TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHROMIUM - Davidborowski.com

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CHROMIUM 3005. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSUREand Cromartie 1987). A polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) soil study was conducted to determinethe metal levels in soil at the edge of a busy road that runs through the Aplerbecker Forest in WestGermany. Chromium(VI) concentrations of 64 mg/kg were measured, and these concentrations were 2-to 4-fold higher along the road than in the natural forest (Munch 1993). The soil beneath decks treatedwith chrominated copper arsenate (CCA), a wood preservative, had an average chromium content of43 mg/kg (Stilwell and Gorny 1997).Chromium has been detected at a high concentration (43,000 mg/kg) in soil at the Butterworth Landfillsite in Grand Rapid City, Michigan, which was a site listed on the NPL (ATSDR 1990b).Chromium was detected in sediment obtained from the coastal waters of the eastern U.S. seashore atconcentrations of 3.8–130.9 µg/g in 1994 and 0.8–98.1 µg/g in 1995 (Hyland et al. 1998).5.4.4 Other Environmental MediaThe concentration of chromium in the particulate portion of melted snow collected from two urban areas(Toronto and Montreal) of Canada ranged from 100 to 3,500 mg/kg (Landsberger et al. 1983). In thesuspended materials and sediment of water bodies, chromium levels ranged from 1 to 500 mg/kg (Byrneand DeLeon 1986; EPA 1984a; Mudroch et al. 1988; Ramelow et al. 1987). The chromium concentrationin incinerated sewage sludge ash may be as high as 5,280 mg/kg (EPA 1984a).Total chromium levels in most fresh foods are extremely low (vegetables (20–50 µg/kg), fruits(20 µg/kg), and grains and cereals (40 µg/kg)) (Fishbein 1984). The chromium levels of various foodsare reported in Table 5-3. In a study to find the concentrations of chromium in edible vegetables inTarragon Province, Spain, the highest levels of chromium were found in radish root and spinach, with anon-significant difference between the samples collected in two areas (northern industrial and southernagricultural). The samples ranged in concentration from 0.01 µg/g to 0.21 µg/g (industrial) and from0.01 µg/g to 0.22 µg/g (agricultural) (Schuhmaker et al. 1993). Acidic foods that come into contact withstainless steel surfaces during harvesting, processing, or preparation for market are sometimes higher inchromium content because of leaching conditions. Processing, however, removes a large percentage ofchromium from foods (e.g., whole-grain bread contains 1,750 µg/kg chromium, but processed whitebread contains only 140 µg/kg; and molasses contains 260 µg/kg chromium, but refined sugar containsonly 20 µg/kg chromium) (Anderson 1981; EPA 1984a).
CHROMIUM 3015. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURETable 5-3. Chromium Content in Various U.S. FoodsSampleMean concentration(µg/kg)ReferenceFresh vegetables 30–140 EPA 1984aFrozen vegetables 230 EPA 1984aCanned vegetables 230 EPA 1984aFresh fruits 90–190 EPA 1984aFruits 20 EPA 1984aCanned fruits 510 EPA 1984aDairy products 100 EPA 1984aChicken eggs 160–520 Kirpatrick and Coffin 1975Chicken eggs 60 Kirpatrick and Coffin 1975Whole fish 50–80 EPA 1984aEdible portion of fresh fin fish
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FORCHROMIUMU.
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CHROMIUMiiiUPDATE STATEMENTToxicolo
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CHROMIUMviiQUICK REFERENCE FOR HEAL
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CHROMIUMxiPEER REVIEWA peer review
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CHROMIUMxiv2.2.3.1 Death ..........
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CHROMIUMxviC. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIO
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CHROMIUM 11. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 121. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEME
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CHROMIUM 142. HEALTH EFFECTSessenti
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CHROMIUM 162. HEALTH EFFECTSuncerta
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TABLE 2-1. Levels of Significant Ex
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11 Rat 90 d Resp 0.025 M (increased
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20 Rat(Wistar)Reproductive90 d7 d/w
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33 Rat I8 mo Resp 0.1 M Glaser et a
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43 Human44 Human45 Human46 Human47
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forFigure 2-1. Levels of Significan
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35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r
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CHROMIUM 322. HEALTH EFFECTSInterme
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CHROMIUM 342. HEALTH EFFECTSexposur
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CHROMIUM 362. HEALTH EFFECTSsulfate
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CHROMIUM 382. HEALTH EFFECTScorrela
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CHROMIUM 402. HEALTH EFFECTS1953).
