Celebration 200!

BICENTENNIALCLEVELANDCelebration 200!THEOFFICIALCOMMEMORATIVEPROGRAMOFCLEVELAND'SCELEBRATION

BICENTENNIALCLEVELAND"1 7 9 6 * 1 9 9 6Special thanks tothese volunteers,staff members,and others who madeCelebration 200!possible:Rena J. Blumberg, Tom Morris, Max Dehn,Stephanie Morrison-Hrbek, Kathy Coakley,Duane Sails, Joel Solloway, KK Sullivan,Pepper Taylor, Bradan Productions,Sea World of Ohio, Brigid Andrews,Connie Apter, Sherri Bartter, Bob Brown,Giana Citro, Beth Egan, Stan Gordon,Jennifer Maringo, Randy McShepard,Paul Olingy, Michelle Rizzuto, Kathy Ruggeri,Johanna Theis, Sandra Slaughter, Ann Zoller,Janet Abbey, Michael Andy, Michelle Bashian,Amy Benjamin, Nicole Braden, Michael Brown,Kelly Carleton, Gary Christopher,Tracy Conley, Michelle Cull, Lynne Daily,Ken Edelman, Stephanie Ettenger,Derek Garden, Kevin Gibson, Becky Golden,Susan Hunter, Chris Kandus, Karen Kress,Heather McNally, Maria Mideo, Angie Mowery,Matt Olver, Amy Pappas, Lillian Pyles,Fred Roberts, Rick Rosalina, Gary Simmons,Jen Trehaft, Ashley Troyan, Myrna Tubbs,Gary Simmons, Tom Chema, Mike Brown,Gary Quasebarth, Karl Sissonand thousands of others who have madepossible the scores of Bicentennialactivities and projects.LIVE Publishing CompanyPresident John SchambachPublisher GailKerznerManaging Editor Anton ZuikerAssociate Editor Kate MaloneyAssistant Editors Ruth CorradiDan RourkeSenior Editor Dennis DooleyEditorial Assistants Mary ShaughnessyBrian VaughanVice PresidentSales & Marketing Chuck TarantinoAccount Executives Todd BrewerJames G. DalessandroCheri KarpyLinda Korcuska UhlirBecky WeintraubSales Consultants Brad GlazerTom JonesProduction Manager Thorn LindenbergerArt Director Stacy VickroyAssistant Art Director Jo-Ann DontenvilleAdvertising ProductionCoordinator Wendy K. CarltonGraphic Design James WeberElectronic Production Melody OakesJinni FontanaSystems Supervisor Kevin McNaughtonController William M. SchneiderBusiness Manager M. Melinda MyerBusiness Assistant/Circulation Marie Prince WashingtonMarketing Linda Southam MerriamAdministrative Assistant Alex DolofanBicentennial Program GuideJuly 19-21,1996Cleveland, Ohio9 official bicentennial greetings12 toasting the past, charting the futureby Carlo WolffCleveland celebrates its first 200 years in a festiveand thoughtful manner.23 celebration 200!A guide to the festivities of the Bicentennial Weekend29 rediscovering the waterfrontby Michael KingAppropriately, much of the focus of the city's birthdaycelebration—and its legacy—is on the shores whereCleaveland discovered Cleveland.44 Cleveland firstsA surprising list of the many inventions pioneered byClevelanders through the ages.51 in a neighborhood of ClevelandbyJeffHaganDowntown may be the hub of the city's glimmeringdevelopment, but the neighborhoods are where the living is.65 Cleveland—a city built on strongneighborhoodsA comprehensive guide to the city's thirty-six neighborhoods.106 raising the titanicbyJ.E. VachaA fascination for the arts buoyed Cleveland in itsdarkest hours.116 Cleveland before cleavelandThe exhibit at the Cleveland Museum of Natural Historytells a story much older than 200 years.118 the bicentennial year in reviewA look at what's happened—and what's still to come.138 learning the legacyby Dan RourkeAn array of educational tools encourages all Clevelanders toknow the past and imagine the future.ON THE COVER:A jackknife bridge in Cleveland's Flats,one of the seven permanently litas a legacy of Cleveland's Bicentennial.Photo by: Douglas A. SalinDesign: Epstein Design Partners Inc.contentsCLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL 1996 - 5

Friendly faces(here at the WestSide Market)and well-keptneighborhoodsare two pieces ofthe Clevelandquilt.in aneighborhood,ofc 3velandDowntownniay be the hubof the city'sglimmeringdevelopment,but theneighborhoodsare where theliving is.by Jeff Haganne article cannot sum up the wholeof Cleveland's neighborhood experience.The quiltwork of towns, villagesand municipalities that make up thepresent map of the city is varied, and loyaltiesto neighborhoods are often sacred. Tosome, the neighborhood is all about nostalgia—"rememberwhens" about the olddays of penny candy at the corner store—while to others it's about new brick, freshmortar and a laying of new foundations.While the glamour of Cleveland's Bicentennialyear is drawing hundreds of thousandsof people to the waterfront—with itsnew museums, an extended transit line andthe Celebration 200! birthday bash—Clevelanders will still return at the end ofthe day to their homes in the city's thirty-sixneighborhoods, those living parts of the citythat have distinctive attitudes, environmentsand heritages.Which is why the Bicentennial Commissionplaced a decisive emphasis on theneighborhoods, sponsoring such programsas Trees For Tomorrow, a planting of 10,000saplings throughout the city by Clean-LandOhio. Sixty youth are participating in theCity Year Cleveland program, in which studentsages seventeen to twenty-three workin needy urban areas, earning tuition forhigher education by teaching, working insoup kitchens and building new homes.But neighborly altruism isn't only for collegestudents: the KeyBank-sponsoredNeighbors Make the Difference program encouragescity-wide volunteerism. Togetherwith local non-profit agencies, the BicentennialCommission is promoting the valueof community service and saluting unsungheroes on a monthly basis. These peopleand their stories highlight the difference oneperson can make in the lives of others.For example, after losing their son toAIDS, Harriet and Nathan Shenker decidedto help other HIV-positive men and women.Working as a team, the couple volunteers atthe Open House, a non-profit agency forpersons with HIV.While the Shenkers are just one example,Neighbors Make the Difference stresses thefact that everyone can play a role in makingthe community a better place, says David T.Abbott, executive director of the BicentennialCommission. "While our goal would beto have every Clevelander give 200 hours ofservice in honor of the Bicentennial, theNeighbors Make the Difference programsalutes all those who take the time to play anactive role in the lives of others."Beautification and clean-up programs allCLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL 1996 - 51

A tree planting by Clean-Land Ohio and a family's new home in Bicentennial Village: legaciesof Cleveland's Bicentennial commitment to making the city a better place to live.year have been encouraging Clevelandersto get involved with both the formal communityorganizations and institutions andthe informal neighborhood associations thatmake the small but all-important differencesbetween dismal streets and vibrantneighborly blocks. "The city already hasone of the highest rates of volunteerism inthe country," says Bicentennial Commissionco-chair Robert Gillespie. Likewise,Cleveland is often in the top five communitiesnationally that donate the most percapita to charitable organizations, and TheCleveland Foundation is the nation's secondlargest community foundation.The faces and places of the city are beautifullycaptured in some of the photographsof Images of the Heart, a handsome largeformatbook published earlier this year forthe Bicentennial. For that book of images,more than forty photographers scoured thecity for the heartwarming pictures that bestcapture the energy of the city's citizens anddenizens. For its part, the Western ReserveHistorical Society, in University Circle, organizeda Peoples of Cleveland exhibit thatexplores the diverse ethnic groups that callCleveland home. In September, its What'sCooking Cleveland exhibit celebrates pierogis,gnocchi, souffles, falafel and chopsuey. And all through the summer, the BicentennialCaravan makes stops at the communityfestivals and neighborhoodcelebrations where these foods are enjoyedby Clevelanders of all colors and races.The Bicentennial Caravan (also sponsoredby KeyBank) is meant to encourageClevelanders—and those from surroundingcommunities—to rediscover the historyand diversity that is unique to our city. OnJune 1, for example, the Caravan joinedresidents of the Detroit-Shoreway neighborhoodin celebrating the seventy-fifth anniversaryof Gordon Square Arcade, wherevisitors marvelled at the wealth of historyfound in this multicultural neighborhood.Home to the first Romanian church in theUnited States, Detroit-Shoreway also includesa large, active Hispanic population.At another Caravan stop a week later, a"nationality plaza" stage was added at theClifton Arts and Musicfest to incorporatethe sights and sounds of Africa into the musicallineup that already included jazz, bigband, rock-a-billy and blues.In addition to highlighting a neighborhood'shistory, the Caravan praises individualswhose efforts make their community abetter place to live: activists such as RuthKetteringham of Brooklyn Centre, whoserves as neighborhood historian, andSandy Rutkowski and Jean Brandt ofTremont, who faithfully organize and orchestratethe monthly Tremont Artwalk.More than just a series of festivals, though,Caravan is a showcase of the promise andpotential that exists in each neighborhood.Perhaps the most impressive neighborhoodBicentennial program is the buildingof forty-nine new honies in the Fairfaxneighborhood. Known as Bicentennial Village,the project truly exemplifies the synergythat can be achieved in a neighborhoodwhen various forces—governmental, business,individual—unite for a common, positiveend. But it was not the Bicentennialthat created such neighborhood-levelproactive effort; the spirit for aggressiveself-improvement has long been a trademarkof Cleveland's neighborhoods, manyof which are larger than surrounding suburbsbut lack the bureaucratic structure andauthority of an autonomous entity. Eachneighborhood has its honor roll of dedicatedresidents; its banner of organizationalachievements; its success stories to tell.Here we focus on three of those neighborhoodtales—Bicentennial Village; astrong woman who refused to watch herneighborhood decay; and a group of individualswho realized they had to let theirchildren play in order to keep them fromharm—letting these three stories serve asmicrocosms for the kind of self-determinationthat persists throughout the distinctneighborhoods of Cleveland. If notfor the work of individuals and organizationslike these over the years, therewould be much less to celebrate aboutCleveland's Bicentennial.it takes a villageFor decades, the only structures built anywherenear the Fairfax neighborhood havebeen the figurative "walls" around it—arailroad track bisects the southern side,while commercial and institutional interestsalong east/west corridors like CarnegieAvenue have gobbled up severalnorth/south through-streets, turning thor-52 - CLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL 1996

ft§ Two quilt projects reflecting neighborhood residents' personal heritage were initi-J ated by the Cleveland Bicentennial Commission (left). Habitat for Humanity volunteersare building sixteen new houses in the Fairfax neighborhood (right).oughfares into dead-ends.That's all about to change with BicentennialVillage, a community development initiativesponsored by National City Bank andThe Cleveland Clinic Foundation. The projectwill concentrate an investment of $12million into the core of the Fairfax neighborhood,from which, planners hope, moredevelopment and revitalization will radiate.Designed as a Bicentennial legacy project,the initiative combines new housing, rehabilitationof current homes, and institutionaland commercial improvements.Fairfax is home to a number of long-standingcommunity anchors, including KaramuHouse Performing Arts Theatre and thelarge-congregation Antioch and Olivet Baptistchurches. Seen as "assets" by the urbanplanners, these institutional "anchors" willbe linked with other institutions such as theCleveland Clinic and the Cleveland PlayHouse to create fresh opportunities for Fairfaxresidents.Ambitious does not begin to describe thescope of the revitalization plans for the area.The grassroots rebuilding of the neighborhoodis obvious from the red, white and blueflags planted in the ground at key intersectionsthat proclaim "Open House" and awhole lot more about the rebirth of theneighborhood.Forty-nine new Victorian-style homes,consistent with the styles of the 400 existinghomes in the area, are being built in theneighborhood, including sixteen to be constructedfor low-income residents byGreater Cleveland Habitat for Humanityand its volunteers. Bicentennial Villagehouses range in price between $96,900 and$128,900. To foster community life andkeep more "eyes on the street," the housesall have front porches. Some of the homeshave bedrooms with cathedral ceilings,Concentenriiato be a paSURETYTITLEAGENCY "INC.BOOthncy is pro IprogressCLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL 1996 - 53

