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CHROMIUM 3105. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSUREThe following categories of possible data needs have been identified by a joint team of scientists fromATSDR, NTP, and EPA. They are defined as substance-specific informational needs that if met wouldreduce the uncertainties of human health assessment. This definition should not be interpreted to meanthat all data needs discussed in this section must be filled. In the future, the identified data needs will beevaluated and prioritized, and a substance-specific research agenda will be proposed.5.8.1 Identification of Data NeedsPhysical and Chemical Properties. As seen in Section 3.2, the relevant physical and chemicalproperties of chromium and its compounds are known (Hartford 1979; Weast 1985) and prediction ofenvironmental fate and transport of chromium in environmental media is possible. However, the physicalor chemical forms and the mode by which chromium(III) compounds are incorporated into biologicalsystems are not well characterized. The determination of the solubilities of hexavalent chromiumcompounds in relevant body fluids (e.g., the solubility of chromates in lung fluid) may also be helpful.Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Knowledge of a chemical'sproduction volume is important because it may indicate environmental contamination and humanexposure. If a chemical's production volume is high, there is an increased probability of generalpopulation exposure via consumer products and environmental sources, such as air, drinking water, andfood. Data concerning the production (Hartford 1979; SRI 1997), import (NTDB 1998), and use (CMR1988; EPA 1984a; IARC 1990; USDI 1988a) of commercially significant chromium compounds areavailable. It does not appear that chromium is used to process foods for human consumption or is addedto foods other than diet supplements. Consumer exposure to chromium occurs mostly from natural food(Bennett 1986; EPA 1984a; Kumpulainen et al. 1979), but this exposure will increase particularly forpeople who consume acidic food cooked in stainless steel utensils (Anderson 1981; EPA 1984a).Exposure to chromium occurs to a much lesser extent from products such as toners of photocopyingmachines, some wood treatment chemicals, and through other chromium-containing consumer products(CMR 1988; EPA 1984a; IARC 1990; USDI 1988a).The TRI97 (1999), which became available in 1999, has been used in this profile. As can be seen inTable 5-2, the largest amount of chromium from production and user facilities is disposed of on land ortransferred to an off-site location. More detailed site-and medium-specific (e.g., air, water, or soil) releasedata for chromium that is disposed of off-site are necessary to assess the exposure potential to thesecompounds from different environmental media and sources. There are EPA guidelines regarding the
CHROMIUM 3115. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSUREdisposal of chromium wastes and OSHA regulations regarding the levels of chromium in workplaces(EPA 1988a; OSHA 1998a).According to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C.Section 11023, industries are required to submit chemical release and off-site transfer information to theEPA. The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which contains this information for 1997, became available in1999. This database will be updated yearly and should provide a list of industrial production facilitiesand emissions.Environmental Fate. Information is available to permit assessment of the environmental fate andtransport of chromium in air (Schroeder et al. 1987; Scott et al. 1997a, 1997b), water (Carey 1982; EPA1980, 1984a; Fishbein 1981; Schmidt and Andren 1984) and soil (Bartlett 1991; Calder 1988; Cary1982). Chromium is primarily removed from the atmosphere by fallout and precipitation. By analogywith copper, the residence time of chromium in the atmosphere is expected to be
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FORCHROMIUMU.
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CHROMIUMiiiUPDATE STATEMENTToxicolo
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CHROMIUMviiQUICK REFERENCE FOR HEAL
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CHROMIUMxiPEER REVIEWA peer review
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CHROMIUMxiv2.2.3.1 Death ..........
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CHROMIUMxviC. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIO
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CHROMIUM 11. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 31. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 51. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 71. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 91. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 121. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEME
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CHROMIUM 142. HEALTH EFFECTSessenti
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CHROMIUM 162. HEALTH EFFECTSuncerta
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TABLE 2-1. Levels of Significant Ex
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11 Rat 90 d Resp 0.025 M (increased
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20 Rat(Wistar)Reproductive90 d7 d/w
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33 Rat I8 mo Resp 0.1 M Glaser et a
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43 Human44 Human45 Human46 Human47
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forFigure 2-1. Levels of Significan
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35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r
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CHROMIUM 322. HEALTH EFFECTSInterme
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CHROMIUM 342. HEALTH EFFECTSexposur
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CHROMIUM 362. HEALTH EFFECTSsulfate
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CHROMIUM 382. HEALTH EFFECTScorrela
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CHROMIUM 402. HEALTH EFFECTS1953).