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CHROMIUM 422. HEALTH EFFECTSBaltimo
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CHROMIUM 442. HEALTH EFFECTSHepatic
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CHROMIUM 462. HEALTH EFFECTSdichrom
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CHROMIUM 482. HEALTH EFFECTSdamage
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CHROMIUM 502. HEALTH EFFECTSChromiu
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CHROMIUM 522. HEALTH EFFECTSAn exte
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CHROMIUM 542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.7
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CHROMIUM 562. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.8
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CHROMIUM 582. HEALTH EFFECTSmajor p
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CHROMIUM 602. HEALTH EFFECTSfound a
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CHROMIUM 622. HEALTH EFFECTSsignifi
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CHROMIUM 642. HEALTH EFFECTSheavy s
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CHROMIUM 662. HEALTH EFFECTScarcino
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CHROMIUM 682. HEALTH EFFECTS(female
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CHROMIUM 702. HEALTH EFFECTSFerroch
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CHROMIUM 722. HEALTH EFFECTS1.2x10
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CHROMIUM 742. HEALTH EFFECTSchromiu
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8 Rat once 26 M (LD 50)(Fischer- 34
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20 Mouse 9 d Bd Wt 53.2 F 101 .1 F
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32 Rat(BD)33 RatSwiss albino34 RatD
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Neurological45 Rat 28 d(Wistar)Repr
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59 Mouse 85 d + 36.7 F NTP 1997(BAL
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemic70 Human71
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Figure 2-2. Levels of Significant E
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MinimalFigure 2-2. Levels of Signif
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CHROMIUM 922. HEALTH EFFECTSand blo
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CHROMIUM 942. HEALTH EFFECTSHematol
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CHROMIUM 962. HEALTH EFFECTSAverage
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CHROMIUM 982. HEALTH EFFECTSchanges
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CHROMIUM 1002. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 1022. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 1042. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.2.
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CHROMIUM 1062. HEALTH EFFECTSImpair
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CHROMIUM 1082. HEALTH EFFECTSrates
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TABLE 2-3. Levels of Significant Ex
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HumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHuman
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemicHuman 7.5 y
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CHROMIUM 1162. HEALTH EFFECTSNo stu
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CHROMIUM 1182. HEALTH EFFECTSIrrita
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CHROMIUM 1202. HEALTH EFFECTSindust
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CHROMIUM 1222. HEALTH EFFECTSGuinea
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CHROMIUM 1242. HEALTH EFFECTSmodel,
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CHROMIUM 1262. HEALTH EFFECTSblood,
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CHROMIUM 1302. HEALTH EFFECTSAlthou
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CHROMIUM 1322. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.2
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CHROMIUM 1362. HEALTH EFFECTSThe di
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CHROMIUM 1382. HEALTH EFFECTS(2-5 m
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CHROMIUM 1402. HEALTH EFFECTSIn rat
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CHROMIUM 1422. HEALTH EFFECTSunstab
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CHROMIUM 1442. HEALTH EFFECTSIn add
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CHROMIUM 1462. HEALTH EFFECTSsignif
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CHROMIUM 1502. HEALTH EFFECTSDaily
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CHROMIUM 1522. HEALTH EFFECTS51 Chr
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CHROMIUM 1562. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 1582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CHROMIUM 1622. HEALTH EFFECTSInterr
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CHROMIUM 1642. HEALTH EFFECTSthe bl
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CHROMIUM 1662. HEALTH EFFECTSpreval
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CHROMIUM 1682. HEALTH EFFECTS2.5 RE
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CHROMIUM 1702. HEALTH EFFECTSSevera
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CHROMIUM 1722. HEALTH EFFECTSanimal
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CHROMIUM 1742. HEALTH EFFECTSOral M
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CHROMIUM 1762. HEALTH EFFECTSfibros
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CHROMIUM 1782. HEALTH EFFECTSNausea
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CHROMIUM 1802. HEALTH EFFECTSthe pr
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CHROMIUM 1822. HEALTH EFFECTSSevere
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CHROMIUM 1842. HEALTH EFFECTSdevelo
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CHROMIUM 1862. HEALTH EFFECTSthe ce
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CHROMIUM 1882. HEALTH EFFECTSimprov
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CHROMIUM 1902. HEALTH EFFECTSchroma
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CHROMIUM 1922. HEALTH EFFECTSIn ano
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)S. typhimurium
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Species (test system)Mouse A18BcR c
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)Syrian hamster
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CHROMIUM 2082. HEALTH EFFECTSet al.
