evaluation of soil compaction in a high density apple orchard under ...

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The influence of soil type on the values of ratios between technological traffic zonesconcerning studied physical propertiesTable 2Soildepth(cm)Reportedsoilphysicalpropertya1 a2 a3 LSD 5%c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 e f5-10 1 1,26 1,13 1,25 1,23 1,18 1,21 1,05 1,15 1,10 0,064 0,1132 0,44 0,48 0,47 0,56 0,45 0,19 0,73 1,46 1,41 0,461 0,9453 5,26 3,51 4,43 3,34 2,70 3,55 3,05 2,46 2,69 0,977 NS15-20 1 1,08 1,01 1,00 1,15 1,10 1,09 1,11 1,10 1,09 0,062 0,0892 5,16 4,66 4,32 0,45 0,78 0,79 0,78 1,62 1,11 NS NS3 2,33 2,48 2,27 2,48 1,94 2,33 3,23 2,28 2,16 0,800 NS35-40 1 1,00 1,01 1,14 1,11 1,11 1,13 1,11 1,10 1,09 0,065 0,0992 0,93 1,57 0,66 0,79 0,54 0,33 0,76 1,72 0,99 0,649 NS3 2,14 1,85 2,21 2,38 1,60 3,03 1,64 2,11 2,36 0,590 NS55-60 1 1,08 1,08 1,02 1,13 1,13 1,09 1,14 1,12 1,08 0,059 NS2 1,06 1,24 0,64 0,57 0,40 0,35 0,74 0,69 0,62 0,545 NS3 1,80 1,27 1,48 1,70 1,70 2,44 2,92 1,88 1,77 0,545 NSReported soil physical property: 1 = bulk density; 2 = saturated hydraulic conductivity; 3 = resistance to penetrationLSD 5%: e= constant a, c different; f = constant c,‣ Influence of period of time from treesplanting on the value of ratios between thetechnological traffic zones concerning thephysical properties analyzed.(Interaction ofexperimental factors B/C)For the three physical properties under study andfour soil depths analyzed, the number of cases in whichthe three compaction indices were significantlydifferent between them was at 20 years from treesplanting (33% of total analyzed cases) compared to theperiod of time located at 4 years of their planting(25%). For the two periods from trees planting and foursoil depths analyzed, the number of cases in which thethree compaction indices were significantly differentbetween them was highest for RP (33% of all casesanalyzed ), followed by BD (25%), and K sat was on thelast place (21%). For the two periods from treesplanting and the three physical properties in the study,the number of cases in which the three compactionindices were significantly different between them, wassimilar to the depths of 5-10 cm and 35-40 cm (33 % ofthe total number of analyzed cases), the 55-60 cm soildepth was ranked second (22%) and 15-20 cm soildepth, was situated on the last place (17%).For the three soil physical properties studied andthe four soil depths analyzed, compaction index 1recorded the highest number of cases in which it wassignificantly different between the two periods fromthe trees planting (33% of the total number of cases).For the compaction index 3, this number was 25% andfor compaction index 2, there was no case ofsignificant difference.For the four soil depths analyzed, the number ofcases in which the three compaction indices weresignificantly different between the two periods sincetrees planting was highest for RP (42% of the totalnumber of cases). For the two other soil physicalproperties (K sat and BD), this number was similar (8%).For the three soil physical properties understudy, the number of cases in which the threecompaction indices significantly differed between thetwo periods since trees planting was highest on 5-10cm depth (33% of the analyzed cases). The 35-40 cmsoil depth was ranked secondly (16%), the 55-60 cmsoil depth was situated on 3 rd place, and the depth of 15to 20 cm, on the last place, where there was no case ofsignificant differentiation.220
Influence of time period since m trees planting on the values of ratios betweentechnological traffic zones concerning the studied physical propertiesTable 3Soildepth(cm)Reportedsoilphysicalpropertyb1 b2 LSD5%c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 e f5-10 1 1,25 1,21 1,23 1,11 1,10 1,14 0,1222 0,74 0,82 0,38 0,41 0,78 0,99 0,377 0,4763 5,28 3,25 4,60 2,49 2,52 2,51 0,798 1,38215-20 1 1,12 1,11 1,10 1,11 1,03 1,02 0,051 NS2 0,50 1,11 0,89 3,75 3,60 3,26 NS NS3 3,17 2,33 2,79 2,19 2,14 1,72 0,653 NS35-40 1 1,03 1,07 1,09 1,12 1,08 1,15 0,053 NS2 0,88 1,07 0,79 0,77 1,48 0,53 0,530 NS3 1,64 1,50 2,17 2,46 2,21 2,90 0,482 0,51155-60 1 1,06 1,06 1,03 1,17 1,17 1,10 0,049 NS2 1,16 0,80 0,76 0,42 0,75 0,32 NS NS3 1,64 1,31 1,23 2,64 1,92 2,56 0,445 0,705Reported soil physical property: 1 = bulk density; 2 = saturated hydraulic conductivity; 3 = resistance to penetrationLSD 5% e = constant b, c different; f = constant c, b differentIn the present study and other previous works(Iancu, 2001, Iancu and Tebeica, 2010), to highlightthe evolution of soil compaction under the influence oftechnological traffic some indices of compaction statehave used. They represented the ratios between thecompaction zones caused by the technological traffic,concerning the soil physical properties analyzed.Data presented in tables 1-3, showed firstly that,on the traces left by the wheels of agriculturalequipment during the technological traffic, comparedto the zone located on the tree row axis and even on thezone located in mid-interval between trees rows, it hasbeen registered a worsening of soil physical condition.This process of deterioration on the more superficialsoil layers (5-10 cm, 15-20 cm) was more evident in 4years since trees planting compared to the period of 20years since their planting. This improvement in time ofsoil physical state in the superficial layers can beexplained by the ameliorative effect of herbs within thesoil moved strip system between tree rows. In contrast,in the analyzed soil layers located deeper (35-40 cmand 55-60 cm), the degree of soil compaction washigher at 20 years from trees planting compared to theperiod of 4 years since their planting. Therefore thesefindings show that, the technological traffic in highdensity apple orchards, produces an increase of soilcompaction state over time. However, at the top of thesoil, this process of physical deterioration is reduced byherbs within the soil mowed sod strips system. Of thethree physical properties determined, RP wassignificantly different in most cases, in the issues listedabove. It was followed by BD, and K sat was situated onthe last place.Conclusions1. On average, on the three soil types and thetwo periods of time from trees planting, except thedepth of 5-10 cm, in the other three soil depthsanalyzed, CI 1 and CI 3 , versus CI 2 , related to BD andRP, generally showed significantly higher values.Under the same conditions, the above indices related toK sat generally showed significantly lower values.2. On average, on the three soil types, over theperiod of 4 years since trees planting compared to theperiod over of 20 years since their planting, on depthsof 5-10 cm, value of the three compaction indicesrelated to BD was significantly higher by 10%, andthose related to RP, by 74%. Instead, under the sameconditions, on the depth of 55-60 cm, the value of thethree compaction indices related to BD wassignificantly reduced by 9%, and those linked to RP,by 71%.3. In line with the above presented, on averageon the three soil types, in the period over 20 year sincetrees planting compared to the 4 year period since theirplanting, at 15-20 cm depth, the value of the threecompaction indices related to K sat was significantlygreater with 326%.References1. Gras, R, 1965, Premiers resultants d’un essaid’entretien du sol en arboriculture fruitiere. Action surles properties physiques du sol. Ann. Agron. 16: 663-700.221
Page 1 and 2: Evolution of soil compaction state
Page 3: 60 cm, the three compaction indices

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