Visual Psychophysics / Physiological Optics - ARVO

ARVO 2013 Annual Meeting Abstracts by Scientific Section/Group – Visual Psychophysics / Physiological OpticsProgram Number: 4255 Poster Board Number: B0292Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMInfluences of cycloplegia with topical cyclopentolate on higherorderaberrations in myopic childrenTakahiro Hiraoka 1 , Kazunori Miyata 2 , Fumiki Okamoto 1 , TetsuroOshika 1 . 1 Dept of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,Japan; 2 Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan.Purpose: It is little known about the effect of cycloplegia withtopical cyclopentolate on optical quality of the eye in myopicchildren. We conducted this prospective study to investigate theinfluence of topical cyclopentolate on higher-order aberrations(HOAs) in myopic children.Methods: Twenty-eight eyes of 28 myopic children (17 boys and 11girls), ranging in age from 4 to 12 years (7.25 ± 2.55, mean ±standard deviation), were enrolled in this study. We evaluatedrefraction and wavefront aberrations before and after cycloplegiawith topical instillation of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride. Ocularand corneal aberrations were simultaneously measured and comparedwith each other. Individual Zernike components were also analyzedfor a 6-mm pupil up to the sixth order. All these parameters werecompared before and after cycloplegia. In addition, the obtained datawere compared with other 23 subjects with hyperopia.Results: Cycloplegia with topical cyclopentolate induced significanthyperopic changes from -3.07 ± 2.23 to -2.57 ± 2.15 D (P < 0.001,paired t-test). Ocular higher-order aberrations (HOAs) increasedsignificantly from 0.243 ± 0.111 to 0.263 ± 0.105 μm for coma-likeaberrations (P = 0.042), from 0.124 ± 0.041 to 0.138 ± 0.037 μm forspherical-like aberrations (P = 0.012), and from 0.279 ± 0.105 to0.304 ± 0.096 μm for total HOAs (P = 0.015). Corneal HOAs did notchange by cycloplegia. When corneal and ocular HOAs werecompared, the ocular HOAs were significantly smaller than thecorneal HOAs in spherical-like aberrations (P < 0.001) and totalHOAs (P = 0.006). When compared between myopic and hyperopicchildren, spherical-like aberrations and total HOAs were significantlylarger in hyperopia than in myopia (P = 0.001 and P = 0.042,unpaired t-test). However, each Zernike component showed a largestandard deviation in both groups.Conclusions: Internal optics compensate for corneal HOAs also inmyopic children, and paralysis of tonic accommodation withcyclopentolate considerably affects ocular HOAs. It may be thatphysiological tonic accommodation is done to improve retinal imagequality by reducing HOAs. In addition, HOAs tend to be smaller inmyopia than in hyperopia, but inter-individual variation in eachZernike component is quite large in both myopic and hyperopicchildren.Commercial Relationships: Takahiro Hiraoka, None; KazunoriMiyata, None; Fumiki Okamoto, None; Tetsuro Oshika, NoneProgram Number: 4256 Poster Board Number: B0293Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMFive-year Incidence of Loss of Accommodative Ability in theBeaver Dam Offspring StudyDayna S. Dalton, Karen J. Cruickshanks, Mary E. Fischer, BarbaraE. Klein, Ronald Klein, Aaron A. Pinto. Ophthalmology and VisualSciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.Purpose: To determine the 5-year incidence of loss ofaccommodative ability in a large cohort of adults.Methods: Subjects (n=2256, age 21-84 years at baseline) participatedin both the baseline (2005-2008) and 5-yr follow-up exam (2010 -2012) of Beaver Dam Offspring Study. At each visit a Grand SeikoAutorefractor was used to obtain three measures of refractive error;distance correction and with correction focusing on two near targets;one requiring 2 diopters (D) and the other 4.5D. Readings wereconverted to spherical equivalent (sphere + ½ cylinder) (SE).Participants were classified as myopic (SE ≤ -1.00), hyperopic (SE ≥+1.00) or emmetropic (SE > -1.00 and < +1.00). At each of the twonear targets, the participant was considered to have lostaccommodative ability if the spherical equivalent was ≥ -0.50.Subjects with cataract surgery were excluded.Results: In preliminary analyses of right eyes, there were 741participants in the baseline exam who were able to accommodate atboth targets. Of those, 333 (45%) were not accommodating at the 2Dtarget and 241 (33%) were not accommodating at the 4.5D target atthe 5-yr follow-up exam. Age was highly associated with theincidence of loss of accommodative ability (mean age ofaccommodating at 2D = 38.2 years; 4.5D = 38.7 years, notaccommodating at 2D = 44.7 years; 4.5D = 46.1 years) and risk oflosing accommodative ability increased with increasing age (OR3.18, 95% CI 2.59-3.90 for each 5 years of age). Participants withhyperopia were less likely to lose accommodative ability (OR 0.01,95% CI 0.00 - 0.04) compared to those with emmetropia. There wasno association between myopia or sex with loss of accommodativeability. Eight participants over the age of 55 years at the baselineexamination had accommodative ability at both distances at bothexaminations.Conclusions: Loss of accommodative ability is very common inmiddle-age. These data show that adjusting for age, hyperopia wasassociated with decreased risk. In spite of the strong age effect, asmall number of people retain accommodative ability beyond midlife.Further investigation is necessary to identify factors that areassociated with retention of accommodative ability. To the best ofour knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study using an objectivemeasure to investigate the loss of accommodative ability.Commercial Relationships: Dayna S. Dalton, None; Karen J.Cruickshanks, None; Mary E. Fischer, None; Barbara E. Klein,None; Ronald Klein, None; Aaron A. Pinto, NoneSupport: NIH Grant AG021917Program Number: 4257 Poster Board Number: B0294Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMEffect of Unclean Display on Accommodative ResponseMasakazu Hirota 1 , Hiroshi Uozato 1, 2 , Shinji Arai 1 , Yuko Shibata 1 .1 Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Kitasato Univ Graduate School,Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Japan; 2 Orthoptics & Visual Sciences,Kitasato University School of Allied Health Science, Minami-ku,Sagamihara-shi, Japan.Purpose: To assess change of accommodative response when wewatched an unclean display.Methods: Twenty volunteers (5 men and 15 women; mean ±standard deviation age, 22.2 ± 3.4 years; range, 19 to 33 years)participated in our study. All subjects had a visual acuity of 20/20 orbetter. In addition, we confirmed that all subjects had enoughaccommodation more than 7.00 D (mean ± standard deviation, 12.31± 0.54 D) and their near reflex was normal. Each subject’saccommodative response was measured by a target moving systemWMT-1 (Grand Seiko Co., Ltd, Hiroshima, Japan). WMT-1 canmove a target optionally from 0.2 to 1.0 m and it include a binocularAutorefractor WAM-5500 (Grand Seiko Co., Ltd, Hiroshima, Japan)that can measure refraction every 0.2 second in open field. Weadopted iPad (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA) on WMT-1 as a target. Asan unclean display model, we covered closely to 3 pieces of tracingpaper upon the iPad’s display. We compared accommodativeresponse of a clean display and an unclean display in target distanceof 1 m, 0.5 m, and 0.2 m.Results: The accommodative response of unclean display increased©2013, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permissionto reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at arvo@arvo.org.