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North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27:77–88, 2007Ó Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007DOI: 10.1577/M05-143.1[Article]Simulated Effects of Recruitment Variability, Exploitation, andReduced Habitat Area on the Muskellunge Population inShoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MinnesotaNICK K. FROHNAUER 1Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USACLAY L. PIERCE*U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural ResourceEcology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USALARRY W. KALLEMEYNU.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, International Falls Biological Station,3131 Highway 53, International Falls, Minnesota 56649, USAAbstract.—The genetically unique population of muskellunge Esox masquinongy inhabiting ShoepackLake in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, is potentially at risk for loss of genetic variability and long-termviability. Shoepack Lake has been subject to dramatic surface area changes from the construction of an outletdam by beavers Castor canadensis and its subsequent failure. We simulated the long-term dynamics of thispopulation in response to recruitment variation, increased exploitation, and reduced habitat area. We thenestimated the effective population size of the simulated population and evaluated potential threats to long-termviability, based on which we recommend management actions to help preserve the long-term viability of thepopulation. Simulations based on the population size and habitat area at the beginning of a companion studyresulted in an effective population size that was generally above the threshold level for risk of loss of geneticvariability, except when fishing mortality was increased. Simulations based on the reduced habitat area afterthe beaver dam failure and our assumption of a proportional reduction in population size resulted in aneffective population size that was generally below the threshold level for risk of loss of genetic variability.Our results identified two potential threats to the long-term viability of the Shoepack Lake muskellungepopulation, reduction in habitat area and exploitation. Increased exploitation can be prevented throughtraditional fishery management approaches such as the adoption of no-kill, barbless hook, and limited entryregulations. Maintenance of the greatest possible habitat area and prevention of future habitat area reductionswill require maintenance of the outlet dam built by beavers. Our study should enhance the long-term viabilityof the Shoepack Lake muskellunge population and illustrates a useful approach for other unique populations.Maintaining the long-term viability of populations isnot only an important goal of fishery management(Hallerman 2003) but is central to the stewardship ofall resources that affect biodiversity (Meffe and Carroll1997). Loss of biodiversity is considered by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency as one of the fourgreatest risks to natural ecology and human well-being(USEPA 1990). Although extinction of entire species isoften the focus of concern for biodiversity, loss ofgenetic diversity within species is far more prevalentand leads to declines in health, productivity, and theability to adapt to environmental change and may* Corresponding author: cpierce@iastate.edu1 Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ColumbiaFishery Resources Office, 101 Park DeVille Drive, Suite A,Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA.Received August 15, 2005; accepted June 30, 2006Published online February 5, 2007ultimately lead to extinction (Myers 1997). Loss ofbiodiversity is also a serious concern within the fisherymanagement community (Winter and Hughes 1997).Shoepack Lake, in Voyageurs National Park (VNP),Minnesota, contains a unique population of muskellungeEsox masquinongy (Frohnauer et al. 2007, thisissue) that is of special concern for several reasons.First, the Shoepack Lake muskellunge population(SLMP) is genetically unique (Hanson et al. 1983;Fields et al. 1997). Shoepack Lake has been isolatedfrom other lakes containing muskellunge for over10,000 years, allowing the SLMP to diverge geneticallyfrom other populations. This divergence contributesto the overall genetic diversity found within thespecies. Second, as the primary muskellunge fishery inVNP, the SLMP represents an outstanding recreationalopportunity for park visitors. Sport fishing is animportant component of recreational activity in nationalparks (Panek 1994) and the principal visitor activity77