Inter-generational affairs: neighborhood Caravan stopsand neighborhood clean-ups bring together Clevelanders of all ages.bathrooms with twin sinks and luxuriousoval bathtubs, and two-car garages. LTVSteel is a strong supporter of the project: theHabitat homes in Bicentennial Village arebuilt with LTV's pioneering steel beams (insteadof wood beams).Nearly 200 owner-occupied, absenteelandlordand vacant homes will undergo repairand renovation. At least five storefrontrenovations or commercial expansions areplanned, including a $5 million investmentin the expansion of the Inner City NursingHome, renovations at Karamu House andthe construction of a new medical centerand a church. An east/west cut-throughstreet will link neighborhood institutionsand shorten unusually long streets.The idea, according to Patricia Choby, theBicentennial Village project coordinator forthe Fairfax Renaissance Development Corporation,is to address the area's needshouse by house, structure by structure. (Neighborhood laborers have been hired tohelp in the construction and rehabilitation,with the goal that those workers will be sufficientlytrained for full-time jobs after BicentennialVillage is completed in 1997.Other efforts will visually soften structuralfeatures of area institutions; street-levelwindows will be added to the Health Museum,and Karamu House will unveil asculpture garden to honor Cleveland-bornpoet Langston Hughes. Sidewalks and parkinglots at area churches will receive thekind of attention that recently helped polishthe downtown Warehouse District's image.For Fairfax, such a facelift has been a longtime coming, which is why the BicentennialCommission supported development thereas a Bicentennial legacy project, hoping the54 - CLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL 1996designation spurs other such neighborhoodrevitalization."Bicentennial Village was an opportunityto start the investment Fairfax hadn't everseen," says James Pressler, executive directorof the Fairfax Renaissance DevelopmentCorporation, which is one of theBicentennial Village project partners. Fairfaxresidents have a long history of communityorganizing, which was crucial to thesuccess of this grassroots project, saysPressler. And with a community-wide masterplan already in the works, creating BicentennialVillage adds to the momentum ofthe area's evolution."It brings to the top of the list plans thathave been on the table for a long time," saysChoby. Funding comes from a patchwork ofpublic and private sources, including loansand grants from the department of Housingand Urban Development, the FederalHome Loan Bank Board, the federally-designatedEmpowerment Zone program, theHousing Trust Fund, the City of Clevelandand the area's institutions and local banks.One community asset found at the heart ofthe revitalization of Fairfax is Kathryn Jackson,a member of the board of Fairfax RenaissanceDevelopment Corporation. Alifetime resident of Fairfax, she saw it "reallystart" changing twenty-five years ago, andthen "really, really" start to decline in the1980s. Jackson can't remember when she'sseen this level of reconstruction in Fairfax,especially since her memory is dominated bythe demolished homes and absentee landlordsthat led Fairfax into disrepair.Jackson believes that Bicentennial Villagewill have a positive impact on the restof the neighborhood. "I think it will empowerthe people to see what they can do,and that they can own homes," she says.And Cleveland home owners will becomethe legacy the Bicentennial Commissionhas hoped for: a national model for urbanrevitalization.fannie lewisholds her groundHough Avenue begins, ironically, whereCommerce Avenue ends.In its heyday, Hough was home to majorleague baseball at League Park and twomajor league private schools, Laurel andUniversity. But by the 1960s, Hough hadbecome plagued with the usual urban ills:crime, drugs, poverty and numbness. Positiveoutcomes need steady incomes, andHough had too few of those.In the 1950s, Hough had a population ofmore than 80,000 within its two squaremiles. But in 1966 a riot left four dead, andthe neighborhood shocked. By 1980 thepopulation had dropped to 26,000, andtoday the neighborhood has fewer than20,000 residents.But now, three decades later, Chestercommuters should notice that there's somethingnew in Hough: new housing constructionhas popped up on both sides of thestreet. Using ten-year tax abatement as anincentive, 250 new homes are ready for buyers—homesranging from Habitat for Humanitystructures to houses selling for overhalf a million dollars. Throughout the neighborhood,the smell of fresh lumber has replacedmemories of stinging tear gas. Inwhat once resembled a quarantined area

changeyourlifefor thebetter!Individuals ^Couples S Pairs - Familiess Personal Growth Support GrouplingC Wesley Jackson Jr, Ph.D.Diplomate in Clinical Psychology. ABPP."Serving the confidential needs ofNortheast Ohioans for over 30 years"216-321-9355itnglonBlvd.. Cleveland Hts., OH 441181now stands a subdevelopment, LexingtonVillage, with 277 townhouses as tidy andpristine as, well, the suburbs. (The ClevelandFoundation and Famicos DevelopmentCorporation were instrumental in this accomplishment.)At the center of the revitalized Hough—and symbolic of its determination to riseagain from the ashes of the riots—is FannieLewis, the ward seven councilwoman whohas represented the neighborhood since herelection in 1979 as a reform-minded ally ofDennis Kucinich. She has angered andupset many, but no one argues she hasn'tbeen a passionate, driven advocate for thepeople of her neighborhood.When Fannie Lewis arrived in Houghfrom the South in 1951, Hough was alreadythe victim of neglect and racism. "The worstplace in the world," she describes it. "Icried for two years—I was trying to get awayfrom segregation and discrimination in theSouth. When I got to Cleveland, I found itwas no better. And that's why I was angry."Still is, many would say.Lewis found herself a divorced mother offive, living at the edge of economic instability."Unless you have been to a point whereyou have no hope, you can't imagine what it'slike," she says of this time.It took a precinct committeewoman tobreak her out of her despair. "She asked meto go to meetings I didn't want to go to," saysLewis. "She volunteered me for everythingshe could think of. I guess she saw thestrength in me." She got Lewis involved inpolitical work, as well, having her canvassingthe streets and going door-to-door withflyers. "That's when politics was sure 'nuffpolitics," she says.200 YearsHappy Birthday Cleveland,you 9 ve never looked better!Imagine. 200 years old and stilllooking forward to a bright future!Midland Title Security, Inc.OHIO's leading provider ofreal estate title insuranceand closing services isproud to call Cleveland itshome since 1955.MMIDLANDTITLEResidentialCommercialHome BuilderLender ServicesRelocationFor professional service inany of Ohio's 88 counties,call:1-800-OHIO

The Bicentennial Caravan rolled into South Collinwood in May—one of its twenty-five stops inCleveland neighborhoods."I guess I enrolled in every governmentprogram that came through Hough," Lewisadds; but funding for many of these programswould often be cut off in midstream."I began to understand the only reasonmoney came and went was who held electedoffice."By the time Lewis learned the game andgot elected, after several tries, "the onlypeople that were left in Hough were thosewho couldn't get out. It was a dumpingground from one end of the ward to another."Much of the land in Hough had fallen tothe City's ownership. Remembering fondlythe more spacious surroundings of herchildhood in the South, her first goal, saysLewis, "was to start giving land away" tomake bigger yards and room for garages.While advocating for her ward, she alsoearned a reputation for running the neighborhoodwith an iron fist, in a style she freelydescribes as "abrasive.""There's a joke about needing a visa toget into her ward, she's so dominant anddictatorial about what goes on," says RoldoBartimole, a thirty-year city hall observerand reporter."There are certain things I want to knowabout what goes on in the neighborhood, andI demand to know," says Lewis of the visajoke. "We won't allow people to disrespectus. Don't call us 'those folks in Hough.'"Naturally, Lewis wants to play a largerole in determining where Federal EmpowermentZone dollars go. She has seenother schemes that sought to impose solutionsfrom without, including plans suggestedyears ago to turn much of Houghinto a golf course. For that scheme, landwas already being acquired when wouldbedevelopers happened upon the wrongstreet: hers. "I'm going feet first out of thishouse," she exclaimed.There are some obstacles toprogress in Hough, most of whichhave been around a long while. "Allour houses are touched by the drug problem,"says Lewis. "I tell people, if you'rescared to call the police, call me. I'm theone out here on Front Street."At age seventy-one, Lewis shows fewsigns of slowing down to spend time with herfourteen grandchildren and three greatgrandchildren, although she plans to renta bus to take them to visit family property inthe South. Before she retires, though, thereare a few items left on her agenda, includingredeveloping the Richmond Brothersbuilding on East 55th and creating a museumto honor League Park. Fannie Lewis,with her indefatigable pride and support forher neighborhood, is a legacy herself in thisBicentennial year.a mission in actingThe Near West Theatre, by involving thechildren and students of the Ohio City community,brings theater to the neighborhood,and the neighborhood to the theater. Its missionis more than an act, though.To say the Near West Theatre was put togetherwith rubber bands and glue is onlyhalf right. Unfortunately, it was just glue,the wrong kind, that inspired the organization'sbeginnings.Two decades ago, glue-sniffing amongteens had alarmed church leaders with theWest Side Ecumenical Ministry (WSEM),so they sought out programs to keep youngpeople occupied. They also wanted adultsto see young people who had something positiveto offer the community. In 1978 thechurch leaders founded the Near West SideCommunity Theatre (located at West 38thStreet and Bridge Avenue), and hiredStephanie Morrison-Hrbek, a teacher withexperience in modern dance, singing andother theater arts, to run it. Its mission istwo-fold: "to provide opportunities for personalgrowth and community through thetheatre arts, and to make theatre accessibleprimarily for residents of the near west sideof Cleveland."The Near West Theatre (after a professionalstaff was added, it dropped the word"community") accomplished somethingeven Hollywood generally hasn't: they actuallycast Puerto Ricans as Puerto Ricans.Its version of West Side Story—a tale of gangviolence set in a neighborhood teeming withracial tension—was made all the morepoignant by the fact that it mirrored theworld just outside the door and down the fireescape from its Ohio City location.Many of NWT's productions trawl similarlytroubled waters, including DontBother Me, I Cant Cope, produced this pastspring."/ Cant Cope was infused with the kids'experience with violence," says Morrison-Hrbek. Children entered the stage carryingsigns bearing hate words, including offensiveracial slurs and derogatory statementsabout appearances."It was so empowering," says Morrison-Hrbek. "I hate that word, but it really was.It literally gave them a voice."A program in the arts provides an opportunityto reach the community on a deeperlevel than a program like midnight basketball,says Morrison-Hrbek, and that is therationale behind NWT. "You get insideCLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL 1996 - 59

