TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHROMIUM - Davidborowski.com

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CHROMIUM 1602. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure 2-4. A Physiologically Based Model of Chromium Kinetics in the Rat*POOL BINHALATIONEXPOSURELUNGPOOL ACr(VI) Cr(III)WELL PERFUSEDCr(VI) Cr(III)PLASMAPOORLY PERFUSEDCr(VI) Cr(III)BONECr(VI) Cr(III)PLASMARED CELLSCr(VI) Cr(III)LIVERCr(VI) Cr(III)GI TRACTCr(VI) Cr(III)ORALEXPOSUREURINARYEXCRETIONKIDNEYCr(VI) Cr(III)RETAINEDURINEFECALEXCRETION*O’Flaherty 1996
CHROMIUM 1612. HEALTH EFFECTSincorporation of chromium into actively mineralizing bone. It also includes the reductive process forconversion of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) and takes into account differences in their absorptionthrough tissues of the body as well as in the lung and gastrointestinal tract. The chromium model neededto be modified to include two lung compartments. Chromium via inhalation or intratracheal routes entersthe lung in compartment A where it can be systemically absorbed, transferred to the second lungcompartment B, or cleared by mucociliary action and enter the digestive tract. Chromium enteringcompartment B can only be cleared by mucociliary action, and no chromium re-enters compartment Afrom B. In order to account for the urinary excretion delay observed in the experimental data, a urinaryretention compartment was added. Because the absorption of chromium compounds into the body andvarious tissues depends on the type and solubility of the complexes formed with ligands, adjustments tothe model must be made based on physicochemical characteristics of individual chromium compounds.Validation of the model. The model was run with the exposure regimen of an inhalation study ofchromium(VI) as zinc chromate dust in Wistar rats (Langård et al. 1978). This study was chosen forvalidation because none of the studies used to develop the model were inhalation studies. Rats wereexposed to 2.1 mg chromium(VI)/m 3 for 6 hours/day for 4 days, blood chromium was measured beforeand after each exposure and 4 times over the next 37 days post-exposure. The model tended tooverpredict chromium blood levels during the 4-day exposure period, but agreement during the postexposureperiod was good. The exposure conditions of a drinking water exposure to potassiumchromate(VI) for 1 year at concentrations of 045, 2.2, 4.5, 7.7, 11.2, and 25 ppm in Sprague-Dawley ratswere also simulated (MacKenzie et al. 1958).The model overestimated final liver chromium concentrations, but bone and kidney concentrations werewell-predicted. This was not a completely independent test of the model’s validity since data from thisstudy were used to set parameters for fractional uptake of chromium into bone.Target tissues. Tissue levels of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in the rat lung, erythrocyte, liver,and kidney can be predicted by this model.Species extrapolation. No species extrapolation was attempted in this model. The model is basedentirely on data from rat kinetic studies.
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FORCHROMIUMU.
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CHROMIUMiiiUPDATE STATEMENTToxicolo
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CHROMIUMviiQUICK REFERENCE FOR HEAL
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CHROMIUMxiPEER REVIEWA peer review
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CHROMIUMxiv2.2.3.1 Death ..........
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CHROMIUMxviC. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIO
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CHROMIUM 11. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 121. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEME
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CHROMIUM 142. HEALTH EFFECTSessenti
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CHROMIUM 162. HEALTH EFFECTSuncerta
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TABLE 2-1. Levels of Significant Ex
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11 Rat 90 d Resp 0.025 M (increased
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20 Rat(Wistar)Reproductive90 d7 d/w
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33 Rat I8 mo Resp 0.1 M Glaser et a
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43 Human44 Human45 Human46 Human47
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forFigure 2-1. Levels of Significan
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35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r
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CHROMIUM 322. HEALTH EFFECTSInterme
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CHROMIUM 342. HEALTH EFFECTSexposur
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CHROMIUM 362. HEALTH EFFECTSsulfate
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CHROMIUM 382. HEALTH EFFECTScorrela
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CHROMIUM 402. HEALTH EFFECTS1953).