IPAGE TWO THE FIAT LUX, ALFRED, NEW YORK TUESDAY, MAY 10, 1960from the editors...TO THE SENIORS .We're sure that you have and will receive execellent advicefrom your Professors, Family, and friends so, all we willsay is Good Bye, Good Luck, and See You Homecoming '61.PARKING . . .Due to the numerous student complaints over the parkingsituation, the Student is now in the process of attempting torevise the present punative system.The changes are.now in their embryonic stages, but wefeet that something definite should be put into effect for thecoming semester.The basic ideas are:1. The present system of having the town policemenissue parking tickets should remain or whether parking ticketsshould be issued by student marshalls. We feel that the lattefrwould be infinitely more effective as a greater area could becovered by more people.2. Upon receiving a ticket, the student would get a letterordering him to appear before a student court consistingof Senate members and faculty advisors.3. If judged guilty, the student would pay a fine. Thesefines would be either monetary or in the form of work as thecase dictates.It is time that something is done about this situation whichseems to have been handled inadequately during the recentyears.TO THINE OWNSELF BE TRUE .There has been during the past months a great deal ofdiscussion on the subject of cheating. Under the sponsorshipof the Cultural Council of the Student Center, a discussion washeld on a^ll aspects of this situation. During the course of thisdiscussion various suggestions regarding our present systemwere made. It was pointed out that it is virtually impossiblefor a professor to be completely aware of what is going on in alarge test room/Also, brought out was the fact that under this system, itseems that "squealing" is not encouraged. This also seemed tobe the major objection, when the possibility of the reinstallationof the Honor System was mentioned. The great majorityof people liked the idea of being on their honor during a test.Since the time of this discussion, the overall problem hasbeen discussed within the general body of the Student Senate.The following ^I'an has been presented, and we feel thatit can be made to work in Alfred. Anyone seen cheating on anexam is to be reported to the president of the Senate. If thisis the first time that such a report has been made on a givenperson, then the president will speak to the accused. At thistime, no inclusion of the name of the reportee will be included.Should a person be reported for a second offense, he willbe asked to appear before ah executive committee of the Senate,consisting of the President, Vice Prsident,, Sscretary, Treasurer,and the NSA Coordinator. If the accused is found to be guilty,Jie wil^l go before the Faculty Disipliiiary Committee which ismade up of the Deans of the various schools, the President ofWSG, and the President of the Senate. Action by this committeemay make the person liable for expulsion.It seems that this plan has advantages which neither thepresent system, nor a Honor System would haVe.It eliminates the major objection of reporting a fellowstudent to a professor. However, the sucess of this particularplan, as would be true of any system to crub cheating restscompletely with the students. This plan has been conceived bythe Student Senate in response to student interest.In the Coffee-Hour Discussion, it was pointed out that theperson who does not report the cheater hurts himself, as wellas the person who is cheating. In the case of the perpetualcheater, you are helping him to achieve an overall college recordwhich is superior. It will be he who receives the recommendation.A person may be tempted to cheat "Just One Time."If this person is not reported the "One Time" may recur. -Thiscan be destructive to you as well as the person who is cheating.It is needless to cite what happens, when cheating