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Visual Psychophysics / Physiological Optics - ARVO

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<strong>ARVO</strong> 2013 Annual Meeting Abstracts by Scientific Section/Group – <strong>Visual</strong> <strong>Psychophysics</strong> / <strong>Physiological</strong> <strong>Optics</strong>Purpose: Quality of vision in patients with small aperture cornealinlays to correct for presbyopia depends on its proper centration. Inpractice, the inlay is positioned on the 1 st Purkinje image but if thislocation is far from the foveal achromatic axis, a significanttransverse chromatic aberration could degrade retinal images. Wedeveloped a new instrument to simultaneously measure both the 1 stPurkinje image and the intersection of the achromatic axis with thepupil plane.Methods: The apparatus records images of the eye’s pupil and the 1 stPurkinje reflection when illuminated with a semicircle of infraredLEDs. In addition, a liquid crystal spatial light modulator produces asmall aperture conjugated to the subject’s pupil plane with a locationthat can be controlled by the subject. Subjects perform a Vernier-typealignment task by moving a 1-mm aperture over the eye’s naturalpupil to align a red target to a blue grid. Both the positions of the 1 stPurkinje reflection and the achromatic axis intersection aredetermined simultaneously. Series of data in 33 eyes with a range of+/- 4 D refractive errors were obtained.Results: For each subject the procedure was repeated 10 times. Thestandard deviation in the measurements was below 0.18 and 0.04 mmfor the achromatic axis and 1 st Purkinje positions respectively. Theaverage location of the achromatizing pupil, relative to the subject’snatural pupil, was: x = 0.29 ± 0.19 mm (nasal); y = 0.09 ± 0.19 mm(superior). These values should be compared to the average locationof the 1 st Purkinje image: x = 0.34 ± 0.19 mm; y = 0.07 ± 0.07 mm.Considered individually, the two positions were statistically differentin 8 and 16 eyes for the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directionsrespectively. The differences in the two locations were smaller than0.4 mm for both directions in all the measured eyes.Conclusions: We have designed and built a new instrument thatallows to measure simultaneously both the locations of the 1 stPurkinje image and the achromatic axis intersection with the pupilplane. On average, both locations coincide within the measurementerrors. Although there is individual variability, the maximumdifferences in location did not exceed 0.4 mm in any eye. This valueshould induce a modest amount of transverse chromatic aberration,indicating that centration of the inlay on the 1 st Purkinje image shouldbe adequate for most patients.Commercial Relationships: Silvestre Manzanera, AMO (F), CIBAVision (F), CALHOUN (F), VOPTICA (I); Juan Tabernero, None;Antonio Benito, None; Abhiram S. Vilupuru, AcuFocus (E); PedroM. Prieto, AMO (F), AcuFocus (F), Voptica SL (I), Voptica SL (P);Pablo Artal, AMO (C), Voptica SL (P), Voptica SL (I), AMO (F),Calhoun Vision (F), Calhoun Vision (C), AcuFocus (C)Support: Supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación,Spain (grants FIS2010-14926 and CSD2007-00013) and FundaciónSéneca (Región de Murcia, Spain), grant 4524/GERM/06 &AcuFocus.Program Number: 4282 Poster Board Number: B0319Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AM<strong>Visual</strong> Simulation of Retinal Images with Various Designs ofPinhole Contact Lenses using Ray Tracing SoftwareKazuno Negishi 1 , Yasuyo Nishi 1 , Kazuhiko Ohnuma 2 , KazuoTsubota 1 . 