Cleveland's spiritcan be seenin its children,as captured in thisphotograph for theImages of the Heartcommemorativepicture book.people's hearts, in their spirits, with theater."NWT typically puts on musicalswhich allow the theater to cast more children.Other youth serve as "front of thehouse" workers and help build sets, operatesound equipment, plan publicity andperform other supporting tasks."Yesterday afternoon, there were fifteenteenagers [at the theater] doing a bulk mailing,"Morrison-Hrbek said recently. "Theyreally had a sense of ownership about thisplace. There is a relationship between theneighborhood and what's going on on thestage. That's a community theater."Part of its community nature can befound in the diverse backgrounds of itsparticipants. The cast and crew of one recentproduction included first names likeJyoti, Abner, Manesha, Quantika, Tiffany,Nahim, Angel, Hannibal, Brook, Fatimaand Fulgencio."I think that this neighborhood is just sounique," says Morrison-Hrbek. "There issomething special about this neighborhoodand its diversity and its vitality and itsstruggle." *JeffHagan is a freelance writer living in Cleveland.Happy 200th Birthday, Cleveland!The Fannie Mae Cleveland Partnership Office is proudto support the Bicentennial Village. We are committed toworking with you to build thriving neighborhoodsthroughout the community.£] FannieMae©1996, Fannie Mae. All rights reserved.60 - CLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL 1996

Clevelanda city built on strongneighborhoodsa comprehensive guideto the city's thirty-six neighborhoods

CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODSIan Naysmith_the city ofCleveland

is a cultural mosaic.It embraces a variety of peoples, landscapesand experiences. In many ways,Cleveland is a collection of smaller cities,each with a distinct identity that togethercreate a dynamic, eclectic city.The origin of many Cleveland neighborhoodscan be traced to the early andmiddle portions of the nineteenth century.Shortly after the city's founding by MosesCleaveland in 1796, settlement began atthe mouth of the Cuyahoga River, northwestof Public Square, near the area nowknown as the Warehouse District. However,because of swampy conditions andthe resulting outbreaks of malaria, settlementquickly "leapfrogged" to areas ofhigh ground.In fact, by 1820 the area's largest settlement,with 756 residents, was locatednear the present intersection of Broadwayand Harvard Avenues—then known asthe Village of Newburgh. Records show thatCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODSonly 606 people were living in the nearby"Village of Cleveland" in that year. Newburghwas annexed to Cleveland in 1873.Other areas of very early settlement includedOhio City, which incorporatedas a village in 1836 and was annexed toCleveland in 1854, and Old Brooklyn(formerly the Village of South Brooklyn),which began developing in the 1830sand was the site of the area's firstgreenhouse (in 1887), before beingannexed to Cleveland in 1905.

Later in the nineteenth century, industrialdevelopment along the CuyahogaRiver led to settlement of such areas asTremont (site of the short-lived "ClevelandUniversity" between 1851 and1853) and Slavic Village (also known as"Warszawa"). Settlement later spread outwardfrom the region's center to suchareas as Hough (incorporated as the Villageof East Cleveland in 1866 and annexedto Cleveland in 1872), Edgewater(incorporated as the Village of WestCleveland in 1871 and annexed to Clevelandin 1894), and Glenville (incorporatedas a village in 1870 and annexedto Cleveland in 1902 and 1905).Cleveland continued to expand its territoryin the twentieth century by annexingthe adjacent communities ofCollinwood (in 1910), Euclid-Green (in1914 and 1926), West Park (in 1923) andMiles Heights (in 1928 and 1932).The final wave of residential developmentin Cleveland moved through theCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Jonathan WayneHerb AschermanRoy JenkinsJanine Bentivegnacity's outer neighborhoods in the twodecades following World War II. Thispost-War development characterizes portionsof the Riverside, Kamm's Cornersand Puritas-Longmead neighborhoods onthe far west side, and portions of the Lee-CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODSHarvard Miles and Euclid-Green neighborhoodson the city's east side.Today, Cleveland comprises thirty-sixneighborhoods, each serviced by at leastone community development corporation.While we celebrate the sum of Clevelandthis bicentennial year, a closer look at itsvarious parts provides an understandingof the city's amazing diversity and thecommitment of its citizens to improve thequality of their lives. *

Cleveland'sneighborhoodsCleveland is a cultural mosaicof thirty-six neighborhoods,many larger than thesurrounding suburbs.key for mapsfirestationhigh schoolother schoolsplaygroundpoolrec centerlandmarkparkspoliceCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

oldbrooklynt neighborhood of Brook-The present neighborhoodlyn Centre was settled in the 1820salong Pearl Street. Spurred by the extensionof a streetcar line along the street in1869, a substantial business district developedaround the intersection of PearlRoad and Denison Avenue - an areawnicn which ren remains the neighborhood's commercialc( center.brooklyn_g _^ _^ The Village of Brooklyn wasincorporated in 1889 and annexedto the City of Clevelandcentrein 1890 and 1894.Although the oldest remaining houses inthe Brooklyn Centre neighborhood datefrom the mid-19th century, most residentialdevelopment occurred between 1900 and1915. Today, a number of architecturallysignificant houses line Archwood, Denisonand Mapledale avenues in the locally designatedBrooklyn Centre Historic District.During the 1980s, ongoing residentialrenovation was complemented by constructionof an architecturally noteworthyfire station, followed by the renovation ofseveral existing businesses. The newBrooklyn Centre shopping plaza, located onPearl Road, will further strengthen the retaildistrict.w After inco] incorporating in 1838 as theVillage of Brighton, the area now calledBrooklyn was re-absorbed by the Townshipone year later and remained in that statusuntil 1889, when the Village of South Brooklynwas incorporated. South Brooklyn wasannexed to Cleveland in 1905. The rest ofOld Brooklyn was part of Cleveland by 1927.The trip between South Brooklyn andCleveland was shortened in 1905 when thePearl Road street car line was extended southacross the Big Creek Valley. The area nowknown as Brookside Park became the permanenthome of the Cleveland Zoo in 1908.During the late 1880s, the area aroundSchaaf Road was one of the first in the Midwestto grow vegetables in greenhouses. Bythe 1920s, the neighborhood was one of thenation's leading producers of greenhousevegetables. Today, some former greenhousesites are used for contemporary housing.Commercial development in Old Brooklynintensified during the 1920s, particularlyalong Pearl, Broadview and Stateroads. Residential development continuedat a significant pace from the early part ofthe century through the 1960s, and experienceda resurgence during the late 1980s,particularly in the South Hills and JenningsRoad areas. Today, housing values in OldBrooklyn remain among the highest inCleveland.Population:(Brooklyn Centre): 10,237(Old Brooklyn): 34,950Median Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(Brooklyn Centre): $40,000(Old Brooklyn): $69,000Median Contract Rent(Brooklyn Centre): $253(Old Brooklyn): $325Councilpersons:James RokakisPatrick J. O'MalleyCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Archwood-Denison ConcernedCitizens-661-5757Old Brooklyn CommunityDevelopment - 459-1000Recreation Facilities:YMCA-Brooklyn - 3881 Pearl RdW.CReedPlayfield-West 16th and DenisonLoew Playfield/Pool -West 32nd and ArchmereShopping Areas:Brooklyn Centre Shopping PlazaPearl and BroadviewBrookpark and BroadviewPearlbrook Shopping Center -Pearl and BrookparkSchools:Denison Elementary — 741 -2916Rhodes High School - 351 -6285William Rainey HarperElementary-351-8862Parks:Brookside MetroPark-Nagy BlvdMetroParks Zoo -Fulton ParkwayCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

uckeye - shakerOriginally part of Newburgh and Shakertownships and annexed to Cleveland in1913 and 1915, the Buckeye-Shakerneighborhood developed principally between1900 and 1930. During thesedecades, the Buckeye Road area attractedthe largest Hungarian population outside ofHungary and became known as Cleveland's"Little Hungary."Shaker Square, developed between 1927and 1929 by the Van Sweringen brothers atthe point where the two lines of the ShakerRapid diverge, is one of the nation's earliestand most architecturally distinguishedexamples of a planned shopping center. Adjacentto Shaker Square are over 3,000units of high-quality multi-family housing,the largest such concentration in the city.South and east of Shaker Square is theLudlow neighborhood, which lies in bothCleveland and Shaker Heights and was partof the larger Van Sweringen development.This area is known nationally for its Tudorarchitecture, curving streets and generousgreen spaces. To the northwest ofShaker Square is the Larchmereretail district and Fairwood neighborhood.During the 1960s and 1970s,racial and economic change, accompaniedby increasing propertyrepair needs in the Buckeye sectionof the neighborhood, resulted in theestablishment of grass-roots organizationscommitted to stabilizingthat part of the neighborhood. TheBuckeye-Woodland Community Congressand Bank on Buckeye were among the mostactive and innovative neighborhood organizationsoperating in Cleveland during the1970s and early 1980s. In the early 1990s,the development of a 120,000-square footshopping center near East 116th and Buckeye(in the Woodland Hills neighborhood)and an upsurge in storefront renovation activitycaused renewed optimism for the neighborhood'sfuture.1 . TAT 1 I. 1CL.1 ^" TL o-l tl x. „£Population: 15,676Average Sale Price of aSingle-family Home: $60,395Median Contract Rent: $326Councilpersons:Kenneth L JohnsonPatricia J. BrittOdelia V.RobinsonCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Buckeye Area DevelopmentCorporation - 491 -8450Friends of Shaker Square -751-9204Shopping Areas:Shaker SquareLarchmere BlvdBuckeye RdSchools:Buckeye Woodland Elementary -231-2611Harvey Rice Elementary -231-2411Shaker Heights High School -295-4200Benedictine High School -231-1282Parks:Luke Easter Park-MLK, Jr. Drive and KinsmanCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Population: 13,788Median Sale Price of aSingle-family Home: $ 18,000Median Contract Rent: $94centralIn the 1840s and1850s, Germansettlers farmedthe land in theportion of East Cleveland Township nowknown as Central. Significant residentialdevelopment began in the 1880s when Austro-Hungarianand Italian immigrants andJewish immigrants from Poland and Russiabegan arriving to work in the nearbyfoundries and steel mills. After the turn ofthe century, the European immigrants inCentral were joined by African Americansmigrating from the rural South.Between 1910 and 1920, Central was themost heavily populated neighborhood inCleveland. During the Great Depression ofthe 1930s, housing deterioration and overcrowdingtransformed Central into the city'smost distressed neighborhood. Governmentofficials and community leaders respondedwith programs which resulted in the nation'sfirst housing projects, including OldeCouncilperson:Frank G.JacksonCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Burton Bell Carr DevelopmentCorporation-341-1455Recreation Facilities:Longwood Pool -East 37th and LongwoodLonnie Burton RecreationCenter-2526 CentralShopping Areas:Longwood Plaza - East 40th andCommunity CollegeEast 30th and CarnegieEast 55th and WoodlandCedar Estates, built in 1936. Central is nowthe site of approximately 4,000 publichousing units, representing 35% of allCMHA-owned units."Slum clearance" activities associatedwith urban renewal of the 1950s and 1960sresulted in replacement of much of Central'solder housing with freeways and institutions,and the population plummeted in result. Recentnew-home construction such as CentralCommons is turning this trend around.Economic activity in Central remains relativelystrong. The "Midtown Corridor"along Central's northern border has an employmentbase of nearly 15,000 in a diversemix of businesses. The "Maingate" area isthe region's largest concentration of wholesalefood distributors. A common advantageshared by all businesses in Central is theproximity to the heart of the region's freewaysystem.Schools:Central Jr. High School -431-4410East Technical High School -431-2626Cuyahoga Community College -987-4000Museums:Dunham Tavern Museum -431-1060Parks:Colonel Charles Young Park-East 46th and ProspectCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

