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Foliicolous fungi of Silent ValleyINTRODUCTIONTropical forests are rich in their biodiversity and playan important role in the socio-economic development ofthe country. Floristic work on flowering plants and fernsof some regions and revisionary work of some floweringplants in India have appeared and Western Ghats regionof peninsular India harbour about 4000 flowering plants.However, study of lower groups like fungi are yet to betaken up systematically.The leaf and other chlorophyll bearing plant parts arethe vital and work as a ‘mini industries’ in the preparationof food materials and such parts are subjected to severalfungal diseases. Leaves of all types form suitablesubstrates for many fungi. As and when leaf unfolds, itwill be almost clean but provides a landing site for allmicrobes. Leaf surfaces are differential spore traps.Their efficiency of trapping depends upon their positionand nature such as: vertical, wet or dry, hairy or glabrous,glossy or mat, waxy or non-waxy, etc. Though all sporesof the obligate parasites will not germinate on all hosts,they never miss to infect the suitable or compatible hostbecause of their host specificity. It is also evidenced inseveral instances that the plants are identified by usingthe microbes as tools.Leaves are one of the most important, vital andprecious parts of plants to indicate health of plants.Healthy leaves indicate health of plants and theirproduce. They are the mini industry for the productionof the food materials both for the plants and itsdependent animals. However, these green parts of theplants are directly exposed to interact with environmentand microbes like algae, fungi, bacteria, virus, etc. Theknowledge about this interaction of the plants with otherorganisms is meager. There are certain instances thatfungi erode certain plant community as is evidenced inseveral cultivated plants infected with rusts, smuts, etc.Hence, an understanding of the occurrence of differentfoliicolous fungi on the plants of this area is essential.Silent Valley forest represents a unique patch oftropical evergreen rain forest very rich in its biodiversitywith many new, rare and important species. It is locatedin Palghat District in Kerala state having high ridges andvalleys. Though the floristic wealth of this area is wellexplored, study on the occurrence and distribution offoliicolous fungi is very much sporadic and fragmentary.Foliicolous fungi are leaf infecting fungi occur on almostall angiosperms with high host specificity. It reducesthe photosynthetic efficiency and causes severaldiseases of the leaves. Hence, the study of leaf infectingmicrofungi in Silent Valley area has revealed noveltiesHosagoudar & Rijuand discoveries.Silent Valley National Park is important tropical virginrain forests of India noted for its biodiversity and speciesrichness. It is a much whispering place, located inPalghat District in Kerala State, believed to be more thanfifty million years old (Swaminathan 1999), having anarea of 8952ha, located at an altitude ranging from 750–2383 m, receives more than 5000mm rain fall annually,temperature ranges from 8–29 0 C. It harbours evergreenforests. Manilal (1988) has given an account of 966species belonging to 559 genera distributed among 134families of flowering plants. An account of microfungifrom water and litter has been studied by Subramanian(1986). The systematic study of the foliicolous fungiof this virgin forest is scanty. The present work is theconsolidated account of the foliicolous fungi knownfrom this area.Origin of Silent Valley: The evolutionary age of theSilent Valley evergreen rain forest is believed to bemore than 50 million years. This is a cliff of forest whichsuddenly descends from the Nilgiri plateau to the plainsof Kerala with a sudden drop in altitude from 2500–150m causes a distance to three to four km.The name ‘Silent Valley’: Silent Valley forestslocally known as Sairandhrivanam, one linked to themythological character, Droupadi in Mahabharata. Alsothe river Kunthipuzha named after Kunthi Devi, motherof Pandavas of Mahabharata, runs through the SilentValley in north-south direction. It is popularly believedthat Pandavas lived here with their consort Droupadi.It is also believed that Silent Valley has been given thename due to the absence of cicada insects which usuallyproduce a distinct sound in tropical forests. However,cicadas have started to inhabit in these forests.Image 1. Silent Valley - A symbol of silence3706Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 05 March 2013 | 5(3): 3701–3788
Foliicolous fungi of Silent ValleyKunthipuzha: Kunthipuzha, commonly known as‘Karimpuzha’, is the only river in Kerala flowing throughundisturbed forests for a distance of 26km, originatingfrom Sispara, having a major tributary, Bharathapuzha.This river is also noted for its aquatic biodiversity,especially fish diversity. The riverine forests, rockyvalleys and waterfalls of Kunthipuzha have an aestheticvalue for both tourists and researchers.Physiographic features: Silent Valley is roughly arectangular table land, located at the southwesterncorner of Nilgiris (11 0 00’–11 0 15’N & 76 0 15’–76 0 35E). It is closed on all sides with high and continuousridges along the entire north, northeast and east withsteep escarpments along the western and southernborder. The whole is thus shielded from the extremes ofclimate as well as anthropogenic intervention and also itremains an ecological Island with a special microclimate.Along the entire length, the plateau slopes towardsFigure 1. Study area - Silent Valley National ParkHosagoudar & RijuKunthipuzha, which originate at an altitude of about2400m in the outer rim of Nilgiris, descends rapidly to1150m of the northern edge of the plateau and flowsin the north-south direction. The high peaks in thestudy area are: Anginda (2383m), Sispara (2206m) andKozhipara (1904m). Part of the Silent Valley comprisesNilambur and Nilgiris. The southern boundary is withPalghat forest division, while on the east is with Attapadireserve forests.Climate: Silent Valley is an example for distinctmicroclimate. The Attapadi and other areas of Palghatdistrict experience dry climate with high temperature.In contrast to this, just 20km away from Attappadi, SilentValley receives maximum rain, enjoys mist and lowtemperature. Both south west and north east monsoonsare active in Silent Valley with a precipitation of 3180mm per annum and the highest rain fall is recordedduring the month of July (885.8mm). Average minimumtemperature ranges from 8–14 0 C and average maximumfrom 23–29 0 C. The highest temperature is experiencedduring May (30 0 C) and the lowest during January (7 0 C).Maximum precipitation during south-west monsoonbrings over 500mm annually. Highest rain fall recordedduring the month of July.Biotic features: Silent Valley is an undisturbedmaiden forest, is a habitat of many common, vulnerable,rare, threatened, endangered and critically endangeredanimals and plants. The forests of Silent Valley mainlyconsist of tropical evergreen, grass land and sholavegetation, with tremendous complexity as well asfloral and faunal diversity. Several new species of floraand fauna including amphibian, fish, insects, mosses,ferns, flowering plants and fungi have been describedfrom the valley. The animals comprise 315 species ofmammals including monkey, civet, dear, leopard, NilgiriThar, Wild Dog, Slender Loris, elephant, tiger; 19 speciesof amphibians, 35 species of reptiles, 12 species offishes, six species of bats, 100 species of butterflies, 400species of moths and 220 species of insects. Amongthese animals, 14 species of amphibians and 11 speciesof reptiles are endemic to Silent Valley. It is famousfor the highly attractive: Lion-tailed Macaque Macacasilenus. Western Ghats are the only natural habitat forthe Lion-tailed Macaque. Tropical evergreen forestsare necessary for the life of these monkeys. They eatflowers, fruits and tender leaves of some selected treesof about 92 species of trees. Of these, the fruits ofCullenia exarillata, commonly known as ‘Vedichakka’ or‘Vediplavu’, form the most delicious food.Reserve forest notification: The Silent Valley forestswith an area of 89.52km 2 were notified as reserveJournal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 05 March 2013 | 5(3): 3701–37883707
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