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CHROMIUM 422. HEALTH EFFECTSBaltimo
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CHROMIUM 442. HEALTH EFFECTSHepatic
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CHROMIUM 462. HEALTH EFFECTSdichrom
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CHROMIUM 482. HEALTH EFFECTSdamage
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CHROMIUM 502. HEALTH EFFECTSChromiu
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CHROMIUM 522. HEALTH EFFECTSAn exte
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CHROMIUM 542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.7
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CHROMIUM 562. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.8
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CHROMIUM 582. HEALTH EFFECTSmajor p
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CHROMIUM 602. HEALTH EFFECTSfound a
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CHROMIUM 622. HEALTH EFFECTSsignifi
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CHROMIUM 642. HEALTH EFFECTSheavy s
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CHROMIUM 662. HEALTH EFFECTScarcino
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CHROMIUM 682. HEALTH EFFECTS(female
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CHROMIUM 702. HEALTH EFFECTSFerroch
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CHROMIUM 722. HEALTH EFFECTS1.2x10
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CHROMIUM 742. HEALTH EFFECTSchromiu
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8 Rat once 26 M (LD 50)(Fischer- 34
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20 Mouse 9 d Bd Wt 53.2 F 101 .1 F
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32 Rat(BD)33 RatSwiss albino34 RatD
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Neurological45 Rat 28 d(Wistar)Repr
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59 Mouse 85 d + 36.7 F NTP 1997(BAL
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CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemic70 Human71
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Figure 2-2. Levels of Significant E
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MinimalFigure 2-2. Levels of Signif
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CHROMIUM 922. HEALTH EFFECTSand blo
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CHROMIUM 942. HEALTH EFFECTSHematol
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CHROMIUM 962. HEALTH EFFECTSAverage
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CHROMIUM 982. HEALTH EFFECTSchanges
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CHROMIUM 1002. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 1022. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 1042. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.2.
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CHROMIUM 1062. HEALTH EFFECTSImpair
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CHROMIUM 1082. HEALTH EFFECTSrates
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Page 132 and 133: HumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHumanHuman
Page 134 and 135: CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemicHuman 7.5 y
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Page 144 and 145: CHROMIUM 1242. HEALTH EFFECTSmodel,
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Page 152 and 153: CHROMIUM 1322. HEALTH EFFECTS2.3.2
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Page 160 and 161: CHROMIUM 1402. HEALTH EFFECTSIn rat
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Page 172 and 173: CHROMIUM 1522. HEALTH EFFECTS51 Chr
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Page 214 and 215: Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Page 218 and 219: Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
Page 220 and 221: Species (test system)S. typhimurium
Page 222 and 223: Species (test system)Mouse A18BcR c
Page 224 and 225: Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
Page 226 and 227: Species (test system)Syrian hamster
Page 228 and 229: CHROMIUM 2082. HEALTH EFFECTSet al.
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CHROMIUM 2102. HEALTH EFFECTScancer
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CHROMIUM 2122. HEALTH EFFECTS2.6 EN
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CHROMIUM 2142. HEALTH EFFECTSChromi
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CHROMIUM 2162. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 2182. HEALTH EFFECTSBiolog
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CHROMIUM 2202. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 2222. HEALTH EFFECTSemploy
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CHROMIUM 2242. HEALTH EFFECTSunexpe
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CHROMIUM 2262. HEALTH EFFECTSMutti
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CHROMIUM 2282. HEALTH EFFECTS1986a,
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CHROMIUM 2302. HEALTH EFFECTSconcen
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CHROMIUM 2322. HEALTH EFFECTSmentio
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CHROMIUM 2342. HEALTH EFFECTS2.11.2
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CHROMIUM 2362. HEALTH EFFECTSglutat
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CHROMIUM 2382. HEALTH EFFECTS1997).
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CHROMIUM 2402. HEALTH EFFECTS
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CHROMIUM 2422. HEALTH EFFECTSlimite
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CHROMIUM 2442. HEALTH EFFECTSThe re
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CHROMIUM 2462. HEALTH EFFECTS(Nette
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CHROMIUM 2482. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 2502. HEALTH EFFECTSThere
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CHROMIUM 2522. HEALTH EFFECTStimesp
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CHROMIUM 2542. HEALTH EFFECTSShmito
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CHROMIUM 2562. HEALTH EFFECTShas no
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CHROMIUM 2582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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CHROMIUM 2663. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICA
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CHROMIUM 2744. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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CHROMIUM 2815. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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Derived from HazDat 2000Figure 5-2.
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State bTable 5-2. Releases to the E
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State bTable 5-2. Releases to the E
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CHROMIUM 3156. ANALYTICAL METHODSTh
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Sample matrixTable 6-1. Analytical
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CHROMIUM 3196. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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Sample matrixOccupational air(weldi
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Sample matrixWaste water 1986(chrom
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CHROMIUM 3256. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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CHROMIUM 3277. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3398. REFERENCES*Aaseth J,
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CHROMIUM 3418. REFERENCES*Anderson
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CHROMIUM 3438. REFERENCES*Baranowsk
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CHROMIUM 3458. REFERENCESBlack CB,
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CHROMIUM 3478. REFERENCES*Buckell M
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CHROMIUM 3498. REFERENCES*Chen NSC,
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CHROMIUM 3518. REFERENCESCriqui M,
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CHROMIUM 3538. REFERENCESDOD. 1947.
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CHROMIUM 3558. REFERENCES*EPA. 1984
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CHROMIUM 3578. REFERENCES*EPA. 1996
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CHROMIUM 3598. REFERENCESFlint GN,
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CHROMIUM 3618. REFERENCES*Gale TF,
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CHROMIUM 3638. REFERENCESGriepink B
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CHROMIUM 3658. REFERENCES*Hayes RB,
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CHROMIUM 3678. REFERENCESHunt CD, S
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CHROMIUM 3698. REFERENCES*Jansen LH
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CHROMIUM 3718. REFERENCESKeith RL,
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CHROMIUM 3738. REFERENCES*Korallus
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CHROMIUM 3758. REFERENCES*Laborda R
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CHROMIUM 3778. REFERENCESLees PSJ,
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CHROMIUM 3798. REFERENCES*Liu KJ, J
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CHROMIUM 3818. REFERENCES*Malm O, P
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CHROMIUM 3838. REFERENCESMehra R, B
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CHROMIUM 3858. REFERENCES*Morris B,
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CHROMIUM 3878. REFERENCES*Newbold R
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CHROMIUM 3898. REFERENCES*Novey HS,
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CHROMIUM 3918. REFERENCES*OSHA 1999
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CHROMIUM 3938. REFERENCESPiela Z, K
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CHROMIUM 3958. REFERENCESRI Div Air
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CHROMIUM 3978. REFERENCES*Sata F, A
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CHROMIUM 3998. REFERENCES*Sheppard
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CHROMIUM 4018. REFERENCES*Snyder CA
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CHROMIUM 4038. REFERENCESŠtupar J,
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CHROMIUM 4058. REFERENCESTamino G,
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CHROMIUM 4078. REFERENCES*Ueno S, S
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CHROMIUM 4098. REFERENCESWahlberg J
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CHROMIUM 4118. REFERENCES*Wiegand H
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CHROMIUM 4138. REFERENCES*Zhitkovic
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CHROMIUM 4169. GLOSSARYCase Series
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CHROMIUM 4189. GLOSSARYModifying Fa
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CHROMIUM 4209. GLOSSARYeither under
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CHROMIUM A-1APPENDIX AATSDR MINIMAL
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CHROMIUM A-3APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-5APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-7APPENDIX AWas a convers
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CHROMIUM B-2APPENDIX B(2) Exposure
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1SAMPLE6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Signi
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CHROMIUM B-6APPENDIX BChapter 2 (Se
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CHROMIUM C-1APPENDIX CACRONYMS, ABB
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CHROMIUM C-3APPENDIX CTRITWAU.S.UFy
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