detroit - shore wayOriginally part of Brooklyn Township, theDetroit-Shoreway neighborhood was absorbedby the City of Cleveland between1854 and 1894 through annexations ofOhio City, Brooklyn Township and the Villageof West Cleveland. Detroit Street (nowDetroit Avenue), a major route leadingwestward from the City, became the neighborhood'sprimary commercial artery.Housing for middle-income families developedalong the north-south streets intersectingDetroit, while the neighborhood'slarger, more architecturally distinguishedhomes were built along Franklin Avenue tothe immediate south. Detroit-Shoreway'spopulation peaked in 1920 at 41,500.Beginning in the late 1890s, industriessuch as Union Carbide and Michigan Southernrail lines located near Lake Erie. Alsonear the turn of the century, industries beganto develop further to the south, along the raillines running through the Walworth Run Valley(generally parallel to Train Avenue).The Detroit-Shoreway neighborhood hasbeen home to a succession of ethnic groups,beginning with the Irish and German settlersof the 19th century. After the turn of thecentury, these early settlers were outnumberedby immigrants arriving primarilyfrom Italy and Romania. In more recentyears, these groups have been joined byHispanics and migrants from the Appalachianregion.Significant population loss in Detroit-Shoreway occurred between 1960 and 1980,as population fell from 36,500 to 20,741.Housing demolition necessitated by the constructionof 1-90 (which opened in 1978)contributed to this loss of population.Revitalization efforts in the neighborhoodhave included the renovation of the GordonSquare Arcade (West 65th and Detroit), theaddition of an outdoor recreation complexat the Zone Recreation Center and the developmentof new townhouses and apartmentsin the vicinity of West 70th andDetroit through the efforts of Our Lady ofMt. Carmel church.Population: 18,585Average Sale Price of aSingle-family Home: $29,892Median Contract Rent: $217Councilperson:Timothy J. MelenaCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Detroit-Shoreway CommunityDevelopment-961-4242Recreation Facilities:Lake Pool -West 85th near DetroitEdgewater State Park/Marina -West ShorewayZone Recreation Center -6301 LorainAveShopping Areas:Gordon Square Arcade -West 65th and DetroitSchools:Max Hayes High School -631-1528Watterson Lake Elementary -961-0154Gordon School-961-1753Joseph M. Gallagher - 961 -0057Waverly Elementary - 634-2121Parks:Herman Park - Between West59th and 64th on Herman AveEdgewater Park-8000Cleveland Memorial ShorewayCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Clevelandwas foundedin 1796 when Moses Cleaveland landed onthe east bank of the Cuyahoga River. Clevelandremained a small village until 1827when it became bees the northern terminus ofdowntownthe Ohio & Erie Canal. TheFlats became a wholesaledistrict and the area at thetop of the hill (now theWarehouse District) developed as the centralbusiness district and a residential area.As the city grew, development pushedeastward. From the 1870s to the turn of thecentury, numerous mansions were built alongEuclid Avenue, which became known as Millionaires'Row. Few of these buildings remain,as further commercial expansion hastenedabandonment of Euclid as a residentialstreet. Public Square, conceived in 1796 asan open space for a traditional New Englandtown, has gone through a series of major improvementsthat continue to the present.In 1903 the Group Plan was adopted tocoordinate the construction of new buildings.The plan was implemented with the developmentof the Federal Building (1910),County Courthouse (1911), City Hall(1916), Public Auditorium (1925), Library(1925), Board of Education Building(1930) and the Mall (1935). The Mall, PublicHall and Municipal Stadium (1931)were incorporated into the Great Lakes Expositionin 1936 and 1937, showcasing thestrengths of the Great Lakes and attracting7 million visitors.The 52-story Terminal Tower was completedin 1927 and the train station openedin 1929. Terminal Tower remained thetallest building in Cleveland until the SocietyTower opened in 1991.Establishment and expansion of ClevelandState University and the redevelopmentof the Erieview Urban Renewal areahad major impacts on Downtown in the1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s andearly 1990s, revitalization of Downtowncontinued with the renovation of the PlayhouseSquare theater district, redevelopmentof the Flats for entertainment,renovation of the Terminal Tower complexinto a mixed-use development, renovationof Warehouse District buildings for housing,development of North Coast Harbor foropen space and museums and the developmentof the Gateway Sports Complex.Population: 4,651Median Housing Value:$42,500Median Contract Rent: $273Councilperson: Gary M. PaulenskeCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Downtown DevelopmentCoordinators -736-7799Recreation Facilities:Public Square/The Mall -Ontario and SuperiorChester Commons -East 12th and SuperiorJacobs Field - 2401 Ontario StGund Arena — 100 Gateway PlazaNorth Coast HarborThe FlatsShopping Areas:Galleria - East 9th and St. ClairThe Avenue (Tower City Centre)Euclid and Prospect AveSchools:Cleveland State University -687-2000David N. Myers College(Dyke College) - 696-9000Museums:Gray's Armory-621-5938Sports of Sorts BaseballMuseum-521-1588Rock and Roll Hall of Fame &Museum-781-7625Great Lakes Science Center-694-2000Parks:Cleanland — Gateway CommonsGateway PlazaVoinovich Bicentennial ParkCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

fairfaxAfter its annexation to Cleveland in 1872,Fairfax underwent a period of rapid residentialdevelopment which continued untilabout 1920. During the neighborhood'sprime, such streets as Cedar and Quincywere lined with thriving retail businesses,attractive single-family houses and a numberof ornate apartment buildings.Euclid Avenue became the site of manyof Cleveland's largest and most architecturallydistinguished churches. Among theearliest remaining examples is the EuclidAvenue Congregational Church at East96th Street, a Gothic/Romanesque buildingconstructed in 1872.Fairfax is also home to three nationallyrecognized institutions. The ClevelandClinic, established in 1921, now ranks asCleveland's largest private employer. Justto the west, at East 86th and Euclid, is theCleveland Play House, founded in 1915and expanded in 1983 to incorporate threestate-of-the-art theaters under a single roof.Finally, Karamu House is an interracial theaterand arts center which dates from 1917(and has been located at its presentsite since 1949).Although the first of Fairfax's residentswere New Englanders and Europeanimmigrants, middle-incomeAfrican Americans had become thedominant group as early as 1930. By1970, 96% of the neighborhood'sresidents were African-American.Between 1950 and 1980, an exodusof many middle-income householdsreduced the population of Fairfaxfrom its peak of over 39,000 to lessthan 13,000. Household incomes and housingvalues in 1990 had fallen to less than halfof the citywide average.The Cleveland Clinic and Church Squareshopping center are factors which strengthenedthe market for private development inFairfax. Beacon Place will add 92 singlefamilyhomes and townhouses. Forty-nineadditional new homes are being built inFairfax's Bicentennial Village.Population: 8,973Median Housing Value: $ 18,167Median Contract Rent: $ 176Councilperson: Patricia J. BrittCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Fairfax RenaissanceDevelopment Corporation -881-9800Recreation Facilities:Fairfax Recreation Center -2335 East 82nd StEast 71st St Pool-East 71 st near CentralGassaway Pool -East 100th near QuebecShopping Areas:Church SquareSchools:St. Adalbert School - 881 -6250Bolton Elementary - 231 -2585Museums:Cleveland Health Museum -231-5010Cleveland Center forContemporary Art - 421 -8671CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

edgewaterV—y In the 1870s, most of the landnorth of Detroit Avenue (thearea's principal roadway) was occupied bythree large farms. On the south side of DetroitAvenue, the Children's Aid Society andthe Eliza Jennings Home (founded by theYWCA to treat indigent and incurablyill women) occupied land donatedfrom the estate of Eliza andSimeon Jennings.By the 1890s, the neighborhoodhad begun to acquire a suburbancharacter. While a number of substantiallandholdings remained betweenDetroit and Lake avenues,several side streets north and south ofDetroit had been subdivided for single-familyhouses. Land betweenLake Avenue and Lake Erie had beendeveloped into estates of five to ten acres forthe residences of many of Cleveland'swealthiest citizens. The Edgewater neighborhoodwas annexed to Cleveland in 1894.By the second decade of the 20th century,most of the estates had been subdividedinto smaller parcels. The houseswhich replaced the old estates form thegreatest concentration of higher-pricedhousing in the city.Between 1900 and 1920, modest houseswere built in proximity to the industrieswhich located along the Lake Shore andMichigan Southern rail lines. Also during thistime, numerous apartment buildings weredeveloped along Detroit and Clifton avenuesand, later, along Lake Avenue and WestBoulevard. Housing stock is as diverse asthose who live there.cudellThe Cudell neighborhood became part ofCleveland in 1904. The neighborhood wasnamed after architect Frank E. Cudell, aGerman immigrant who bequeathed hislarge estate to the city in 1916. The towerwhich stands on the property today, just eastof the Cudell Recreation Center, is a memorialto him from his wife, Emma.Cudell developed as a working-class neighborhoodin the first two decades of the 20thcentury. During this period, industry developedalong the Lake Shore and MichiganSouthern rail lines which paralleled BereaRoad. By the early 1920s, the development ofspurs off the main rail line had allowed industryto expand south of Berea Road. Manyof the industries located there manufacturedautomobile or paper-related products.Population:(Edgewater): 8,861(Cudell): 10,874(WestBlvd): 17,396Average Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(Edgewater): $96,776(Cudell): $38,809(WestBlvd) (Median): $51,000Median Contract Rent:(Edgewater): $288(Cudell): $259(West Blvd): $277Councilpersons:Timothy J. MelenaJay WestbrookJoseph J. ZoneCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Westown CommunityDevelopment Corporation -941-9262Cudell ImprovementAssociation Inc - 228-4383CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

As Cudell's population increased, retailersfollowed. In 1928, Sears, Roebuck andCompany built one of its two Cleveland departmentstores at 10900 Lorain Avenue.The massive building served the neighborhooduntil it closed in 1985. Today, the siteis occupied by the Westown Square shoppingcenter, constructed in 1987.Following a period of gradual populationdecline between 1930 and 1960, Cudell'spopulation fell from 16,466 in 1960 to11,355 in 1980. Much of the loss resultedfrom the construction of 1-90, which removedapproximately 450 residential structures inthe southern portion of the neighborhood.westboulevardThe West Boulevard neighborhood was incorporatedinto the City of Cleveland in twophases. The area north of Almira Avenue wasannexed to Cleveland in 1873. The principalportion of West Boulevard was incorporatedin 1902, as part of the Village of Linndale,before the City of Cleveland annexed most ofthat community one year later. Leonard Case,founder of Case Institute, owned the 2,000-acre farmland encompassing what is now theRecreation Facilities:Sunrise Pool -West 95th and MaywoodCudell Recreation Center-1910 West BlvdCudell Fine Arts Center-10013 Detroit AveShopping Areas:West 98th and LorainWest I 17th and Detroit/CliftonWestown Square -West 11 Oth and LorainLorain Avenue between West85th and West Blvdstreet West Boulevard.West Boulevard was designed as a northsouththoroughfare connecting EdgewaterPark with Brookside Park. The windingroadway's 130-foot right-of-way is one ofthe city's widest. Its broad tree lawns providea park-like setting for hundreds ofsolid, well-kept houses.Lorain Avenue, which forms the neighborhood'snorthern border, is the center of localcommercial activity. Development of commercialuses on Lorain Avenue was aidedby the Cleveland Electric Railway Company'sstreet car line, which was extended toWest 117th Street in 1913.The one- and two-familyhousing which now characterizesthe neighborhood(many featuring peacefulporches) dates predominantlyfrom 1900to 1930.Between 1910 and1930, the population of West Boulevardjumped from 4,574 to a peak of22,910. Over the next 50 years, theneighborhood's population remainedextremely stable, decreasing by lessthan 1,000 persons. During the1970s, population decline accelerated,with the loss of 3,791 residents. Between1980 and 1990, however, the rate ofloss slowed significantly.Schools:West Side Baptist-961-7353St. Ignatius Elementary -671-0535St. Rose of Lima-226-4525Luther Memorial-631-3640Wilbur Wright-671-6430Marion C. Seltzer Elementary -631-0678Parks:Edgewater State Park -off Memorial ShorewayCleveland Lake Front Park-8701 Lakeshore BlvdMohican Park-West 131 st and TriskettHalloran Park and Skating Rink-West I 17th and LinnetTuland Park-West 144th and Roxboro AveMercedes Cotner Park-West 95th south of Denison AveCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