occurrs ina test which is to be marked on the curve.Thus, it is to your advantage to make this system work.It CAN work for you.Alfred University's Campus NewspaperPmbUtht* every Tuetday of the•ekool year by a etudent Itoff. Entere*ao tecond dm matter Oet.», 1918. at the pott of/Ice in At/red,fete Tort, under met of March 8,1879.Repreeented for national advertisingby Notional Advertising Service,Inc., 18 E. BO Street, VoteYork City, Nete Tor*. Subscription§ U yearly.mTuesday, May 10, 1960, Alfred, New YorkScholarships toBe Given at AUDean Powers announces that applicationsfor Fulbright and Inter-Amerioan Cultural Convention,scholarships are now available atbis office.The Ful'bright 'scholarship« covertravel, tuition, books and maintenancefor one academic year. Someof the participating countries areAustralia, Austria, Turkey, Thailand,Pakistan, Peru and others.The IAOC scholarships are avail,able for almost all of the nationsof South America, plus Costo Rica,Cuba, the Dominican Republic,Haiti, Honduras and Pan'ama. Theseawards cover transportation, tuitionand patUal to full maintenance.General eligibility requirementsfor both categories of awards are:U. S. citizenship at 'time of application,a bachelor's degree or itsequivalent, language requirement,good healtth, good academic recordand capacity for independent study.Applications tor both types ofawards will be accepted until November1, I960.CalendarSaturday, June 410:00 o.m.—Alumni Council, HowellH'all12:30 p.m.—-Luncheons, ReunionClasses2:00-5:00 pym.—Open House forAhimni, Howell Hall.2:00-5:00 p.m.—Ceramic Exhibition,Bjnns-Merrill Ball3:'00 p.m.—Presentation of Pins,School of Nursing, Seventh >DayBaptist Church4:30 p.m.—Dedication, OamipusCenter

TUESDAY. MAY 10. 1960 THE FIAT LUX, ALFRED, NEW YORK PAGE THREEFreshmen and Sophs Battle TojMr.Harriinan to ReceiveFinish in Gory Pushball Game. „^^„^Z, „n?^!!!^!,»!!]!!by Ronald BergerAlfred's annual Moving Up Daygot under way last Wednesdaywith . the exchange desserts betweenthe fraternities • «» and sororities.After inner, ainformal dance was held in theMen's Gym with music supplied byThe Statesmen. A total of |290,wlhich will ¡be donated to charitywas collected from the carnivalbooths.Thursday morning, Howell Hallw

PAGE FOUÈ THE FIAT LUX, ALFRED, NEW YORK TUESDAY, MAY 10, I960RANOLDf TtfetfE Î7 VX)ÜHIE COietErVIH THEOF COU-fcGÌAto-me pays.Voice of Alfred Pastby Howard MillerMovlng-Up Day is -still an importantcampus tradition in Alfred,but the means by which it is celebratedhave changed slightly overthe past twenty-odd years. Forthose of you who are interested,here is how they did it back in1998.After a lapse of one year, theFreshmen-Sophomore fights wererenewed, apparently with great vigor.The scene of (battle Was laidin front of Bartlett Dorm., withthe action beginningafter the assembly.immediatelyJ rem Eve» Mto >"SCHULTZ. MAiTlOF VüUß. HEALTH?ANP MAY 1 WTo quote; "Unrestrained nuditywas the rule of the day last Thursdayas fnoah and sophs clashed inthe traditional pants-ripping conteston Bartlett Dorm lawn." Accordingto the report, armisticewas declared in about 16 mlnuest,both sides having exhausted wearingapparel. Amazingly enough noserious casualties were reported."The battle was witnessed by alarge crowd, including numerousrepresentatives of the fairer sex."One of the, women spectators washeard to say "My, isn't it awful."She then proceeded to watch therest of the game. Upper classmenremarked that "this was one of thequickest and most complete strippleasesthey had ever witnessed."When Mother and Dad start talkingabout the "wildness" of today'scollege generation, just show themthis. Pushball, anyone?Sociology Club MeetingHears Dr. Marvin OplerI'M peepLYHONoßEpTrt «P \/rtll A/ A"illThe Sociology Club held a meet- fare offering very little in placeing on Tuesday, (May 3rd, at the of Freudian theory.Campus Center on the subject of An associate editor of "The Incultureland m