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CHROMIUM 2102. HEALTH EFFECTScancer
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CHROMIUM 2122. HEALTH EFFECTS2.6 EN
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CHROMIUM 2142. HEALTH EFFECTSChromi
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CHROMIUM 2182. HEALTH EFFECTSBiolog
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CHROMIUM 2222. HEALTH EFFECTSemploy
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CHROMIUM 2242. HEALTH EFFECTSunexpe
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CHROMIUM 2262. HEALTH EFFECTSMutti
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CHROMIUM 2282. HEALTH EFFECTS1986a,
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CHROMIUM 2302. HEALTH EFFECTSconcen
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CHROMIUM 2322. HEALTH EFFECTSmentio
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CHROMIUM 2362. HEALTH EFFECTSglutat
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CHROMIUM 2382. HEALTH EFFECTS1997).
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CHROMIUM 2402. HEALTH EFFECTS
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CHROMIUM 2422. HEALTH EFFECTSlimite
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CHROMIUM 2442. HEALTH EFFECTSThe re
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CHROMIUM 2462. HEALTH EFFECTS(Nette
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CHROMIUM 2482. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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Page 280 and 281: CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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Page 303 and 304: Derived from HazDat 2000Figure 5-2.
Page 307 and 308: State bTable 5-2. Releases to the E
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Page 335 and 336: CHROMIUM 3156. ANALYTICAL METHODSTh
Page 337 and 338: Sample matrixTable 6-1. Analytical
Page 339 and 340: CHROMIUM 3196. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
Page 341 and 342: Sample matrixOccupational air(weldi
Page 343 and 344: Sample matrixWaste water 1986(chrom
Page 345 and 346: CHROMIUM 3256. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
Page 347 and 348: CHROMIUM 3277. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
Page 359 and 360: CHROMIUM 3398. REFERENCES*Aaseth J,
Page 361 and 362: CHROMIUM 3418. REFERENCES*Anderson
Page 363 and 364: CHROMIUM 3438. REFERENCES*Baranowsk
Page 365 and 366: CHROMIUM 3458. REFERENCESBlack CB,
Page 367 and 368: CHROMIUM 3478. REFERENCES*Buckell M
Page 369 and 370: CHROMIUM 3498. REFERENCES*Chen NSC,
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CHROMIUM 3518. REFERENCESCriqui M,
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CHROMIUM 3538. REFERENCESDOD. 1947.
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CHROMIUM 3558. REFERENCES*EPA. 1984
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CHROMIUM 3578. REFERENCES*EPA. 1996
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CHROMIUM 3598. REFERENCESFlint GN,
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CHROMIUM 3618. REFERENCES*Gale TF,
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CHROMIUM 3638. REFERENCESGriepink B
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CHROMIUM 3658. REFERENCES*Hayes RB,
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CHROMIUM 3678. REFERENCESHunt CD, S
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CHROMIUM 3698. REFERENCES*Jansen LH
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CHROMIUM 3718. REFERENCESKeith RL,
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CHROMIUM 3738. REFERENCES*Korallus
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CHROMIUM 3758. REFERENCES*Laborda R
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CHROMIUM 3778. REFERENCESLees PSJ,
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CHROMIUM 3798. REFERENCES*Liu KJ, J
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CHROMIUM 3818. REFERENCES*Malm O, P
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CHROMIUM 3838. REFERENCESMehra R, B
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CHROMIUM 3858. REFERENCES*Morris B,
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CHROMIUM 3878. REFERENCES*Newbold R
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CHROMIUM 3898. REFERENCES*Novey HS,
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CHROMIUM 3918. REFERENCES*OSHA 1999
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CHROMIUM 3938. REFERENCESPiela Z, K
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CHROMIUM 3958. REFERENCESRI Div Air
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CHROMIUM 3978. REFERENCES*Sata F, A
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CHROMIUM 3998. REFERENCES*Sheppard
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CHROMIUM 4018. REFERENCES*Snyder CA
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CHROMIUM 4038. REFERENCESŠtupar J,
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CHROMIUM 4058. REFERENCESTamino G,
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CHROMIUM 4078. REFERENCES*Ueno S, S
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CHROMIUM 4098. REFERENCESWahlberg J
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CHROMIUM 4118. REFERENCES*Wiegand H
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CHROMIUM 4138. REFERENCES*Zhitkovic
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CHROMIUM 4169. GLOSSARYCase Series
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CHROMIUM 4189. GLOSSARYModifying Fa
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CHROMIUM 4209. GLOSSARYeither under
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CHROMIUM A-1APPENDIX AATSDR MINIMAL
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CHROMIUM A-3APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-5APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-7APPENDIX AWas a convers
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CHROMIUM B-2APPENDIX B(2) Exposure
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1SAMPLE6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Signi
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CHROMIUM B-6APPENDIX BChapter 2 (Se
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CHROMIUM C-1APPENDIX CACRONYMS, ABB
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CHROMIUM C-3APPENDIX CTRITWAU.S.UFy
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