ohioOriginally part of Brooklyn Township, OhioCity was incorporated as a municipalityon March 3,1836, just two days before theincorporation of the "rival" City of Cleveland.It was annexed to Cleveland in 1854.The area's locationcity. near the mouth ofW "7" the Cuyahoga RiverI \/ attracted settlersfrom New England** and, later, from Irelandand Germany, seeking jobs at the docks,mills, foundries, distilleries and bottlingworks."Whiskey Island" (site of an 1830swhiskey distillery), "The Angle" (north ofDetroit Avenue and east of West 28th) and"Irishtown Bend" (south of Detroit Avenueand east of West 25th) became early settlementsof the Irish immigrants, many ofwhom occupied hastily erected tarpapershacks.Housing in Ohio City dates principallyfrom the late 19th century. The predominantlyVictorian-style one- and two-familybuildings range from modest workingclass houses to the luxurious residences onportions of Franklin Boulevard and ClintonAvenue. The commercial district at Lorainand West 25th was first established in 1840as "Market Square." The Pearl Street Market,a one-story wooden building built in1868, was replaced by the present WestSide Market, which was built in 1912.Ohio City's population climbed from justover 4,000 in 1850 to 33,000 in 1910. Duringthe following six decades, the neighborhood'spopulation declined gradually to20,000 in 1970 and then - following a citywidetrend (and due to the construction of1-71 and 1-90) -fell sharply to under 13,500in 1980. Also during the 1970s, the neighborhood'spopulation began to diversify asthe proportion of non-white residents rosefrom 7% to 30%. The proportion of Hispanicresidents rose to nearly 19% by 1980 and toover25%inl990.Countering population loss, however, hasbeen the rediscovery of the area's historicarchitecture and slow but steady residentialand commercial restoration activity, includingrehabilitation of the landmark WestSide Market. Construction of the MarketPlaza shopping center and the FranklinGreen townhouses, as well as developmentof the Nautica entertainment complex onthe west bank of the Flats, has also addednew vitality to the neighborhood.Population: 10,718Average Sale Price for aSingle-family Home: $23,327Median Contract Rent: $ 187Councilperson:Helen Knipe SmithCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Ohio City Near WestDevelopment Corporation -781-3222Recreation Facilities:YMCA-West Side-3200Franklin BlvdGreenwood Pool - West 38thand SiamShopping Areas:Market Plaza -West 25th and LorainWest 25th and ClarkAntiques on Lorain -West 41st to 44thSchools:St. Ignatius High School -651-0222Paul L. Dunbar Elementary -281-7224Kentucky Elementary -631-3310Parks:Fairview Park-West 38th and FranklinCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Originally a part of East Cleveland Township,the present Hough neighborhood wasfirst settled in 1799. Residential developmentintensified after the area's incorporationin 1866 to the Village of EastCleveland.During the latter half of the 19th century,as Euclid Avenue was transformed intoMillionaires' Row, the Hough communityto the north of Euclid Avenue became hometo Cleveland's most prosperous residents aswell as several exclusive private schools.An often-overlooked landmark in Hough isLeague Park, at East 66th and Lexington,the home of major league baseball in Clevelandfrom 1891 to 1946.Housing deterioration began to take holdin the 1930s as owners of Hough's relativelylarge houses were forced to defer maintenanceand take boarders. Overcrowdingand deterioration worsened in the 1950s asurban renewal and freeway constructiondisplaced thousands of lower-incomeAfrican-American residents from nearbyCentral. The proportion of African-Americanresidents in Hough climbed from 14%in 1950 to over 75% in 1960.Frustration over worsening living conditionsand increasing joblessness mountedduring the 1960s and finally erupted onhoughJuly 18,1966 in seven days of riots.An exodus of middle-income residentsfrom Hough resulted in the populationplummeting from 76,000 in 1960 to under20,000 in 1990.Despite the persistenceof poverty andwidespread deterioration,the 1980s andearly 1990s witnessedsigns of rebirth inHough. The neighborhood,with the City ofCleveland and variousbanks working with theHough Area Partners inProgress, has evolvedstronger and richer thanimagined. This partnershiphas taken the timeto continuously evaluate the neighborhoodand its goals.The restoration of confidencein Hough's future is symbolized by the 277-unit Lexington Village townhouse complex,at East 79th and Hough, construction of numerousstately, single-family homes and thenew, 100,000-square-foot Church Squareshopping center at East 79th and Euclid.Population: 19,715Median Housing Value:$23,742Median Contract Rent: $ 157Councilperson: Fannie M. LewisCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Hough Area Partners inProgress-229-4277Recreation Facilities:Thurgood Marshall RecreationCenter - 8611 Hough AveLeague Park Pool -East 66th and LexingtonShopping Areas:Addison and SuperiorChurch Square -East 79th and EuclidSchools:East High School-431-5361Martin Luther King Jr. HighSchool-431-6858Charles Orr Elementary —791-6120Museums:African-American Museum -791-1700Parks:Rockefeller Park -MLK, Jr. DriveCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

industrialvalleyThe Industrial Valley has been part ofthe City of Cleveland since 1850.A primary reason for the industrial developmentin Cleveland was excellent transportationwhich made for easy flow of rawmaterials in and finished products out.American Steel and Wire, a subsidiary ofU.S. Steel, made Cleveland the wire capitalof the world. Republic Steel, formed in the1930s by mergingsmaller companies,including Cleveland'sCorrigan-McKinney, was amajor Cleveland employer until 1984 whenit was acquired by LTV Steel.In 1870, John D. Rockefeller establishedthe Standard Oil Company and made Clevelandthe center of the American refining industryuntil his monopoly was broken up bythe courts. The Grasseli Co., which becamea part of DuPont, established in 1866 a largeplant in the Industrial Valley which suppliedneeded chemicals to the refineries but whichlater broadened its base to supplying a widerange of industrial chemicals.tremontTremont was annexed to Cleveland in 1867.Prior to the opening of Tremont ElementarySchool in 1910, Tremont was known as"University Heights" (due to ClevelandUniversity, which operated in the neighborhoodfrom 1851 to 1853), and later as"Lincoln Heights." This name commemoratedthe neighborhood's two UnionArmy camps during the Civil War.Cleveland University and scenic views ofthe Cuyahoga River attracted some of theregion's most prosperous residents in the late19th century. The Central Viaduct (built in1888 and demolished in 1939) provided thefirst direct link across the river to Downtown.This opened Tremont to an influx of EasternEuropean immigrants seeking housing closeto jobs in the fledgling steel industry. Morerecently, a sizable Hispanic community hassettled in Tremont.Between 1960 and 1980 the neighborhood'spopulation plummeted to just above10,000 as freeway construction and physicaldeterioration resulted in the demolitionof hundreds of houses. The freeway constructionalso further isolated the neighborhoodwhich already was separated frommuch of the rest of the city by the valleys ofthe Cuyahoga River.The small-town character fostered bythis isolation, along with the unique mixof architectural styles and proximity toDowntown, has spurred a renewed interestin urban living in the neighborhood.New market-rate housing projects are currentlyunder construction.Population:(Industrial Valley): 543(Tremont): 8,904Average Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(Industrial Valley): $21,000(Tremont): $22,100Median Contract Rent:(Industrial Valley): $210(Tremont): $ 190Councilpersons:Helen Knipe SmithGary M. PaulenskeEdward W.RybkaCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Maingate Business DevelopmentCorporation - 881 -7111Tremont West DevelopmentCorporation - 575-0920Recreation Facilities:Lincoln Pool -West 14th and StarkweatherTremont Valley Playground -West 7th and QuigleyBarkwill Playground -East 53rd and BarkwillShopping Areas:Professor StreetBroadway AvenueEast 55th and WoodlandSchools:Tremont Elementary -621-2082Lincoln Jr. High-241-7440Scranton Rd Elementary -621-2165Parks:Lincoln Park, Tremont PlayfieldsMorgana ParkCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

kinsmanAnnexed to Cleveland in 1873, the Kinsmanarea developed in response to a freight railline connecting Cleveland and Pittsburgh.Land along East 79th Street, south of WoodlandAvenue, became the site of numerousfactories associated with the metals industry.Foremost among these was the Van DornCompany, which was established in 1878 asthe Cleveland Wrought Iron Fence Company.Extension of streetcar lines along KinsmanRoad and Woodland Avenue in the1860s and 1870s combined with the localmanufacturing activity to spur developmentof modest houses for the area's factory workers.This early development, occurring wellbefore establishment of the city's first zoningcode in 1929, resulted in many juxtapositionsof industry and housing.In 1959, the Garden Valley Estates, a130-acre, 650-unit housing development,was built as part of the first urban renewalprojects in the state of Ohio. Other elementsof the urban renewal project included removalof commercial stores from KinsmanAvenue, renovation of private homes on anumber of streets and the filling of KingsburyRun Valley for playfields, two elementaryschools and a community center.The Woodland Hills neighborhood, annexedto Cleveland in 1913, developed principallybetween 1900 and 1930. During thesedecades, the predominantly HungarianBuckeye Road area became known asCleveland's "Little Hungary."The 116-acre Woodland Hills Park (nowLuke Easter Park) was acquired in 1900 aspart of a plan for park development.In 1927, St. Luke's Hospital moved toEast 116th and Shaker Boulevard. In 1929,Benedictine monks were given charge of theSt. Benedict Parish on East t Boulevard (nowMartin Luther King, Jr.woodlandDrive). In the same year,Benedictine High School,established in 1927,moved to 10510 Buckeye. A new highhillsschool building was constructed in 1940 anda new abbey in 1952.During the 1960s and 1970s, racial andeconomic change, accompanied by increasingproperty repair needs in the Buckeye-Woodland neighborhood, resulted in theestablishment of grass-roots organizationscommitted to stabilizing the neighborhood.A recent upturn in storefront renovationactivity and the development of a 120,000-square foot shopping center near East116th and Buckeye are causes for renewedoptimism.Population:(Kinsman): 7,568(Woodland Hills): 12,689Median Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(Kinsman) (Median HousingValue): $17,272(Woodland Hills): $40,850Median Contract Rent:(Kinsman): $ 136(Woodland Hills): $229Councilpersons:Frank G.JacksonPatricia J. BrittKenneth L.JohnsonCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Working for Empowermentthrough Community Organizing(WECO)-88I-9650Buckeye Area DevelopmentCorporation-491-8450Recreation Facilities:Garden Valley Pool -East 73rd and PortWoodland Recreation Center -9206 Woodland AveMarion Motley Playfield -Carson AveShopping Areas:Buckeye Commons -East I 16th and BuckeyeEast 93rd and KinsmanSchools:Benedictine High School -421-2080Buckeye-Woodland - 231 -2661Parks:Luke Easter Park-MLK, Jr. Drive and KinsmanCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

