TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHROMIUM - Davidborowski.com

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CHROMIUM 2402. HEALTH EFFECTS
CHROMIUM 2412. HEALTH EFFECTSA major source of oral exposure of humans to chromium is via the diet including chromium-rich dietsupplements. Chromium(III) at low levels is essential to nutrition, and studies of chromium deficiencyhave been conducted. Information regarding health effects of exposure to chromium(VI) orchromium(III) in humans (see Figures 2-7 and 2-8) comes mainly from case reports of acute accidental orintentional ingestion, acute accidental dermal exposure, and from occupational case reports andepidemiology studies, which primarily involve inhalation and dermal exposure. In occupational studies,it is often difficult to separate exposure to chromium(VI) from chromium(III). Case reports have shownthat ingestion and dermal contact with chromium(VI) can cause death. These reports have also describedthe serious systemic and neurological sequelae of exposure leading to death. Occupational exposures tochromium(VI) and/or chromium(III) are associated with respiratory and nasal, cardiovascular,gastrointestinal, hematological, hepatic, renal, and dermal effects. Immunological effects in humansexposed by inhalation and dermal contact consist of sensitization resulting in asthma and contactdermatitis, which can be exacerbated by oral exposure. Limited information was available regardingreproductive effects of occupational exposure to chromium(VI). Limited information was found onneurological behavioral effects. Information is also available regarding genotoxic effects in workersexposed to chromium(VI) and cancer in workers exposed to chromium(VI) and/or chromium(III).Information regarding the levels of exposure to chromium(VI) compounds that cause death in animals isavailable for the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes (Figure 2-7). Information regarding respiratoryeffects of acute inhalation exposure of animals to chromium(VI) was available. The only informationregarding systemic effects in animals after oral exposure to chromium(VI) is that lethal doses causedgastrointestinal effects. Acute dermal exposure of animals to chromium(VI) can cause irritation, edema,necrosis, and chrome sores. Information on systemic effects of chromium(VI) in animals is available forintermediate- and chronic-duration exposure by the inhalation route. Information regarding effects of oralexposure is available for the intermediate duration. The immunological effects of chromium(VI) inanimals have been studied after inhalation and dermal exposure. An inhalation study reported nodevelopmental or reproductive effects of chromium(VI). Oral studies of chromium(VI) in animalsindicate that both developmental and reproductive effects can occur after exposure. Informationregarding the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) is available for both the inhalation andoral routes. One report of chronic renal failure after ingestion of over-the-counter chromium picolinate at0.6 mg/day was found in literature (Wasser et al. 1997).Information regarding levels of chromium(III) compounds that result in death is available only for theoral route. Systemic effects of acute- and intermediate-duration inhalation exposure to chromium(III) are
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FORCHROMIUMU.
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CHROMIUMiiiUPDATE STATEMENTToxicolo
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CHROMIUMviiQUICK REFERENCE FOR HEAL
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CHROMIUMxiPEER REVIEWA peer review
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CHROMIUMxiv2.2.3.1 Death ..........
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CHROMIUMxviC. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIO
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CHROMIUM 11. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 121. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEME
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CHROMIUM 142. HEALTH EFFECTSessenti
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CHROMIUM 162. HEALTH EFFECTSuncerta
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TABLE 2-1. Levels of Significant Ex
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11 Rat 90 d Resp 0.025 M (increased
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20 Rat(Wistar)Reproductive90 d7 d/w
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33 Rat I8 mo Resp 0.1 M Glaser et a
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43 Human44 Human45 Human46 Human47
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forFigure 2-1. Levels of Significan
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35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r
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CHROMIUM 322. HEALTH EFFECTSInterme
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CHROMIUM 342. HEALTH EFFECTSexposur
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CHROMIUM 362. HEALTH EFFECTSsulfate
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CHROMIUM 382. HEALTH EFFECTScorrela
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CHROMIUM 402. HEALTH EFFECTS1953).