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CHROMIUM 422. HEALTH EFFECTSBaltimo
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CHROMIUM 442. HEALTH EFFECTSHepatic
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CHROMIUM 462. HEALTH EFFECTSdichrom
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CHROMIUM 482. HEALTH EFFECTSdamage
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CHROMIUM 502. HEALTH EFFECTSChromiu
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CHROMIUM 522. HEALTH EFFECTSAn exte
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CHROMIUM 542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.7
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CHROMIUM 562. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.8
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CHROMIUM 582. HEALTH EFFECTSmajor p
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CHROMIUM 602. HEALTH EFFECTSfound a
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CHROMIUM 622. HEALTH EFFECTSsignifi
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CHROMIUM 642. HEALTH EFFECTSheavy s
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CHROMIUM 662. HEALTH EFFECTScarcino
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CHROMIUM 682. HEALTH EFFECTS(female
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CHROMIUM 702. HEALTH EFFECTSFerroch
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CHROMIUM 722. HEALTH EFFECTS1.2x10
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CHROMIUM 742. HEALTH EFFECTSchromiu
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8 Rat once 26 M (LD 50)(Fischer- 34
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20 Mouse 9 d Bd Wt 53.2 F 101 .1 F
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32 Rat(BD)33 RatSwiss albino34 RatD
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Neurological45 Rat 28 d(Wistar)Repr
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59 Mouse 85 d + 36.7 F NTP 1997(BAL
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemic70 Human71
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Figure 2-2. Levels of Significant E
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MinimalFigure 2-2. Levels of Signif
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CHROMIUM 922. HEALTH EFFECTSand blo
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CHROMIUM 942. HEALTH EFFECTSHematol
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CHROMIUM 962. HEALTH EFFECTSAverage
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CHROMIUM 982. HEALTH EFFECTSchanges
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CHROMIUM 1002. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 1022. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 1042. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.2.
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CHROMIUM 1062. HEALTH EFFECTSImpair
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CHROMIUM 1082. HEALTH EFFECTSrates
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TABLE 2-3. Levels of Significant Ex
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HumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHuman
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemicHuman 7.5 y
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CHROMIUM 1162. HEALTH EFFECTSNo stu
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CHROMIUM 1182. HEALTH EFFECTSIrrita
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CHROMIUM 1202. HEALTH EFFECTSindust
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CHROMIUM 1222. HEALTH EFFECTSGuinea
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CHROMIUM 1242. HEALTH EFFECTSmodel,
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CHROMIUM 1262. HEALTH EFFECTSblood,
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CHROMIUM 1282. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 1302. HEALTH EFFECTSAlthou
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CHROMIUM 1322. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.2
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CHROMIUM 1342. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.2.
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CHROMIUM 1362. HEALTH EFFECTSThe di
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CHROMIUM 1382. HEALTH EFFECTS(2-5 m
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CHROMIUM 1402. HEALTH EFFECTSIn rat
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CHROMIUM 1422. HEALTH EFFECTSunstab
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CHROMIUM 1442. HEALTH EFFECTSIn add
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CHROMIUM 1462. HEALTH EFFECTSsignif
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CHROMIUM 1482. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.4.
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CHROMIUM 1502. HEALTH EFFECTSDaily
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CHROMIUM 1522. HEALTH EFFECTS51 Chr
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CHROMIUM 1542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.5
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CHROMIUM 1562. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 1582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CHROMIUM 1602. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 1622. HEALTH EFFECTSInterr
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CHROMIUM 1642. HEALTH EFFECTSthe bl
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CHROMIUM 1662. HEALTH EFFECTSpreval
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CHROMIUM 1682. HEALTH EFFECTS2.5 RE
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CHROMIUM 1702. HEALTH EFFECTSSevera
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CHROMIUM 1722. HEALTH EFFECTSanimal
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CHROMIUM 1742. HEALTH EFFECTSOral M
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CHROMIUM 1762. HEALTH EFFECTSfibros
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CHROMIUM 1782. HEALTH EFFECTSNausea
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CHROMIUM 1802. HEALTH EFFECTSthe pr
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CHROMIUM 1822. HEALTH EFFECTSSevere
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CHROMIUM 1842. HEALTH EFFECTSdevelo
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CHROMIUM 1862. HEALTH EFFECTSthe ce
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CHROMIUM 1882. HEALTH EFFECTSimprov
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CHROMIUM 1902. HEALTH EFFECTSchroma
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CHROMIUM 1922. HEALTH EFFECTSIn ano
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)S. typhimurium
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Species (test system)Mouse A18BcR c
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)Syrian hamster
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CHROMIUM 2082. HEALTH EFFECTSet al.
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CHROMIUM 2102. HEALTH EFFECTScancer
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CHROMIUM 2122. HEALTH EFFECTS2.6 EN
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CHROMIUM 2142. HEALTH EFFECTSChromi
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CHROMIUM 2162. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 2182. HEALTH EFFECTSBiolog
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CHROMIUM 2202. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 2222. HEALTH EFFECTSemploy
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CHROMIUM 2242. HEALTH EFFECTSunexpe
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CHROMIUM 2262. HEALTH EFFECTSMutti
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CHROMIUM 2282. HEALTH EFFECTS1986a,
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CHROMIUM 2302. HEALTH EFFECTSconcen
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CHROMIUM 2322. HEALTH EFFECTSmentio
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CHROMIUM 2342. HEALTH EFFECTS2.11.2
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CHROMIUM 2362. HEALTH EFFECTSglutat
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CHROMIUM 2382. HEALTH EFFECTS1997).