The area now known as Mt. Pleasant remainedpredominantly rural until after1900 when it was subdivided to accommodateEuropean immigrants moving eastfrom the densely-developed neighborhoodsnear Downtown Cleveland. During the midjj1920s, Kinsman Avenue became the institutionaland commercial center of agrowing Jewish community, and East Boulevard(now Martinmt. pleasantLuther King Jr.Drive) becamethe site of manystately homes, most of which remain today.Between 1920 and 1930, the neighborhood'spopulation tripled, rising from14,000 to 42,000. Unlike other east sideCleveland neighborhoods which underwentracial change in the 1960s and 1970s, Mt.Pleasant has been home to significant numbersof African-American residents sincethe turn of the century. It is reported that, in1893, a contractor unable to pay cashwages compensated his African-Americanemployees with vacant lots in a subdivisionnear Kinsman Road between East 126thand East 130th streets. By 1907, approximatelyone hundred African-Americanfamilies had settled in Mt. Pleasant. By *1970, over 95% of the neighborhood's res-CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODSPopulation:(Mt Pleasant): 25,106(Corlett): 16,804(Lee-Harvard Miles): 17,594Ian NaysmithMedian Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(Mt Pleasant): $43,900(Corlett): $47,000(Lee-Harvard Miles): $57,900Median Contract Rent:(Mt. Pleasant): $257(Corlett): $275(Lee-Harvard Miles): $307Councilpersons:Charles L. Pattonjr.Odelia V.RobinsonRobert J. White, IIIidents were African-American.Mt. Pleasant is the most residentially developedneighborhood in the city with almost64% of its land use devoted tohousing. The average for Cleveland is 34%.Today development of a new shoppingplaza at East 143rd Street and Kinsman,construction of market-rate single-familyhouses in the Kingsbury Run area, and thepresence of many well-maintained homesprovide evidence of the neighborhood'scontinued vitality.corlettThe present neighborhood of Corlett wasoriginally part of Newburgh and Warrensville townships. The Newburgh portionof the neighborhood was annexed to the Cityof Cleveland in 1909. The remainder oftoday's Corlett became part of the city whenEast View Village was annexed in 1917.Most of the current buildings along East131st Street date from the 1920s, when theneighborhood experienced its most rapiddevelopment.Among the more historically significantbuildings in the East 131st Street area areCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Miles Ahead, Inc-991-4600Union-Miles DevelopmentCorporation-341-0757Mt. Pleasant CommunityCouncil-921-7360AMISTAD DevelopmentCorporation-921-1611

Ian Naysmiththe Boys' Club at East 131st and McLeer,built in 1926 as the Sokol Tyrs Hall (a recreationaland educational society for Czechimmigrants) and the Corlett School, built in1915 at East 131st and Corlett. The schooland neighborhood may have been namedafter early Irish settlers Eliza and HarrietCorlett, both principals in the ClevelandPublic Schools in the 1890s.A dramatic change in the racial makeupof the neighborhood occurred in the 1960s,with the non-white population increasingfrom 8.4% of the population in 1960 to84.1% in 1970. In recent decades, an aginghousing stock and declining employmentin the steel industry began taking its toll onthe Corlett neighborhood.In the early 1990s, the development ofa new shopping plaza at East 131st andMiles and the construction of new singlefamilyand townhouse units between Harvardand Miles Avenue, near Martin LutherKing Boulevard, have brightened prospectsfor Corlett's future.lee-harvardRecreation Facilities:Alexander Hamilton RecreationCenter- 13200 Kinsman RdJohn F. Kennedy RecreationCenter- 17300 Harvard AveGlendale Pool - East 149thnear GlendaleYMCA-Broadway -11300 Miles AveShopping Areas:Lee-Harvard Shopping CenterKinsman RdEast 131st and MilesmilesThe area which now forms Cleveland's extremesoutheast corner existed as the Villageof Miles Heights between 1927 and1932. The Village secured a place in historyin 1929 by electing Ohio's firstAfrican-American mayor, Arthur R.Johnston.It was not until the 1940s and 1950sthat the Lee-Harvard Miles area beganto experience intense development. Racialchange occurred during the 1960s as theneighborhood's non-white population increasedfrom 30% in 1960 to 93% in 1970.Because of its relatively late development,Lee-Harvard Miles is characterizedby housing and shopping areas which areamong the most contemporary in the Cityof Cleveland. The Lee-Harvard ShoppingCenter was developed in 1949 and underwentan expansion of an additional70,000 square feet in the early 1990s.Just to the south, two market-rate townhousedevelopments were constructedduring the late 1980s.The area's largest development site is the114-acre ClevelandIndustrial Park, createdby city governmentin 1981. Thepark takes advantageof the neighborhood's proximity to I-480 and its interchanges with Lee Road andBroadway Avenue.Schools:Whitney Young Middle School -283-5220John F. Kennedy Senior High -921-1450Charles Dickens Elementary-921-8558Paul Revere Elementary-341-2172Miles Elementary-641-2019Corlett Elementary - 295-2590Parks:Frederick Douglass Park-East 151st and MilesKerrushPark-Lee near TarkingtonLuke Easter Park-MLK, Jr. Drive and KinsmanIan NaysmithCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

northcolunwoodNorth Collinwood became part of the Cityof Cleveland in 1910 and 1912. The areawas first settled in 1812. Settlement increasedwith the establishment of numerousvineyards; by the 1870s, Collinwoodhad become the largest shipping point inthe nation for grapes.In the 1870s, Ursulinenuns opened Villa Angela, aboarding school and academy.In 1876 they opened aschool for boys, St. Joseph'sSeminary, at the same location.The two schools mergedin 1990.By the 1890s, industrialdevelopment acceleratedrapidly following constructionof the Collinwood RailYards, a major switchingcenter for the Lake Shoreand Michigan Southern(later the New York Central)Railroad. Residentialdevelopment expanded.Many Italian immigrants moved south ofthe tracks while North Collinwood saw agreat influx of Slovenian immigrants.In 1894 Euclid Beach Amusement Park,which was patterned after New York'sConey Island, was opened. It closed in1969. Its prominent gateway arch, a Clevelandlandmark, still remains. Parts of EuclidBeach have been incorporated into theCleveland Lakefront State Park.After World War II, the rise of freewaysand the movement of heavy industry outof the nation's northeast and midwest regionsresulted in the abandonment of manyrail-oriented industrial properties inCollinwood. A big population loss occurredin the 1950s as houses were acquired forthe construction of 1-90. In 1990, both incomesand housing values were above thecity average.southcollinwoodSouth Collinwood, like North Collinwood,became part of the City of Cleveland in1910 and 1912.In 1921, the Fisher Body Co. opened anPopulation:(North Collinwood): 19,320(South Collinwood): 14,753(Euclid-Green): 8,089Median Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(North Collinwood): $58,000(South Collinwood): $42,300(Euclid-Green): $49,000Median Contract Rent:(North Collinwood): $275(South Collinwood): $259(Euclid-Green): $313Councilpersons:Roosevelt CoatsMichael D. PolensekCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Collinwood CommunityServices Center - 541 -4400Northeast Shores DevelopmentCorp-692-8981Collinwood/Nottingham VillageDevelopment Corp - 451 -2340CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