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CHROMIUM 422. HEALTH EFFECTSBaltimo
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CHROMIUM 442. HEALTH EFFECTSHepatic
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CHROMIUM 462. HEALTH EFFECTSdichrom
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CHROMIUM 482. HEALTH EFFECTSdamage
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CHROMIUM 502. HEALTH EFFECTSChromiu
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CHROMIUM 522. HEALTH EFFECTSAn exte
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CHROMIUM 542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.7
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CHROMIUM 562. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.8
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CHROMIUM 582. HEALTH EFFECTSmajor p
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CHROMIUM 602. HEALTH EFFECTSfound a
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CHROMIUM 622. HEALTH EFFECTSsignifi
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CHROMIUM 642. HEALTH EFFECTSheavy s
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CHROMIUM 662. HEALTH EFFECTScarcino
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CHROMIUM 682. HEALTH EFFECTS(female
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CHROMIUM 702. HEALTH EFFECTSFerroch
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CHROMIUM 722. HEALTH EFFECTS1.2x10
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CHROMIUM 742. HEALTH EFFECTSchromiu
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8 Rat once 26 M (LD 50)(Fischer- 34
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20 Mouse 9 d Bd Wt 53.2 F 101 .1 F
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32 Rat(BD)33 RatSwiss albino34 RatD
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Neurological45 Rat 28 d(Wistar)Repr
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59 Mouse 85 d + 36.7 F NTP 1997(BAL
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemic70 Human71
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Figure 2-2. Levels of Significant E
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MinimalFigure 2-2. Levels of Signif
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CHROMIUM 922. HEALTH EFFECTSand blo
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CHROMIUM 942. HEALTH EFFECTSHematol
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CHROMIUM 962. HEALTH EFFECTSAverage
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CHROMIUM 982. HEALTH EFFECTSchanges
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CHROMIUM 1002. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 1022. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 1042. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.2.
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CHROMIUM 1062. HEALTH EFFECTSImpair
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CHROMIUM 1082. HEALTH EFFECTSrates
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TABLE 2-3. Levels of Significant Ex
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HumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHuman
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemicHuman 7.5 y
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CHROMIUM 1162. HEALTH EFFECTSNo stu
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CHROMIUM 1182. HEALTH EFFECTSIrrita
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CHROMIUM 1202. HEALTH EFFECTSindust
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CHROMIUM 1222. HEALTH EFFECTSGuinea
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CHROMIUM 1242. HEALTH EFFECTSmodel,
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CHROMIUM 1262. HEALTH EFFECTSblood,
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CHROMIUM 1282. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 1302. HEALTH EFFECTSAlthou
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CHROMIUM 1322. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.2
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CHROMIUM 1362. HEALTH EFFECTSThe di
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CHROMIUM 1382. HEALTH EFFECTS(2-5 m
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CHROMIUM 1402. HEALTH EFFECTSIn rat
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CHROMIUM 1422. HEALTH EFFECTSunstab
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CHROMIUM 1442. HEALTH EFFECTSIn add
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CHROMIUM 1462. HEALTH EFFECTSsignif
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CHROMIUM 1502. HEALTH EFFECTSDaily
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CHROMIUM 1522. HEALTH EFFECTS51 Chr
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CHROMIUM 1542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.5
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CHROMIUM 1562. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 1582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CHROMIUM 1602. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 1622. HEALTH EFFECTSInterr
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CHROMIUM 1642. HEALTH EFFECTSthe bl
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CHROMIUM 1662. HEALTH EFFECTSpreval
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CHROMIUM 1682. HEALTH EFFECTS2.5 RE
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CHROMIUM 1702. HEALTH EFFECTSSevera
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CHROMIUM 1722. HEALTH EFFECTSanimal
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CHROMIUM 1742. HEALTH EFFECTSOral M
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CHROMIUM 1762. HEALTH EFFECTSfibros
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CHROMIUM 1782. HEALTH EFFECTSNausea
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CHROMIUM 1802. HEALTH EFFECTSthe pr
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CHROMIUM 1822. HEALTH EFFECTSSevere
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CHROMIUM 1842. HEALTH EFFECTSdevelo
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CHROMIUM 1862. HEALTH EFFECTSthe ce
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CHROMIUM 1882. HEALTH EFFECTSimprov
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Page 216 and 217: Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
Page 218 and 219: Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
Page 220 and 221: Species (test system)S. typhimurium
Page 222 and 223: Species (test system)Mouse A18BcR c
Page 224 and 225: Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
Page 226 and 227: Species (test system)Syrian hamster
Page 228 and 229: CHROMIUM 2082. HEALTH EFFECTSet al.
