TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHROMIUM - Davidborowski.com

CHROMIUM 2462. HEALTH EFFECTS(Nettesheim et al. 1971). Cancer studies by parenteral route support the conclusions that chromium(VI) iscarcinogenic (Furst et al. 1976; Hueper 1955, 1958; Hueper and Payne 1959, 1962; Laskin et al. 1970;Levy et al. 1986; Roe and Carter 1969; Steinhoff et al. 1986). Conversely, chronic oral exposure tochromium did not have significant carcinogenic effects (Borneff et al. 1968; Ivankovic and Preussmann1975). The available human and animal data are sufficient for determining that chromium is carcinogenicfollowing inhalation exposure. However, additional animal studies are needed to adequately assess thecarcinogenic potential following oral exposure.Genotoxicity. Several studies evaluating chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange inworkers exposed to chromium(VI) have been conducted, some reporting positive results (Deng et al.1988; Koshi et al. 1984; Lai et al. 1998; Sarto et al. 1982; Stella et al. 1982; Werfel et al. 1998) andsome reporting negative results (Gao et al. 1994; Hamamy et al. 1987; Husgafvel-Pursianen et al. 1982;Littorin et al. 1983; Nagaya 1986; Nagaya et al. 1991). However, most of these studies are limited byfactors such as lack of exposure data, co-exposure to other potentially genotoxic agents, and too fewworkers for meaningful statistical analysis. Mostly positive results have been found in rodents and D.melanogaster exposed to chromium(VI) compounds in vivo (Gava et al. 1989a; Itoh and Shimada 1993;Mirsalis et al. 1996; Olvera et al. 1993; Paschin et al. 1982; Rasmuson 1985; Rodriquez-Arnaiz andMartinez 1986; Sarkar et al. 1993; Shindo et al. 1989; Tsapakos et al. 1983b; Wild 1978; Zimmering etal. 1985). Numerous in vitro genotoxicity studies have been conducted in bacteria (Bennicelli et al.1983; De Flora 1978, 1981; Haworth et al. 1983; Kanematsu et al. 1980; Kortenkamp et al. 1996b;Llagostera et al. 1986; Nakamuro et al. 1978; Nestmann et al. 1979; Nishioka 1975; Olivier and Marzin1987; Venier et al. 1982; Venitt and Levy 1974; Watanabe et al. 1998a), yeast (Bonatti et al. 1976;Fukanaga et al. 1982; Singh 1983), and cultured animal cell systems (Briggs and Briggs 1988; DiPaoloand Casto 1979; Douglas et al. 1980; Elias et al. 1989b; Fornace et al. 1981; Kowalski et al. 1996; Levisand Majone et al. 1979; MacRae et al. 1979; Montaldi et al. 1987; Newbold et al. 1979; Ohno et al.1982; Raffetto et al. 1977; Sugiyama et al. 1986; Tsuda and Kato 1977; Ueno et al. 1995a; Umeda andNishimura 1979; Venier et al. 1982; Wise et al. 1993; Yang et al. 1992) and human cell systems(Douglas et al. 1980; Fornace et al. 1981; Gomez-Arroyo et al.1981; MacRae et al. 1979; Montaldi et al.1987; Nakamuro et al. 1978; Sarto et al. 1980; Stella et al. 1982; Sugiyama et al. 1986; Whiting et al.1979), mostly with positive results. The vast majority of studies, therefore, clearly indicated thatchromium(VI) compounds are genotoxic.Genotoxicity data are also available for chromium(III) compounds. A study in tannery workers, whowere exposed mainly to chromium(III), reported negative results for chromosomal aberrations and sister