TUESDAY, MAY 10, 1960 THE FIAT LUX, ALFRED, NEW YOKK PAGE FIVECadet Brigade PresentsReview for Parents Dayby Richard RubinOn May 7 the ¡ROHC Cadet Brigadepresented the annual parentsday review on Merrill Field at11:00 o.m.The cadets marched onto MerrillField after first assembling on TerraCotta. The Brigade staff, theBattle Group staffs and the Com.pany Commanders were introducedto those attending.Among those present on the reviewingstand were the companysponsors and housemothers fromthe male residences. The brigadewas reviewed by Oadet Col. DavidSohnler, President M. Ellis Drakeand the oomim'ander of troops, Lt.Col. Douglas Klosen.This year's superior cadet ribbonswere presented to RichardKepner of the class of '63, PaulBowen, "62, Gregory Szejd, '61, andDavid Schüler, '60. This Is thethird time that Cadet Schüler hasreceived the award. These awardsare presented annually 'by the Departmentof the -Army to those .oa-Htdets who have been chosen as moatworthy in their respective vlasses.Lt. Col Donald J. J albert summedup the review in the ¡followingwords: "It is a mast outstandingperformance and was a' direct reflectionof the spirit and hard wiorkof the entire ROTC Corps of Cadets."During the entire review, theband under the direction of Lt. Col.Robert Myers performed admirably.Next Sunday, .May 15 the annualMilitary Stakes will be presentedon Merrill Field at 2 p.m., in conjunctionwith Armed Forces Day.Each comipany will demonstratethe uses of such weapons as the.45 pistol, Ml Rifle,

PAGE FOUÈ THE FIAT LUX, ALFRED, NEW YORK TUESDAY, MAY 10, I960Bresnick Receives EC ACAthlete ol Year AwardSteady and dependable ArchieBresnick wais awarded the 196960 Eastern College Athletic Conference'sSenior Athlete of theYear award tor Alfred Universitylast -week. This award was votedof determined basketball. In thepast he has made numerous All-Bast teams as well as All-opponentsquads. On the tennis courts hecompetes In singles and doubles•play.After graduation the Historymajor plans to serve his tfwo yearTrackmen Tromp Ithaca81-50;Ke1leySetsRecordby Stu KellermanGolfers Place 2ndIn Triangular Meetby Stuart LestchThe Alfred Umiverstiy golf team,in their best performance of theseason .so far, placed second ina triangular meet with Niagaraand Brocfeport last Friday.The Saxons beat Brockport bya 9%-8% »core, amd then lost aclose contest to Niagara 10-8. NiagaraWas the eventual winner ofthe meet.•Bob Korkin and Joe Yanuzziwere low medalist tor Alfred with86's. They won two matches apiece.by the members of the athleticdepartment and setetoed Deans. hitch in the Army as a SecondBresnick (has 'competed tor SaxonL/t. He is also thanking about lawbasketball and tennis teams tor school. Archie has served las presi-the past tour yeans. He was first in dent 'of the Intramural board torrebounding and second in scoring the past two years, When presentingthe award Varsity basketball won two matches, aad Hank Nect-Next were Bab Parke, who alsoduring the past round ball campaign.Bres' is fourth in all-time Alfred mentor Pete 'Smith made note of er, both with 87's.scoring.the fine work that Archie has The Purple and Gold showedA hard driving, aggressive player,he iis known for hustling branddone in academies, athletics and miuch improvement on Friday afterservice at Alfred University. losing to Rochester earlier in theweek.This Saturday the Saxons travelLast Saturday, an Terra Cotta 'Steve -Grossman expertly wonJield, a wind-whipped ^Parents 'both the high and low hurdle«»¡Day" crowd saw the Alfred Universitytrack team swamp a weakwhile Joel Conwicke put his doubletogether by winning the javelinIthaca »quad, 81-50.Doubles victories seemed theorder of the day, for of the 11Saxon firsts, 10 were «heof doubles.resultIn the broad-juimp, Steve Kelleyhad to, and did, ibreak the trackrecord of 22 feet, 9 in-dhes to defeatIthaca's Jerry West. Althoughboth lumbers cleared well over 22feet, Kelley's first jump of 22 ft.9% inches was enough to eairin him•the victory- In the 100, the slimSaxon just nipped teamate KenMlattuci to win in 10.5.Alfred's Oarl {BJandhard led allthe way witih a winning- 4:34.Seffort in the .mile. But In the 2-miile-run, Blanchard trailed JohnnyCoons of Ithaca tor three lapsof Alfred's omeMflitth mile tradk.For B more laps, Ooons and Blanchardran stride tor stride. Butwith less thian a half-mile left,Blanchard pulled ahead and coast-Ad in far his second victory.After passing Ithaca's HenriMarcelle midway in the 440, SaxonJoe DiCamitlao coasted home tor a52.5 win. DKJaimiHo was offered nocompetition in the &80 whicheaisfly twon in 2: