TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHROMIUM - Davidborowski.com

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CHROMIUM 1302. HEALTH EFFECTSAlthough chromium or chromium compounds alone are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract,the association of chromium with chelating agents, which may be naturally present in feed, can alter thebioavailability from food. In rats that were given 51 chromium-chromium(III) trichloride mixed withchelating agents, either oxalate or phytate, phytate significantly (p
CHROMIUM 1312. HEALTH EFFECTSaqueous solution was negligible, with slightly larger amounts of chromium(III) nitrate in aqueous solutionabsorbed. The absorption of chromium(III) chloride was similar to potassium dichromate(VI) (Samitzand Shrager 1966). Chromium(III) from a concentrated chromium sulfate solution at pH 3 penetratedcadaverous human skin at a rate of 5×10 -11 cm/sec, compared with a rate for chromium(VI) (sourceunspecified) of 5x10 -7 cm/second (Spruit and van Neer 1966). In contrast, both chromium(VI) fromsodium chromate and chromium(III) from chromium trichloride penetrated excised human mammary skinat similar rates, but the rate was generally slightly faster for chromium(VI). Absolute rates of absorptionin nmol chromium/hour/cm 2 increased with increasing concentration of both chromium(VI) andchromium(III) (Wahlberg 1970). The average rate of systemic uptake of chromium in four volunteerssubmersed up to the shoulders in a tub of chlorinated water containing a 22 mg chromium(VI)/L solutionof potassium dichromate for 3 hours was measured to be 1.5x10 -4 µg/cm 2 -hour based on urinary excretionof total chromium (Corbett et al. 1997). The study authors noted that the pattern of blood uptake andurinary excretion was consistent with chromium(III) absorption, suggesting that chromium(VI) isconverted to chromium(III) prior to absorption.The influence of solvent on the cutaneous penetration of potassium dichromate by humans has beenstudied. The test solutions of potassium dichromate in petrolatum or in water were applied as occludedcircular patches of filter paper to the skin. Results with dichromate in water revealed that chromium(VI)penetrated beyond the dermis and penetration reached steady state with resorption by the lymph andblood vessels by 5 hours. About 10 times more chromium penetrated when potassium dichromate wasapplied in petrolatum than when applied in water. About 5 times more chromium penetrated whenpotassium dichromate was applied than when a chromium trichloride glycine complex was applied (Lidenand Lundberg 1979). The rates of absorption of solutions of sodium chromate from the occluded forearmskin of volunteers increased with increasing concentration. The rates were 1.1 µg chromium(VI)/cm 2 /hour for a 0.01 molar solution, 6.4 µg chromium(VI)/cm 2 /hour for a 0.1 molar solution, and 10 µgchromium(VI)/cm 2 /hour for a 0.2 molar solution (Baranowska-Dutkiewicz 1981).Chromium and its compounds are also absorbed dermally by animals. The dermal absorption of sodiumchromate (chromium(VI)) by guinea pigs was somewhat higher than that of chromium(III) trichloride, butthe difference was not significant. At higher concentrations (0.261–0.398 M), absorption of sodiumchromate was statistically higher than that of chromium trichloride. The peak rates of absorption were690–725 and 315–330 nmol/hour/cm 2 for sodium chromate at 0.261–0.398 M and chromium trichlorideat 0.239–0.261 M, respectively. Percutaneous absorption of sodium chromate was higher at pH $6.5compared with pH #5.6 (Wahlberg and Skog 1965).
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FORCHROMIUMU.
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CHROMIUMiiiUPDATE STATEMENTToxicolo
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CHROMIUMviiQUICK REFERENCE FOR HEAL
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CHROMIUMxiPEER REVIEWA peer review
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CHROMIUMxiv2.2.3.1 Death ..........
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CHROMIUMxviC. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIO
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CHROMIUM 11. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMEN
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CHROMIUM 121. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEME
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CHROMIUM 142. HEALTH EFFECTSessenti
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CHROMIUM 162. HEALTH EFFECTSuncerta
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TABLE 2-1. Levels of Significant Ex
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11 Rat 90 d Resp 0.025 M (increased
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20 Rat(Wistar)Reproductive90 d7 d/w
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33 Rat I8 mo Resp 0.1 M Glaser et a
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43 Human44 Human45 Human46 Human47
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forFigure 2-1. Levels of Significan
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35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r 35r
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CHROMIUM 322. HEALTH EFFECTSInterme
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CHROMIUM 342. HEALTH EFFECTSexposur
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CHROMIUM 362. HEALTH EFFECTSsulfate
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CHROMIUM 382. HEALTH EFFECTScorrela
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CHROMIUM 402. HEALTH EFFECTS1953).