automobile body plant at East 140th Streetand Coit Road. By 1924 the plant employed7,000 people and in 1926 Fisher Body becamea division of General Motors. DuringWorld War II the plant made parts for tanksand employed 14,000 people. Land valuesin the Five Points area (the five-legged intersectionof St. Clair, East 152nd and Ivanhoe)were the third highest in the city,exceeded only by those in Downtown andUniversity Circle. In the 1980s, the largeFisher Body plant was closed.In 1990 the population of South Collinwoodwas approximately half African-American and half white. Recent efforts toimprove the Five Points retail district, andto make it a focal point of both communities,have included the construction of anew fire station and development of a newMcDonalds.euclid-greenOriginally a portion of the Village of —Euclid, the present Euclid-Green neighborhoodwas annexed to Cleveland in 1914and 1926. The hillside which rises up fromEuclid Avenue to the southeast divides theneighborhoodinto two distinctsections.The hillside isactually one of the beach ridges left as LakeErie receded 14,000 years ago from itsheight of 200 feet above its present level.The portion of the neighborhood at thebottom of the hill (the area along Euclid Avenueand the rail lines) developed predominantlyduring the 1920s.A second wave of construction occurredduring the 1950s and 1960s as the area nearthe top of the hill was developed. The predominanceof contemporary single-familydevelopment makes this area one of thecity's most "suburban-like" neighborhoods.Non-white population in the Euclid-Green neighborhood climbed from approximately2% in 1970 to 82% in 1990.Euclid-Green is theonly city neighborhoodto increase inpopulation between1980 and 1990, going from 7,993 to 8,089.This change is attributed to a slight increasein average household size.Recreation Facilities:Grovewood Pool -East 164th St and GrovewoodR.S. Taylor Playground -Melville and NottinghamBelvoirPark-BelvoirBlvdHumphrey Playground -East 161 st and GrovewoodShopping Areas:Old World Plaza - East 185th StEuclid Beach Master's Plaza -East 165th and Lake ShoreFive Points -East 152nd and St. ClairSchools:Collinwood High School -451-8782Henry W. LongfellowElementary-451-5372Margaret Spellacyjr. High -531-2872Villa Angela/St. Joseph HighSchool-481-8414Parks:Wildwood State ParkEuclid BeachCleveland Lakefront State ParkCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Ron AltmansouthbroadwaynorthbroadwayBarbara BreenThe North Broadway neighborhoodformed one of the earliest settlementsin Cuyahoga County,with New Englanders firstarriving in the area in 1796.The construction of the Ohioand Erie Canal, the Sault-St.Marie Canal and the Cleveland and PittsburghRailroad in the first half of the 19thcentury led to industrial growth in theBroadway area.The arrival of heavyindustries was accompaniedby the additionof numerous rail lineswhich divided theBroadway neighborhood into several distinctsub-areas.The 1870s brought a large influx ofCzech and Polish immigrants to work in thenearby iron and steel mills. These immigrantsconstructed the small working-classcottages that are typical of North Broadway.Commercial development occurred primarilyduring the late 19th and early 20thcenturies along Broadway.From 1950 to 1980, business activity decreased,especially along secondary retailstreets. The focal point of retail activity inthe neighborhood remains the BroadwayAvenue area. A multi-million dollar retailcomplex is proposed for the site of the formerWoolen Mills.The 1870s brought a large influx ofCzech and Polish immigrants to SouthBroadway to work in the nearby iron andsteel mills. The Poles formed their own settlementnear Tod Street (today East 65thStreet) and Fleet Avenue in the area nowknown as "Slavic Village." Fleet andBroadway Avenues, as well as East 65thand East 71st Streets, developed at thattime as the main commercial streets in theneighborhood. The neighborhood reachedits peak population during the 1920s.During the 1950s and 1960s, SouthBroadway experienced substantial out-migration,following the general trend towardsuburbanization in Greater Cleveland.One of the largest housing developmentsin the city's recent history is proposed for thesite of the former State of Ohio DevelopmentalCenter on Turney Road. "Mill Creek"is a 200 + unit subdivisiondesigned tofit into the existingneighborhood byrespecting Cleveland'straditionalarchitecture and acknowledgingthesurrounding naturalenvironment.Population:(North): 8,852(South): 20,958Average Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(North): $20,427(South): $37,623Median Contract Rent:(North): $189(South): $218Councilpersons:Edward WRybkaGary M. PaulenskeCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Slavic Village/Broadway DevelopmentCorporation - 271 -5591Recreation Facilities:Regent Playground -Regent near East 65thStella Walsh Recreation Center- 7345 Broadway AveWarsaw Pool —East 64th and WarsawShopping Areas:Broadway AvenueSlavic Village-Fleet AveBroadway AvenueSilverman's Shopping Center -East 64th and HarvardSchools:South High School - 641 -0410A.B. Hart Jr. High School-341-0874Willow Elementary - 883-6118Union Elemetary - 341 -2360Museums:Slavic Village Historical Society -341-8199Bohemian National Hall -883-0675Parks:KowalskiPark-East 65th near BroadwayCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Ian NaysmithglenvilleAt the time of its incorporation in1870, the Village of Glenville wasa semi-rural area known as the "gardenspot of Cuyahoga County" because ofits numerous vegetable farms. The community'sscenic qualities and lakeshoresites also attracted many of the region'swealthiest residents. Nationally, Glenvillewas known as a center of horse racing and,later, auto racing. The track was built in1870 at the Northern Ohio Fairgrounds andoperated until 1908, when it was moved toNorth Randall. The Village of Glenville wasannexed to Cleveland in 1905.Residential and commercial developmentin Glenville was most intense duringthe period between 1900 and 1930. East105th Street emerged as the center of businessactivity, and its many fine storesearned it the title of Cleveland's "goldcoast." The street also became a prime addressfor religious institutions.In the late 1980s and early 1990s theneighborhood's prosects brightened withdevelopment of the East Side Market,Glenville Plaza and the North Park Placehousing subdivision—all in the vicinity ofEast 105th and St. Clair—as well as theSebe Young scattered site housing developmentin the Superior Avenue area.The current Forest Hills Parks neighborhood,once part of Glenville Village, beganas a resort complex developed by John D.Rockefeller in 1873. Although the resortlasted only a year, the estate served as theRockefeller family's summer home until1917.Residential and commercial developmentin Forest Hills Parks was most intensefrom 1910 to 1930. Over the next fortyyears, the population of Forest Hills Parksremained relatively stable. Between 1950and 1970, the racial makeup of the neighborhoodchanged3adramaticallydramaticallyasasthemeAfrican-Americanpopulationforestincreased from0.3% to 98.0%of the total population.In the late 1980s, signs of retail and residentialrevitalization became evident withdevelopment of a 65,000 square-foot supermarketand 40-unit townhouse complexat Lakeview and Superior Avenues (recentlyre-named "Garrett Square" in memoryof inventor Garrett A. Morgan).Development of single-family homes intensifiedduring the early 1990s.hillsparksIan NaysmithPopulation:(Glenville): 25,485(Forest Hills Parks): 17,390Median Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(Glenville): (Average) $31,811(Forest Hills Parks): $37,000Median Contract Rent:(Glenville): $217(Forest Hills Parks): $237Councilpersons:Craig E. WillisWilliam PatmonRoosevelt CoatsCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Glenville DevelopmentCorporation - 851 -8724Recreation Facilities:Glenville Recreation Center-680 East 113th StYMCA-Midtown East-Mill St. Clair AveShopping Areas:Garrett Square -Lakeview and SuperiorGlenville Town Centre -East 105th and St. ClairThree Points Plaza -East 125th and St. ClairSchools:Glenville High School -268-6000Patrickjunior High School -851-6600Franklin D. Roosevelt JuniorHigh School-541-0587Museums:Cleveland Botanical Gardens -M030EastBlvdParks:Forest Hills Park/Pool -Thomhill and ArlingtonRockefeller Park -MLKJr. DriveGordon State Park/Marina -1-90 and MLK, Jr. DriveCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Don SnydergoodrichkirtlandparkPopulation:(St. Clair-Superior): 12,144(Goodrich-Kirtland Park): 4,506Average Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(St. Clair-Superior): $32,377(Goodrich) (Median): $25,000CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODSst. clair-superiorThe St. Clair-Superior neighborhood beganto urbanize in the 1870s and 1880s, followingthe area's annexation to the City of Cleveland.Industries located north of St. ClairAvenue attracted Slovenian and Lithuanianimmigrants in addition to smaller numbersof Croatians, Germans and Poles. TheSlovenian and Lithuanian communities settledalong St. Clair and Superior Avenuesrespectively.Population in the St. Clair-Superiorneighborhood peaked at over38,000 in 1920 and then declinedgradually until the 1970s when theloss accelerated. Despite this loss,property conditions remain good onmany blocks, which are characterizedby well-manicured front lawnsand urban gardens. The neighborhoodhas become more heterogeneousin recent decades. African-Americanresidents now comprise over half of St.Clair-Superior's population.Recent developments in the neighborhoodinclude the renovation of the closedHodge School at East 74th and Korman forMedian Contract Rent:(StClair-Superior): $193(Goodrich-Kirtland Park): $167Councilpersons:Fannie M. LewisWilliam W.PatmonGary M. PaulenskeCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:St. Clair Superior Coalition -881-0644St. Clair Business Association -391-7332Recreation Facilities:Sterling Recreation Center -1380 East 32nd StYWCA-Metro Center -3201 Euclid AveE.J. Kovacic Recreation Center -6250 St. Clair AveShopping Areas:Payne AvenueSt. Clair Avenue-East 55th and St Claira mixed-use development and a $2 millionimprovement project at Gordon Park, whichincluded the construction of five lightedball diamonds.The Goodrich-Kirtland Park neighborhoodbecame part of the city when ClevelandTownship was annexed in 1850. Thearea began to urbanize in the 1870s and1880s. Area industries attracted Slovenianand Lithuanian immigrants in addition toCroatians, Germans and Poles.Members of the Croatian Community developedSt. Paul's Catholic Church at East40th and St. Clair in 1904 and St. Nicholas'Byzantine Catholic Church at its presentEast 34th and Superior site in 1913.Population in the neighborhood peakedat over 29,000 in 1910 and fell to 4,500 by1990, as residences were replaced by industrialand commercial uses. The neighborhoodhas seen a slight increase in theAfrican-American population and the developmentof a sizable Asian-Americancommunity along Payne Avenue.Schools:Case Elementary School -431-4390East High School-431-5361Immaculate Conception School -361-1883Museums:Slovenian National Home -361-5115Parks:Gordon State Park-1-90 and MLK, Jr. DriveRockefeller Park-MLK, Jr.Drive

Steve ZorcThe Stockyards neighborhood is namedafter the livestock yards located in the areain the earlier part of this century. Owned bythe Cleveland Union Stockyards Company,the yards themselves (pens, troughs, brickwalkways and bidding areas) comprisedstockyardsover sixty acres of land and in 1920 werethe nation's seventh largest livestock yards.The stockyards grew and prospered untilthe post-World War II era, when the livestockindustry began to move westwardand trucking replaced rail transportation.The yards finally closed in 1968. A largepart of the area was redeveloped as a shoppingcenter.The Irish and the Germans were the firstgroups of immigrants to live in the area, followedlater by Czechs, Slovaks, Poles andItalians. All peoples were drawn to the areabecause of the industries which had developedalong the rail lines that ran throughthe Walworth Run valley, notably the PilsnerBrewing Company and the ClevelandUnion Stockyards Company.Recently, along with other neighborhoodson the near-west side, Stockyards has becomehome to a portion of Cleveland's Hispaniccommunity.The Clark-Fulton neighborhood was firstsettled by German immigrants during themid-nineteenth century. The Germans werefollowed by Czechs, Italians, Slovaks andPoles. These immigrants were attracted tothe area to work in the nearby industriesin the Flats as well as thebreweries that developedalong Train Avenue. Portionsof the area were annexedto Cleveland in1867 and 1873.Commercial districts in the Clark-Fultonarea developed during the late 19th andearly 20th centuries to serve the growingimmigrant population. The single- and twofamilyresidences that characterize theneighborhood today dateprincipally from the late19th century.The Scranton Road portionof the neighborhood isdominated by the Metro-Health Medical Center,which was established atits present location in 1889as the City Hospital.The Clark-Fulton area was changed dramaticallyduring the 1960s and 1970s bythe construction of 1-71 and 1-90, whichseparate and isolate the neighborhood fromsurrounding areas. In recent decades, theneighborhood has become home to much ofCleveland's Hispanic community.clarkfultonPopulation:(Stockyards): 8,482(Clark/Fulton): 13,103Average Sale Price of aSingle-family Home:(Stockyards): (Median HousingValue) $27,800(Clark/Fulton): $31,502Median Contract Rent:(Stockyards): $237(Clark/Fulton): $225Councilpersons:Helen Knipe SmithTimothy J. MelenaPatrickJ. O'MalleyCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Clark-Metro DevelopmentCorporation - 741 -9500Stockyards Area DevelopmentAssociation - 631 -1270Recreation Facilities:Meyer Pool -West 30th and MeyerClark Recreation Center-5706 Clark AveGilbert Community Center -West 59th and GilbertLincoln Jr. ParkShopping Areas:Stockyards -West 65th and DenisonWest 25th and ClarkSchools:Lincoln-West High School -631-1505Scranton Rd. Elementary -621-2165Thomas Jefferson Jr. High -631-5962Clark Elementary - 631 -2760Parks:Roberto Clemente ParkStorer ParkCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

^union-milesparkTheorigin of the present Union-Milesneighborhood can be traced to the old villageof Newburgh, which held the distinctionof being the region's largest settlementat the start of the 19th century. The nearby"village of Cleveland," plagued by swampyconditions and an outbreak of malaria, wasrelegated to the status of a "small village onthe lake about six miles from Newburgh" —a settlement which benefitedfrom its location onhigher ground.Among the area's firstsettlers were Judge JamesKingsbury, who built ahouse and sawmill alongthe stream now known asKingsbury Run near thepresent intersection ofEast 93rd and Union, andCharles Miles Sr., forwhom a portion of the areawas named. The presentMiles Park Historic District (one blocknorth of East 93rd and Miles) is the site offour institutional buildings and ten houseswhich date from the late 19th and early20th centuries.Steel mills which were first developed inthe 1850s and 1860s in the vicinity of East91st and East 93rd streets drew an influx ofIrish and Welsh immigrants, followed in thelate 19th century by Slovenian, Romanianand Czech immigrants. Between 1910 and1930, the local population swelled from11,000 to 28,000; by 1940, Cleveland washome to the largest Slovenian populationoutside of Slovenia. Racial change occurredin the 1960s and 1970s as the neighborhood'snon-white population increasedfrom approximately 10% in 1960 to over90% in 1980.In recent decades, an aging housingstock and declining employment in thesteel industry began to take its toll on theUnion-Miles neighborhood. The exodus ofmany middle-income families resulted inreduced population and income levels.The neighborhood is the site of an innovative"child-designed" playground developedin the late 1980s in the KingsburyRun Park. More recently, a number of market-ratehousing projects in and around theneighborhood have enhanced prospects forfurther development and revitalization inUnion-Miles.Population: 17,338Median Sale Price for aSingle-family Home: $37,900Median Contract Rent: $241Councilperson:Robert J. White, IIICommunity DevelopmentCorporation:Union-Miles DevelopmentCorporation - 341 -0757Recreation Facilities:YMCA-Broadway-II300 Miles AveKingsbury Run Park —Kingsbury and KinsmanShopping Areas:East 93rd and UnionEast 93rd and KinsmanSchools:Miles Park Elementary -341-1585Paul Revere Elementary —341-2172Nathan Hale Jr. High - 641 -4485Parks:Calvary CemeteryCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