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CHROMIUM 2402. HEALTH EFFECTS
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CHROMIUM 2422. HEALTH EFFECTSlimite
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CHROMIUM 2442. HEALTH EFFECTSThe re
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CHROMIUM 2462. HEALTH EFFECTS(Nette
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CHROMIUM 2482. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 2502. HEALTH EFFECTSThere
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CHROMIUM 2522. HEALTH EFFECTStimesp
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CHROMIUM 2542. HEALTH EFFECTSShmito
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CHROMIUM 2562. HEALTH EFFECTShas no
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CHROMIUM 2582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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CHROMIUM 2663. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICA
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CHROMIUM 2683. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICA
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CHROMIUM 2703. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICA
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CHROMIUM 2723. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICA
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CHROMIUM 2744. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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CHROMIUM 2764. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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CHROMIUM 2784. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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CHROMIUM 2815. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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Derived from HazDat 2000Figure 5-2.
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CHROMIUM 2855. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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State bTable 5-2. Releases to the E
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State bTable 5-2. Releases to the E
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CHROMIUM 2915. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 2935. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 2955. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 2975. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 2995. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3015. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3035. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3055. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3075. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3095. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3135. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3156. ANALYTICAL METHODSTh
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Sample matrixTable 6-1. Analytical
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CHROMIUM 3196. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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Sample matrixOccupational air(weldi
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Sample matrixWaste water 1986(chrom
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CHROMIUM 3256. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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CHROMIUM 3277. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3297. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3317. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3337. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3357. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3377. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3398. REFERENCES*Aaseth J,
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CHROMIUM 3418. REFERENCES*Anderson
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CHROMIUM 3438. REFERENCES*Baranowsk
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CHROMIUM 3458. REFERENCESBlack CB,
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CHROMIUM 3478. REFERENCES*Buckell M
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CHROMIUM 3498. REFERENCES*Chen NSC,
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CHROMIUM 3518. REFERENCESCriqui M,
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CHROMIUM 3538. REFERENCESDOD. 1947.
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CHROMIUM 3558. REFERENCES*EPA. 1984
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CHROMIUM 3578. REFERENCES*EPA. 1996
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CHROMIUM 3598. REFERENCESFlint GN,
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CHROMIUM 3618. REFERENCES*Gale TF,
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CHROMIUM 3638. REFERENCESGriepink B
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CHROMIUM 3658. REFERENCES*Hayes RB,
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CHROMIUM 3678. REFERENCESHunt CD, S
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CHROMIUM 3698. REFERENCES*Jansen LH
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CHROMIUM 3718. REFERENCESKeith RL,
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CHROMIUM 3738. REFERENCES*Korallus
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CHROMIUM 3758. REFERENCES*Laborda R
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CHROMIUM 3778. REFERENCESLees PSJ,
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CHROMIUM 3798. REFERENCES*Liu KJ, J
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CHROMIUM 3818. REFERENCES*Malm O, P
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CHROMIUM 3838. REFERENCESMehra R, B
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CHROMIUM 3858. REFERENCES*Morris B,
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CHROMIUM 3878. REFERENCES*Newbold R
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CHROMIUM 3898. REFERENCES*Novey HS,
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CHROMIUM 3918. REFERENCES*OSHA 1999
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CHROMIUM 3938. REFERENCESPiela Z, K
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CHROMIUM 3958. REFERENCESRI Div Air
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CHROMIUM 3978. REFERENCES*Sata F, A
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CHROMIUM 3998. REFERENCES*Sheppard
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CHROMIUM 4018. REFERENCES*Snyder CA
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CHROMIUM 4038. REFERENCESŠtupar J,
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CHROMIUM 4058. REFERENCESTamino G,
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CHROMIUM 4078. REFERENCES*Ueno S, S
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CHROMIUM 4098. REFERENCESWahlberg J
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CHROMIUM 4118. REFERENCES*Wiegand H
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CHROMIUM 4138. REFERENCES*Zhitkovic
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CHROMIUM 4169. GLOSSARYCase Series
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CHROMIUM 4189. GLOSSARYModifying Fa
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CHROMIUM 4209. GLOSSARYeither under
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CHROMIUM A-1APPENDIX AATSDR MINIMAL
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CHROMIUM A-3APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-5APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-7APPENDIX AWas a convers
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CHROMIUM B-2APPENDIX B(2) Exposure
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1SAMPLE6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Signi
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CHROMIUM B-6APPENDIX BChapter 2 (Se
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CHROMIUM C-1APPENDIX CACRONYMS, ABB
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CHROMIUM C-3APPENDIX CTRITWAU.S.UFy