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CHROMIUM 422. HEALTH EFFECTSBaltimo
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CHROMIUM 442. HEALTH EFFECTSHepatic
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CHROMIUM 462. HEALTH EFFECTSdichrom
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CHROMIUM 482. HEALTH EFFECTSdamage
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CHROMIUM 502. HEALTH EFFECTSChromiu
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CHROMIUM 522. HEALTH EFFECTSAn exte
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CHROMIUM 542. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.7
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CHROMIUM 562. HEALTH EFFECTS2.2.1.8
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CHROMIUM 582. HEALTH EFFECTSmajor p
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CHROMIUM 602. HEALTH EFFECTSfound a
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CHROMIUM 622. HEALTH EFFECTSsignifi
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CHROMIUM 642. HEALTH EFFECTSheavy s
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CHROMIUM 662. HEALTH EFFECTScarcino
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CHROMIUM 682. HEALTH EFFECTS(female
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CHROMIUM 702. HEALTH EFFECTSFerroch
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CHROMIUM 722. HEALTH EFFECTS1.2x10
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CHROMIUM 742. HEALTH EFFECTSchromiu
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8 Rat once 26 M (LD 50)(Fischer- 34
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20 Mouse 9 d Bd Wt 53.2 F 101 .1 F
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Page 106 and 107: CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemic70 Human71
Page 108 and 109: Figure 2-2. Levels of Significant E
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Page 134 and 135: CHRONIC EXPOSURESystemicHuman 7.5 y
Page 136 and 137: CHROMIUM 1162. HEALTH EFFECTSNo stu
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Page 160 and 161: CHROMIUM 1402. HEALTH EFFECTSIn rat
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CHROMIUM 1802. HEALTH EFFECTSthe pr
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CHROMIUM 1822. HEALTH EFFECTSSevere
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CHROMIUM 1842. HEALTH EFFECTSdevelo
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CHROMIUM 1862. HEALTH EFFECTSthe ce
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CHROMIUM 1882. HEALTH EFFECTSimprov
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CHROMIUM 1902. HEALTH EFFECTSchroma
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CHROMIUM 1922. HEALTH EFFECTSIn ano
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Table 2-5. Genotoxicity of Chromium
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)S. typhimurium
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Species (test system)Mouse A18BcR c
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Species (test system)Prokaryotic or
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Species (test system)Syrian hamster
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CHROMIUM 2082. HEALTH EFFECTSet al.
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CHROMIUM 2102. HEALTH EFFECTScancer
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CHROMIUM 2122. HEALTH EFFECTS2.6 EN
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CHROMIUM 2142. HEALTH EFFECTSChromi
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CHROMIUM 2162. HEALTH EFFECTSchromi
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CHROMIUM 2182. HEALTH EFFECTSBiolog
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CHROMIUM 2202. HEALTH EFFECTSFigure
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CHROMIUM 2222. HEALTH EFFECTSemploy
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CHROMIUM 2242. HEALTH EFFECTSunexpe
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CHROMIUM 2262. HEALTH EFFECTSMutti
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CHROMIUM 2282. HEALTH EFFECTS1986a,
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CHROMIUM 2302. HEALTH EFFECTSconcen
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CHROMIUM 2322. HEALTH EFFECTSmentio
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CHROMIUM 2342. HEALTH EFFECTS2.11.2
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CHROMIUM 2362. HEALTH EFFECTSglutat
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CHROMIUM 2382. HEALTH EFFECTS1997).