The University neighborhood includes boththe University Circle and Little Italy areas.It became part of the City of Clevelandwhen portions of East Cleveland Villageand East Cleveland Township were annexedto the City in 1872 and 1892 respectively.In 1799, Nathaniel Doan established atavern and hotel at the present intersectionof East 107th and Euclid. "Doan's Corners"grew rapidly as a stopping point for travelersbetween Cleveland and Buffalo.The area's modern history began in the1880s with the donation of 75 acres ofwooded parkland to the city by industrialistJeptha Wade and the relocation to the area ofWestern Reserve College and the CaseSchool of Applied Science. Other major institutionssoon followed, including the ClevelandMuseum of Art, the Cleveland Museumof Natural History, Severance Hall and UniversityHospitals of Cleveland.Just north of the institutions, land alongWade Park Avenue and Magnolia Drive becamethe site of numerous stately residences,many of which were occupied bytrustees of the institutions.Today, University Circle - with sixty culuniversitytural, educational, medical, social service andreligious institutions clustered in a614-acre campus setting — is uniquein the world with respect to the numberand diversity of its institutions.Little Italy is a compact neighborhoodfocused along Mayfield Roadand tightly bounded by the hills ofLake View Cemetery on the east andnorth, the former Nickel Plate Railroadon the west and CaseWestern Reserve University onthe south. In the late 19th century,Italian immigrants weredrawn to the area principally byopportunities for employmentas stone cutters at the Lake ViewMarble Works.The area north of MayfieldRoad was densely developedwith modest wood-frame housesby 1895. The area south of Mayfieldwas developed between 1905 and1915. The Feast of the Assumption, a fourdayannual celebration sponsored by theHoly Rosary Church, attracts crowds of upto 100,000 in a single night.Jim BaronPopulation: 8,444Median Housing Value:$34,832Median Contract Rent: $263Councilpersons:Patricia J. BrittCraig E. WillisCommunity DevelopmentCorporation:University Circle Incorporated -791-3900Recreation Facility:Alta House Recreation Center -12510 Mayfield RdShopping Area:Little Italy - Mayfield RdSchools:Case Western ReserveUniversity-368-2000Cleveland Institute of Art —421-7000Cleveland Institute of Music —791-5000Cleveland Music SchoolSettlement-421-5806Museums:Cleveland Children's Museum -791-5437Cleveland Museum of Art-421-7340Cleveland Museum of NaturalHistory-231-4600Western Reserve HistoricalSociety-721-5722Cleveland Botanical Gardens —721-1600Parks:Lake View Cemetery —Mayfield and KenilworthWade Park-East Blvd and Wade OvalAmbler Park-MLK, Jr. Drive and AmblesideCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

west parkCleveland's final majorterritorial expansionoccurred in 1923with the annexation ofthe neighboring municipalityof the Village of WestPark. Originally a part ofRockport Township and namedfor early settler Benjamin West, theformer 12.5-square mile villagestretched from West 117th Street to theRocky River, south of the City of Lakewood.Today, in addition to Kamm's Corners, it includesthe neighborhood areas of Jefferson,Puritas-Longmead and Riverside.kamm's cornersThe Kamm's Corners shopping district, locatedat the intersection of Lorain Avenueand Rocky River Drive, was named for localgrocer Oswald Kamm. The area first developedin the 1870s with a small cluster ofhouses and a few shops. Two decades beforethe development of Kamm's Corners, Lorain"Street" was already established as theprincipal east-west route for travel betweenCleveland and points west.During the first two decades of the 20thcentury, development was spurred by establishmentof "interurban" rail transit servicealong Lorain Avenue. It was theextension of the Cleveland Electric RailwayCompany's streetcar line to Kamm's Cornersin 1923, however, that boosted developmentof the neighborhood most dramatically.The Kamm's Corners neighborhood grewat a steady pace from 1920 through 1960.Today, some of the city's highest housingvalues are found in the Kamm's neighborhood,with a median value over 60% higherthan the city average.Although examples of the streetcar-orientedretail buildings can be found in theneighborhood, later development providedthe neighborhood with a number of contemporaryshopping plazas including WarrenVillage at Warren and Edgecliff,Kamm's Plaza at Rocky River and Lorain,and K-Mart Plaza at West 150th and Lorain.Ample recreation opportunities are affordedneighborhood residents by the Metropark'sRocky River Reservation which forms theneighborhood's (and city's) western border.riversideResidential development in Riverside acceleratedafter World War II, as the neighborhood'spopulation increased from 1,422in 1940 to 9,715 in 1960. Hopkins InternationalAirport, established in 1925 southof Brookpark Road near the Rocky RiverValley, has grown to encompass 1,250 acresof land. Its growth also necessitated the annexationof portions of Brook Park Villagein 1946 and 1960 and a portion ofRiveredge Township in 1992.The presence of Hopkins InternationalAirport has influenced development patternsin the area. Recently a program hasbeen undertaken for safety reasons by theairport to acquire homes immediately to thenorth for a "buffer zone." This program,along with the acquisition of houses for theconstruction of 1-480, resulted in a net lossof 300 housing units in Riverside between1970 and 1990, despite the recent newhousing construction in the vicinity of GraytonRoad and Puritas Avenue.Hopkins, NASA's Lewis Research Centerand the 1-480 interchange at GraytonRoad, however, provide opportunities fordevelopment which can capitalize on theproximity of these economic generators.Population:(Kamm's): 20,422(Riverside): 6,602(Jefferson): 20,124(Puritas-Longmead): 15,61 IAverage Sale Price for aSingle-family Home:(Kamm's): $91,470(Riverside): $63,597(Jefferson) (Median): $59,000(Puritas-Longmead): $53,106Median Contract Rent:(Kamm's): $317(Riverside): $200(Jefferson): $322(Puritas-Longmead): $283Councilpersons:David M. McGuirkDale MillerJoseph J. ZoneCommunity DevelopmentCorporations:Kamm's Corners DevelopmentCorporation: 252-6559Westown Community DevelopmentCorporation: 941 -9262Bellaire-Puritas DevelopmentCorpration: 671 -2710CLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

JeffersonDuring the first two decades of the20th century, development in WestPark was spurred by establishment of"interurban" rail transit service connectingDowntown Cleveland withcities to the south and west via LorainAvenue. Access to the area was furtherimproved by extension of the ClevelandElectric Railway Company's streetcarline to West 117th Street in 1913 and thento Kamm's Corners in 1923.Extension of the streetcar line past West117th spurred development in the Jeffersonneighborhood. Both retail and residentialdevelopment accelerated rapidly duringthe 1920s. Retail buildings constructed ator near the street line, in order to maximizetheir convenience to the streetcars, continueto define the character of this portionof Lorain Avenue today. Between 1920and 1930, Jefferson'spopulationincreasedfrom 3,944 to17,725.The populationof Jeffersonalso jumpedafter World WarII as areas westof West 140thStreet began to| develop. These new developments began to| take on a more suburban character. NewerI shopping plazas, with unified parking inI front, were developed at Fairwood Plaza at| Lorain and West 136th and Puritas PlazaI (Marc's Plaza) at Puritas and West 150th.g The construction of 1-90 and 1-71, whichI cross through the north and south ends of theI neighborhood, have also created better ac-I cess and opportunities for office, retail andindustrial development.puritas-longmeadAt the end of the 19th century, before WestPark was a village, real estate developerGeorge Linn founded Linndale, which wasmuch larger than the present day Linndale,and which covered parts of the West Boulevardneighborhood, as well as the northeastsection of the Puritas-Longmead neighborhood.Linndale prospered briefly as a railroadtown - site of the western station wheretrains changed their steam locomotives forelectric engines before entering Cleveland.Some of the earliest known black settlersin West Park arrived in the 1910s, manycoming from Atlanta. Many of the African-American porters who worked on the trainssettled in the vicinity of the station and establisheda small African-American enclavein the otherwise predominantly whitewest side of Cleveland.Rail lines have served to influence theland use patterns in the neighborhood, asthree industrial parks were developed alongtheir lengths. The rail lines and industrialareas have also acted to separate the variousresidential areas in the neighborhoodfrom one another. Most construction in theneighborhood occurred after World War II.Between 1940 and 1960, the populationof Puritas-Longmead increased from 5,430to its peak of 21,027.Opportunities for future industrial and officedevelopment are presented by the proximityof Hopkins Airport and the NASALewis Research Center.Recreation Facilities:YMCA-Westpark/Fairview -15501 Lorain AveMohican Playfield-Triskett near BereaGunning Recreation Center -West 168th and PuritasShopping Centers:Kamm's Corners -Lorain and Rocky RiverWarren Village -Edgecliff and WarrenPuritas and Rocky RiverFairwood Shopping Center-West 136th and LorainSchools:John Marshall High School -251-5740Clara Westropp Jr. HighSchool-267-3706Parks:Rocky River Reservation andNature Center-Valley ParkwayImpett Park- West 150th andMontroseCLEVELAND NEIGHBORHOODS

Cleveland neighborhoodresource directoryThe City of Cleveland iscommitted to new andrenovated housing in aClevelandcity councilvariety of price rangesfor a diverse population.Jay Westbrook,presidentPatricia J. Britt(ward 6)664-4234Roosevelt Coats(ward 10)664-4743Frank G.Jackson(ward 5)664-2309Kenneth L Johnson(ward 4)664-4941living in Cleveland center781-5422Living in Cleveland Center is a localnonprofit agency established in 1983 topromote home ownership in the city.Fannie M. Lewis(ward 7)664-2908David M. McGuirk(ward 21)664-4239Timothy J. Melena(ward 17)664-4235Dale Miller(ward 20)664-2942PatrickJ. O'Malley(ward 16)664-2943financial institutionsThe City of Cleveland has developed anagreement with the following financialinstitutions to provide products, servicesand financing to Cleveland's neighborhoodsand residents:William W Patmon(ward 8)664-4231Charles L Patton, Jr.(ward I)664-4944Gary M. Paulenske(ward 13)664-2691Michael D Polensek(ward II)664-4236Odeliav. Robinson(ward 3)664-4945Bank One Cleveland 269-2265Charter One Bank 566-5300Fannie Mae 687-9797Fifth Third Bank (800) 972-3030First National Bank of Ohio 382-5000Huntington National Bank 515-6000KeyBank (formerly Society National) 689-3000National City Bank 476-2424Star Bank 573-7171James Rokakis(ward 15)664-4238Edward W Rybka(ward 12)664-4233Helen Knipe Smith(ward 14)664-3706Jay Westbrook(ward 18)664-4230RobertJ.White.l(ward 2)664-4237ClevelandNeighborhoodsis presented with the support of:'1* Rockwell AutomationAllen-BradleyReliance ElectricZ A R E M B ACraig E. Willis(ward 9)664-4252Artha Woodsclerk of council664-2840Joseph J. Zone(ward 19)664-3708This neighborhood resource book ismade possible by:Cleveland City CouncilCity of Cleveland CommunityDevelopment NeighborhoodDevelopment Activity FundCleveland CityPlanning CommissionLIVE Publishing Companyand a contribution fromUniversity Circle IncorporatedCleveland Neighborhoods cover photograph by:Diana McNees