TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHROMIUM - Davidborowski.com

CHROMIUM 2492. HEALTH EFFECTSresulted in fetal toxicity (Junaid et al. 1996a, 1996b; Kanojia et al. 1996, 1998; Trivedi et al. 1989), buta NOAEL for these effects was not identified. Impaired development of the reproductive system wasobserved in the female offspring of mice exposed to potassium dichromate(VI) or chromium(III)chloride (Al-Hamood et al. 1998). Distribution studies in rat dams given chromium(VI) orchromium(III) intravenously (Daniellson et al. 1982) or orally (Mertz et al. 1969) and in mouse damsgiven chromium(III) intraperitoneally (Iijima et al. 1983) indicated that chromium can cross theplacenta after administration of either valence state. No studies regarding developmental effects fromchromium(III) exposure were located. No pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted regarding thedistribution of chromium or its compounds to the fetus after inhalation or dermal exposure of the dams.Further oral developmental studies of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) in mice and other specieswould be useful to determine a NOAEL. These studies should include examination of developmental/neural end points. Developmental studies using inhalation exposure would be useful to determine ifdevelopmental effects are route specific. Data from oral and inhalation studies would be useful fordetermining dose-response relationships.Immunotoxicity. In humans, hypersensitivity, characterized by asthma attacks and dermatitis, hasbeen reported after occupational inhalation or occupational dermal exposure (Keskinen et al. 1980;Leroyer et al. 1998; Moller et al. 1986; Olaguibel and Basomba 1989) or dermal exposure (Burrows1983; Engel and Calnan 1963; Engebrigsten 1952; Eun and Marks 1990; Fregert 1975; Kaplan andZeligman 1962; Levin et al. 1959; Newhouse 1963; Peltonin and Fraki 1983; Samitz and Shrager 1966;Wahba and Cohen 1979; Winston and Walsh 1951) to chromium or its compounds. Two occupationalstudies suggest that chromium exposure affects the leukocyte populations in the blood of workers(Boscolo et al. 1997; Mancuso 1951). Delayed anaphylactoid reaction was observed in one case(Moller et al. 1986). Dermatitis was exacerbated in sensitized individuals by oral exposure tochromium(VI) (Goitre et al. 1982; Kaaber and Veien 1977).In rats, nonspecific disease resistance mechanisms of the lung are inhibited by inhalation exposure tochromium and its compounds (Glaser et al. 1985). Inhalation exposure of intermediate duration altersimmunoglobulin levels, lymphocyte responses to antigen and lectin, and spleen weight in rats (Glaser etal. 1985), as well as altered numbers of total recoverable cells, neutrophils, and monocytes, andpercentages of pulmonary macrophages in bronchopulmonary lavage (Cohen et al. 1998).Intermediate-duration oral exposure of rats to chromium(VI) increased the proliferative response of T-and B-lymphocytes to mitogens and antigens (Snyder and Valle 1991).