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Keio Univ School ofMedicine, Shinjuku-Ku, Japan; 2 Graduate School of Engineering,Chiba Univesity, Chiba, Japan.Purpose: To determine the optimal design of pinhole contact lenses(PCLs) without refractive power to obtain a full range of vision fromfar to near using ray tracing software.Methods: We used five PCL designs in this study: design 1, a 2-mmcentral clear zone with a 6-mm opaque zone; design 2, five randomlypositioned clear zones 2 mm in diameter in the 8-mm opaque zone;design 3, eight randomly positioned clear zones 2 mm in diameter inthe 8-mm opaque zone. Simulated retinal images with the PCLs at 5and 0.3 meter were obtained using an optical design software and aLiou & Brennan eye model with an 8-mm corneal diameter, a 3-mmpupil diameter, a -1.0-diopter refraction, and a 555-nm wavelength.The modulation transfer functions (MTFs) also were calculated ineach condition.Results: Among the three designs, design 3 performed the best.Conclusions: Our results suggested that a PCL without refractivepower might be useful to obtain a full range of vision from far to nearif designed optimally, and the central clear zone may not always benecessary for a PCL.Commercial Relationships: Kazuno Negishi, Oculentis (F);Yasuyo Nishi, None; Kazuhiko Ohnuma, None; Kazuo Tsubota,AcuFocus, Inc (C), Allergan (F), Bausch Lomb Surgical (C),Functional visual acuity meter (P), JiNS (P), Kissei (F), Kowa (F),Santen, Inc. (F), Otsuka (F), Pfizer (C), Thea (C), Echo Denki (P),Nidek (F), Ophtecs (F), Wakasa Seikatsu (F), CEPT Company (P)Support: 2011FY NEDO Innovation Promotion Program 0822001Program Number: 4283 Poster Board Number: B0320Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AM<strong>Visual</strong> Simulation of Retinal Images with Various Designs ofPinhole Contact LensesYasuyo Nishi, Kazuno Negishi, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Yuki Hidaka,Hidemasa Torii, Megumi Saiki, Kazuo Tsubota. Ophthalmology,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.Purpose: To determine the optimal design of pinhole contact lenses(PCL) without refractive power to obtain a full range of vision fromfar to near using a visual simulation system and to evaluate theoptical performance.Methods: The PCL has a central clear zone in a 6.0-mm diameteropaque zone with many minute clear zones. The total diameter andthe base curve of the PCL were 14.0 mm and 8.5 mm, respectively.The visual simulation system consists of a model eye and a chargecoupleddevice camera. The different PCLs can be placed in front ofthe model eye and evaluated. <strong>Visual</strong> simulations were performedusing this system at 5, 1, and 0.3 meters through a 3-mm apertureusing Landolt visual acuity (VA) charts with different PCLs(different sized central clear zone, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.2 mm;different sized minute clear zones in the opaque zone, 0.14, 0.17,0.20, and 0.23 mm). The contrast levels of the gaps of the LandoltVA charts in the simulated images were analyzed using Photoshopsoftware to determine the optimal PCL design.Results: The PCL with a 1.4-mm central clear zone and 0.17-mmclear zones in the opaque zone maintained the contrast of thesimulated images over 10% at all distances and had the bestperformance among the tested designs.Conclusions: Our results suggested that the PCL without refractivepower might be useful to obtain a full range of vision from far to nearif designed optimally.Commercial Relationships: Yasuyo Nishi, None; Kazuno Negishi,Oculentis (F); Kazuhiro Watanabe, None; Yuki Hidaka, None;Hidemasa Torii, None; Megumi Saiki, None; Kazuo Tsubota,AcuFocus, Inc (C), Allergan (F), Bausch Lomb Surgical (C),Functional visual acuity meter (P), JiNS (P), Kissei (F), Kowa (F),Santen, Inc. (F), Otsuka (F), Pfizer (C), Thea (C), Echo Denki (P),Nidek (F), Ophtecs (F), Wakasa Seikatsu (F), CEPT Company (P)Support: 2011FY NEDO Innovation PromotionProgram.0822001,Dated August 22nd,2011.432 Refractive Errors, Myopia II©2013, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permissionto reproduce any abstract, contact the <strong>ARVO</strong> Office at arvo@arvo.org.

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