Page 230 and 231: CHROMIUM 2102. HEALTH EFFECTScancer
Page 232 and 233: CHROMIUM 2122. HEALTH EFFECTS2.6 EN
Page 234 and 235: CHROMIUM 2142. HEALTH EFFECTSChromi
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Page 248 and 249: CHROMIUM 2282. HEALTH EFFECTS1986a,
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Page 280 and 281: CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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Page 301 and 302: CHROMIUM 2815. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
Page 303 and 304: Derived from HazDat 2000Figure 5-2.
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CHROMIUM 2915. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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CHROMIUM 3156. ANALYTICAL METHODSTh
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Sample matrixTable 6-1. Analytical
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CHROMIUM 3196. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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Sample matrixOccupational air(weldi
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Sample matrixWaste water 1986(chrom
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CHROMIUM 3256. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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CHROMIUM 3277. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3398. REFERENCES*Aaseth J,
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CHROMIUM 3418. REFERENCES*Anderson
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CHROMIUM 3438. REFERENCES*Baranowsk
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CHROMIUM 3458. REFERENCESBlack CB,
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CHROMIUM 3478. REFERENCES*Buckell M
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CHROMIUM 3498. REFERENCES*Chen NSC,
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CHROMIUM 3518. REFERENCESCriqui M,
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CHROMIUM 3538. REFERENCESDOD. 1947.
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CHROMIUM 3558. REFERENCES*EPA. 1984
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CHROMIUM 3578. REFERENCES*EPA. 1996
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CHROMIUM 3598. REFERENCESFlint GN,
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CHROMIUM 3618. REFERENCES*Gale TF,
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CHROMIUM 3638. REFERENCESGriepink B
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CHROMIUM 3658. REFERENCES*Hayes RB,
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CHROMIUM 3678. REFERENCESHunt CD, S
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CHROMIUM 3698. REFERENCES*Jansen LH
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CHROMIUM 3718. REFERENCESKeith RL,
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CHROMIUM 3738. REFERENCES*Korallus
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CHROMIUM 3758. REFERENCES*Laborda R
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CHROMIUM 3778. REFERENCESLees PSJ,
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CHROMIUM 3798. REFERENCES*Liu KJ, J
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CHROMIUM 3818. REFERENCES*Malm O, P
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CHROMIUM 3838. REFERENCESMehra R, B
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CHROMIUM 3858. REFERENCES*Morris B,
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CHROMIUM 3878. REFERENCES*Newbold R
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CHROMIUM 3898. REFERENCES*Novey HS,
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CHROMIUM 3918. REFERENCES*OSHA 1999
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CHROMIUM 3938. REFERENCESPiela Z, K
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CHROMIUM 3958. REFERENCESRI Div Air
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CHROMIUM 3978. REFERENCES*Sata F, A
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CHROMIUM 3998. REFERENCES*Sheppard
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CHROMIUM 4018. REFERENCES*Snyder CA
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CHROMIUM 4038. REFERENCESŠtupar J,
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CHROMIUM 4058. REFERENCESTamino G,
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CHROMIUM 4078. REFERENCES*Ueno S, S
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CHROMIUM 4098. REFERENCESWahlberg J
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CHROMIUM 4118. REFERENCES*Wiegand H
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CHROMIUM 4138. REFERENCES*Zhitkovic
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CHROMIUM 4169. GLOSSARYCase Series
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CHROMIUM 4189. GLOSSARYModifying Fa
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CHROMIUM 4209. GLOSSARYeither under
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CHROMIUM A-1APPENDIX AATSDR MINIMAL
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CHROMIUM A-3APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-5APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-7APPENDIX AWas a convers
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CHROMIUM B-2APPENDIX B(2) Exposure
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1SAMPLE6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Signi
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CHROMIUM B-6APPENDIX BChapter 2 (Se
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CHROMIUM C-1APPENDIX CACRONYMS, ABB
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CHROMIUM C-3APPENDIX CTRITWAU.S.UFy
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