Mouse 9 d Bd Wt 53.2 F 101 .1 F
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32 Rat(BD)33 RatSwiss albino34 RatD
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Neurological45 Rat 28 d(Wistar)Repr
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59 Mouse 85 d + 36.7 F NTP 1997(BAL
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemic70 Human71
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Figure 2-2. Levels of Significant E
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MinimalFigure 2-2. Levels of Signif
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CHROMIUM 922. HEALTH EFFECTSand blo
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CHROMIUM 942. HEALTH EFFECTSHematol
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CHROMIUM 962. HEALTH EFFECTSAverage
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CHROMIUM 982. HEALTH EFFECTSchanges
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CHROMIUM 1002. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 1022. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 1042. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.2.
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CHROMIUM 1062. HEALTH EFFECTSImpair
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CHROMIUM 1082. HEALTH EFFECTSrates
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TABLE 2-3. Levels of Significant Ex
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HumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHuman
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemicHuman 7.5 y
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CHROMIUM 1162. HEALTH EFFECTSNo stu
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CHROMIUM 1182. HEALTH EFFECTSIrrita
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CHROMIUM 1202. HEALTH EFFECTSindust
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CHROMIUM 1222. HEALTH EFFECTSGuinea
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CHROMIUM 1242. HEALTH EFFECTSmodel,
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CHROMIUM 1262. HEALTH EFFECTSblood,
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CHROMIUM 1302. HEALTH EFFECTSAlthou
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CHROMIUM 1322. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.2
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CHROMIUM 1362. HEALTH EFFECTSThe di
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CHROMIUM 1382. HEALTH EFFECTS(2-5 m
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CHROMIUM 1402. HEALTH EFFECTSIn rat
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CHROMIUM 1422. HEALTH EFFECTSunstab
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CHROMIUM 1442. HEALTH EFFECTSIn add
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CHROMIUM 1462. HEALTH EFFECTSsignif
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CHROMIUM 1502. HEALTH EFFECTSDaily
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CHROMIUM 1522. HEALTH EFFECTS51 Chr
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CHROMIUM 1562. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 1582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CHROMIUM 1622. HEALTH EFFECTSInterr
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CHROMIUM 1642. HEALTH EFFECTSthe bl
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CHROMIUM 1662. HEALTH EFFECTSpreval
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CHROMIUM 1682. HEALTH EFFECTS2.5 RE
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CHROMIUM 1702. HEALTH EFFECTSSevera
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CHROMIUM 1722. HEALTH EFFECTSanimal
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CHROMIUM 1742. HEALTH EFFECTSOral M
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CHROMIUM 1762. HEALTH EFFECTSfibros
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CHROMIUM 1782. HEALTH EFFECTSNausea
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CHROMIUM 1802. HEALTH EFFECTSthe pr
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CHROMIUM 1822. HEALTH EFFECTSSevere
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CHROMIUM 1842. HEALTH EFFECTSdevelo
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CHROMIUM 1862. HEALTH EFFECTSthe ce
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CHROMIUM 1882. HEALTH EFFECTSimprov
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CHROMIUM 1902. HEALTH EFFECTSchroma
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CHROMIUM 1922. HEALTH EFFECTSIn ano
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)S. typhimurium
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Species (test system)Mouse A18BcR c
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)Syrian hamster
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CHROMIUM 2082. HEALTH EFFECTSet al.
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CHROMIUM 2102. HEALTH EFFECTScancer
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CHROMIUM 2122. HEALTH EFFECTS2.6 EN
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CHROMIUM 2142. HEALTH EFFECTSChromi
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CHROMIUM 2182. HEALTH EFFECTSBiolog
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CHROMIUM 2222. HEALTH EFFECTSemploy
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CHROMIUM 2242. HEALTH EFFECTSunexpe
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CHROMIUM 2262. HEALTH EFFECTSMutti
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CHROMIUM 2282. HEALTH EFFECTS1986a,
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CHROMIUM 2302. HEALTH EFFECTSconcen
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CHROMIUM 2322. HEALTH EFFECTSmentio
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CHROMIUM 2362. HEALTH EFFECTSglutat
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CHROMIUM 2382. HEALTH EFFECTS1997).