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CHROMIUM 2402. HEALTH EFFECTS
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CHROMIUM 2422. HEALTH EFFECTSlimite
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CHROMIUM 2442. HEALTH EFFECTSThe re
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CHROMIUM 2462. HEALTH EFFECTS(Nette
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CHROMIUM 2482. HEALTH EFFECTSsperma
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CHROMIUM 2502. HEALTH EFFECTSThere
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CHROMIUM 2522. HEALTH EFFECTStimesp
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CHROMIUM 2542. HEALTH EFFECTSShmito
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CHROMIUM 2562. HEALTH EFFECTShas no
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CHROMIUM 2582. HEALTH EFFECTSTable
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CharacteristicSynonym(s)Table 3-1.
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CHROMIUM 2663. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICA
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CHROMIUM 2744. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/E
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CHROMIUM 2815. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN
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Derived from HazDat 2000Figure 5-2.
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State bTable 5-2. Releases to the E
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State bTable 5-2. Releases to the E
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CHROMIUM 3156. ANALYTICAL METHODSTh
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Sample matrixTable 6-1. Analytical
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CHROMIUM 3196. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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Sample matrixOccupational air(weldi
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Sample matrixWaste water 1986(chrom
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CHROMIUM 3256. ANALYTICAL METHODS6.
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CHROMIUM 3277. REGULATIONS AND ADVI
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CHROMIUM 3398. REFERENCES*Aaseth J,
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CHROMIUM 3418. REFERENCES*Anderson
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CHROMIUM 3438. REFERENCES*Baranowsk
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CHROMIUM 3458. REFERENCESBlack CB,
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CHROMIUM 3478. REFERENCES*Buckell M
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CHROMIUM 3498. REFERENCES*Chen NSC,
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CHROMIUM 3518. REFERENCESCriqui M,
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CHROMIUM 3538. REFERENCESDOD. 1947.
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CHROMIUM 3558. REFERENCES*EPA. 1984
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CHROMIUM 3578. REFERENCES*EPA. 1996
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CHROMIUM 3598. REFERENCESFlint GN,
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CHROMIUM 3618. REFERENCES*Gale TF,
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CHROMIUM 3638. REFERENCESGriepink B
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CHROMIUM 3658. REFERENCES*Hayes RB,
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CHROMIUM 3678. REFERENCESHunt CD, S
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CHROMIUM 3698. REFERENCES*Jansen LH
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CHROMIUM 3718. REFERENCESKeith RL,
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CHROMIUM 3738. REFERENCES*Korallus
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CHROMIUM 3758. REFERENCES*Laborda R
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CHROMIUM 3778. REFERENCESLees PSJ,
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CHROMIUM 3798. REFERENCES*Liu KJ, J
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CHROMIUM 3818. REFERENCES*Malm O, P
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CHROMIUM 3838. REFERENCESMehra R, B
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CHROMIUM 3858. REFERENCES*Morris B,
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CHROMIUM 3878. REFERENCES*Newbold R
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CHROMIUM 3898. REFERENCES*Novey HS,
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CHROMIUM 3918. REFERENCES*OSHA 1999
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CHROMIUM 3938. REFERENCESPiela Z, K
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CHROMIUM 3958. REFERENCESRI Div Air
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CHROMIUM 3978. REFERENCES*Sata F, A
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CHROMIUM 3998. REFERENCES*Sheppard
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CHROMIUM 4018. REFERENCES*Snyder CA
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CHROMIUM 4038. REFERENCESŠtupar J,
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CHROMIUM 4058. REFERENCESTamino G,
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CHROMIUM 4078. REFERENCES*Ueno S, S
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CHROMIUM 4098. REFERENCESWahlberg J
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CHROMIUM 4118. REFERENCES*Wiegand H
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CHROMIUM 4138. REFERENCES*Zhitkovic
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CHROMIUM 4169. GLOSSARYCase Series
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CHROMIUM 4189. GLOSSARYModifying Fa
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CHROMIUM 4209. GLOSSARYeither under
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CHROMIUM A-1APPENDIX AATSDR MINIMAL
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CHROMIUM A-3APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-5APPENDIX AMINIMAL RISK
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CHROMIUM A-7APPENDIX AWas a convers
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CHROMIUM B-2APPENDIX B(2) Exposure
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1SAMPLE6 TABLE 2-1. Levels of Signi
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CHROMIUM B-6APPENDIX BChapter 2 (Se
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CHROMIUM C-1APPENDIX CACRONYMS, ABB
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CHROMIUM C-3APPENDIX CTRITWAU.S.UFy
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