brief - Iran 911 Case
brief - Iran 911 Case brief - Iran 911 Case
terrorist attack against America in history up to that time. Imad Mughniyah wasresponsible for the bombings, again acting on direct orders from the Iraniangovernment. 35 The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia would laterdetermine that the Marines barracks bombing was carried out by Hizballah operativesacting on the directives of, and with financing by, senior members of the Iraniangovernment. See Peterson, et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 246 F.Supp. 2d 46 (D.D.C.2003). 36 From a nearby rooftop, Mughniyah himself videotaped the suicide truck beingdriven into the Marines barracks. (Witness X provides additional evidence aboutMughniyah‘s involvement in the 1983 bombings of the U.S. Embassy and the Marinesbarracks.)The Marines barracks truck-bombing led to the withdrawal of the American-ledMulti-National Force from Lebanon, enabling Hizballah to become the dominant militaryand political force in Lebanon, which it remains today. Ex. 7, Bergman Affid. 38; Ex. 2,Timmerman 2nd Affid. 23-25; Baer, Sleeping With The Devil, p. 117. Even moreimportantly, the success of the simultaneous suicide bombings validated Iran‘s belief inthe use of terror as a tool of foreign policy, Baer, The Devil We Know, pp. 226-28; Ex. 2,Timmerman 2nd Affid. 2, Ex. 13, pp. 55-56 (Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1987),because it clearly demonstrated that U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East could beaffected – favorably in Tehran‘s eyes – by terrorist operations.Many other bombings against the United States and its allies, and many othercoordinated acts of terror, would follow in the years after the creation, by Iran, Hizballah,35 Baer, The Devil We Know, pp. 17, 77; Baer, Sleeping With The Devil, p. 117; Ex. 2, Timmerman 2ndAffid. 16-17, 22-23, 25-26; Ex. 7, Bergman Affid. 33-38.36 Mughniyah set up a secret group within Hizballah, the ―Special Research Apparatus,‖ of 200-400crack special forces, all trained in Iran, for use in many of Hizballah‘s terrorist and military operationsin the 1990s. Ex. 7, Bergman Affid. 39.49
and al Qaeda, of the ―most formidable terrorist coalition in history.‖ Baer, See No Evil,p. 269. See infra.2. Kidnappings and Murders. The terrorist strikes of the 1980s wereinterlaced with a wave of kidnappings of dozens of Americans and Europeans inLebanon, starting with the kidnapping of American University of Beirut president DavidDodge on July 19, 1982. ―The Iranian Pasdaran ran the whole operation out ofBalabakk.‖ Baer, See No Evil, pp. 74, 100. After the Dodge kidnapping was clearlyattributed to it, Iran changed its tactics, employing proxies to kidnap more Americans, inorder to give Iran ―plausible denial.‖ Id.; Baer, The Devil We Know, p. 63. Thereafter,Imad Mughniyah, Hizballah, and the IJO, acting as proxies for Iran and supervised by theIRGC and MOIS, kidnapped dozens more, including the kidnapping, torture and murderof the CIA‘s station chief in Beirut, William Buckley (kidnapped 1984, died 1985), andU.S. Marines Lt. Col. William Higgins (kidnapped 1988, died 1990). 37 Like the 1983Marine barracks bombing, the kidnappings played an enormous role in U.S. foreignpolicy as a key component of the Iran-Contra arms-for-hostages scandal. Baer, See NoEvil, pp. 72, 96-97. In 1991, two senior IRGC officers, Feridoun Mehdi-Nezhad andHossein Mosleh (who had recruited Mughniyah), supervised – on direct orders fromIran‘s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei – the release of the last of the Americanhostages kidnapped in Lebanon during the 1980s. Baer, See No Evil, p. 262; see alsoBaer, The Devil We Know, p. 192 (Iran ordered Hizballah leader Hassan Nasrallah to37 Baer, See No Evil, pp. 79-81, 92, 96, 262-63; Baer, The Devil We Know, pp. 54, 63, 127; Baer,Sleeping With The Devil, p. 117; Ex. 2, Timmerman 2nd Affid. 32-33; see also Ex. 11, Banisadrtestimony, p. 26; Surette v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 231 F. Supp. 2d 260 (D.D.C. 2002); Jenco v.Islamic Republic of Iran, 154 F.Supp.2d 27 (D.D.C. 2001); Higgins v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No.1:99CV00377 (D.D.C. 2000)(attached as Ex. 28). Hostage David Jacobsen, who was held in a roomwith Buckley at the Camp Imam Ali in Lebanon, later testified that Mughniyah was the boss of thehostage operations. Ex. 2, Timmerman 2nd Affid. 33.50
- Page 12 and 13: D. CLAIMS ON BEHALF OF NON-U.S. NAT
- Page 15 and 16: In order to revise its pleading to
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- Page 23 and 24: Timmerman 2nd Affid. 124. 14Althoug
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- Page 33 and 34: Perhaps the leading expert on Iran
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- Page 37 and 38: 2. THE ROBERT BAER PUBLICATIONSForm
- Page 39 and 40: Iran provided material and direct s
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- Page 43 and 44: every year since 1984. Ex. 3, Byman
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- Page 59 and 60: The factual reality - as found by t
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- Page 77 and 78: see Ex. 2, Timmerman 2nd Affid. 148
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terrorist attack against America in history up to that time. Imad Mughniyah wasresponsible for the bombings, again acting on direct orders from the <strong>Iran</strong>iangovernment. 35 The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia would laterdetermine that the Marines barracks bombing was carried out by Hizballah operativesacting on the directives of, and with financing by, senior members of the <strong>Iran</strong>iangovernment. See Peterson, et al. v. Islamic Republic of <strong>Iran</strong>, 246 F.Supp. 2d 46 (D.D.C.2003). 36 From a nearby rooftop, Mughniyah himself videotaped the suicide truck beingdriven into the Marines barracks. (Witness X provides additional evidence aboutMughniyah‘s involvement in the 1983 bombings of the U.S. Embassy and the Marinesbarracks.)The Marines barracks truck-bombing led to the withdrawal of the American-ledMulti-National Force from Lebanon, enabling Hizballah to become the dominant militaryand political force in Lebanon, which it remains today. Ex. 7, Bergman Affid. 38; Ex. 2,Timmerman 2nd Affid. 23-25; Baer, Sleeping With The Devil, p. 117. Even moreimportantly, the success of the simultaneous suicide bombings validated <strong>Iran</strong>‘s belief inthe use of terror as a tool of foreign policy, Baer, The Devil We Know, pp. 226-28; Ex. 2,Timmerman 2nd Affid. 2, Ex. 13, pp. 55-56 (Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1987),because it clearly demonstrated that U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East could beaffected – favorably in Tehran‘s eyes – by terrorist operations.Many other bombings against the United States and its allies, and many othercoordinated acts of terror, would follow in the years after the creation, by <strong>Iran</strong>, Hizballah,35 Baer, The Devil We Know, pp. 17, 77; Baer, Sleeping With The Devil, p. 117; Ex. 2, Timmerman 2ndAffid. 16-17, 22-23, 25-26; Ex. 7, Bergman Affid. 33-38.36 Mughniyah set up a secret group within Hizballah, the ―Special Research Apparatus,‖ of 200-400crack special forces, all trained in <strong>Iran</strong>, for use in many of Hizballah‘s terrorist and military operationsin the 1990s. Ex. 7, Bergman Affid. 39.49
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