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CHROMIUM 2402. HEALTH EFFECTS
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CHROMIUM 2422. HEALTH EFFECTSlimite
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CHROMIUM 2442. HEALTH EFFECTSThe re
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CHROMIUM 2462. HEALTH EFFECTS(Nette
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CHROMIUM 2482. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 2502. HEALTH EFFECTSThere
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CHROMIUM 2522. HEALTH EFFECTStimesp
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CHROMIUM 2542. HEALTH EFFECTSShmito
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CHROMIUM 2562. HEALTH EFFECTShas no
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CHROMIUM 2582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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CHROMIUM 2663. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICA
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Page 341 and 342: Sample matrixOccupational air(weldi
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Page 347 and 348: CHROMIUM 3277. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
Page 359 and 360: CHROMIUM 3398. REFERENCES*Aaseth J,
Page 361 and 362: CHROMIUM 3418. REFERENCES*Anderson
Page 363 and 364: CHROMIUM 3438. REFERENCES*Baranowsk
Page 365 and 366: CHROMIUM 3458. REFERENCESBlack CB,
Page 367 and 368: CHROMIUM 3478. REFERENCES*Buckell M
Page 369 and 370: CHROMIUM 3498. REFERENCES*Chen NSC,
Page 371 and 372: CHROMIUM 3518. REFERENCESCriqui M,
Page 373 and 374: CHROMIUM 3538. REFERENCESDOD. 1947.
Page 375 and 376: CHROMIUM 3558. REFERENCES*EPA. 1984
Page 377 and 378: CHROMIUM 3578. REFERENCES*EPA. 1996
Page 379 and 380: CHROMIUM 3598. REFERENCESFlint GN,
Page 381 and 382: CHROMIUM 3618. REFERENCES*Gale TF,
Page 383 and 384: CHROMIUM 3638. REFERENCESGriepink B
Page 385 and 386: CHROMIUM 3658. REFERENCES*Hayes RB,
Page 387 and 388: CHROMIUM 3678. REFERENCESHunt CD, S
Page 389 and 390: CHROMIUM 3698. REFERENCES*Jansen LH
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Page 393 and 394: CHROMIUM 3738. REFERENCES*Korallus
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CHROMIUM 3758. REFERENCES*Laborda R
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CHROMIUM 3778. REFERENCESLees PSJ,
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CHROMIUM 3798. REFERENCES*Liu KJ, J
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CHROMIUM 3818. REFERENCES*Malm O, P
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CHROMIUM 3838. REFERENCESMehra R, B
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CHROMIUM 3858. REFERENCES*Morris B,
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CHROMIUM 3878. REFERENCES*Newbold R
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CHROMIUM 3898. REFERENCES*Novey HS,
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CHROMIUM 3918. REFERENCES*OSHA 1999
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CHROMIUM 3938. REFERENCESPiela Z, K
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CHROMIUM 3958. REFERENCESRI Div Air
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CHROMIUM 3978. REFERENCES*Sata F, A
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CHROMIUM 3998. REFERENCES*Sheppard
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CHROMIUM 4018. REFERENCES*Snyder CA
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CHROMIUM 4038. REFERENCESŠtupar J,
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CHROMIUM 4058. REFERENCESTamino G,
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CHROMIUM 4078. REFERENCES*Ueno S, S
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CHROMIUM 4098. REFERENCESWahlberg J
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CHROMIUM 4118. REFERENCES*Wiegand H
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CHROMIUM 4138. REFERENCES*Zhitkovic
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CHROMIUM 4169. GLOSSARYCase Series
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CHROMIUM 4189. GLOSSARYModifying Fa
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CHROMIUM 4209. GLOSSARYeither under
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CHROMIUM A-1APPENDIX AATSDR MINIMAL
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CHROMIUM A-3APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-5APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-7APPENDIX AWas a convers
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CHROMIUM B-2APPENDIX B(2) Exposure
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1SAMPLE6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Signi
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CHROMIUM B-6APPENDIX BChapter 2 (Se
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CHROMIUM C-1APPENDIX CACRONYMS, ABB
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CHROMIUM C-3APPENDIX CTRITWAU.S.UFy
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