LP Gas servicemans h.. - HVAC.Amickracing

LP-10LP-GAS SERVICEMAN'SHANDBOOK

APPROXIMATE PROPERTIES OF LP-GASESTable1PROPANEBUTANEFormulaC 3 H 8 C 4 H 10InitialBoiling Point, °F-4431Specific Gravity of Liquid( Water = 1.0) at 60°F0.5040.582Weight per Gallon of Liquid at60°F,LB4.204.81Specific Heat of Liquid,BTU/LB at 60°F0.6300.549Cubic feet of Vapor perGallon at 60°F36.3831.26Cubic feet of Vapor perPoundat 60°F8.666.51Specific Gravity of Vapor( Air = 1.0) at 60°F1.502.01Ignition Temperature in Air, °F 920- 1,120900 - 1,000Maximum Flame Temperaturein Air, °F3,5953,615Cubic feet of Air Required toBurn One Cubic Footof Gas23.8631.02Limits of Flammability in Air,% of Vapor in Air-Gas Mix:(a) Lower(b) UpperLatent Heat of Vaporization atBoiling Point:(a) BTU per Pound(b) BTU per GallonTotal Heating Values AfterVaporization:(a) BTU per Cubic Foot(b) BTU per Pound(c) BTU per Gallon2.159.601847732,48821,54891,5021.558.601678083,28021,221102,0322

APPROXIMATE PROPERTIES OF LP-GASESTable1 (Metric)PROPANEBUTANEFormulaC 3 H 8 C 4 H 10InitialBoiling Point, °C-42-1Specific Gravity of Liquid( Water = 1.0) at 15.56°C 0.5040.582Weight per Cubic Meter ofLiquidat 15.56°C, kg504582Specific Heat of Liquid,Kilojoule/Kilogram at 15.56°C 1.4641.276Cubic Meter of Vapor per Literat15.56°C0.2710.235Cubic Meter of Vapor perKilogram at 15.56°C0.5390.410Specific Gravity of Vapor( Air = 1.0) at 15.56°C1.502.01Ignition Temperature in Air, °C 493-549482-538Maximum Flame Temperaturein Air, °C1,9802,008Cubic Meters of Air RequiredtoBurn 1 Cubic Meter of Gas 0.6760.878Limits of Flammability in Air,% of Vapor in Air-Gas Mix:(a) Lower(b) UpperLatent Heat of Vaporization atBoiling Point:(a) Kilojoule per Kilogram(b) Kilojoule per LiterTotal Heating Values AfterVaporization:(a) Kilojoule per Cubic Meter(b) Kilojoule per Kilogram(c) Kilojoule per Liter2.159.6042821692,43049,92025,1401.558.60388226121,28049,14028,1003

4VAPOR PRESSURE OF LP-GASESVapor pressure can be defined as the force exerted by agas or liquid attempting to escape from a container. Thispressure moves gas along the pipe or tubing to the applianceburner.Outside temperature greatly affects container pressure.Lower temperature means lower container pressure. Toolow a container pressure means that not enough gas isable to get to the appliance.The Table below shows vapor pressures for propane andbutane at various outside temperatures.TEMPERA-TURETABLE 2 APPROXIMATE VAPORPROPANEPRESSURE, PSIGTO BUTANE° F ° C 100% 80/2060/4050/5040/6020/80100%-40-403 . 6 — — — — — —-30-34.4 8 4 . 5 — — — — —-20-28.9 13.5 9.2 4.9 1 . 9 — — —-10-23.3 20169 6 3 . 5 — —0 -17.8 282215117 . 3 — —10-12.2 37292017133 . 4 —20-6.7 47362823187 . 4 —30-1.1 584535292413—404.4 725844373218350108669534640246. 96015.6 1028065564930127021.1 1279578685938178026.7 14012590807046239032.2 1651401129582562910037.8 196168137123100693611043.3 2201851651481308045

DETERMINING TOTAL LOADThe best way to determine BTU input is from the appliancenameplate or from the manufacturer’s catalog. Add theinput of all the appliances for the total load. If specific appliancecapacity information is not available, the Table belowwill be useful. Remember to allow for appliances whichmay be installed at a later date.If the propane load in standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH)is desired, divide the BTU/HR load by 2488 to get SCFH.Conversely, the BTU/HR capacity can be obtained fromSCFH by multiplying the SCFH figure by 2488.Figuring the total load accurately is most important becauseof the size of the pipe and tubing, the tank (or the numberof cylinders), and the regulator will be based on the capacityof the system to be served.Table3 GasRequired for Common AppliancesAPPLIANCERange, Free Standing, DomesticBuilt-In Oven or Broiler Unit, DomesticBuilt-In Top Unit, DomesticWater Heater, Automatic Storage, 30 to 40gal. TankWater Heater, Automatic Storage, 50 gal. TankWater Heater, Automatic Instantaneous2 gal. per minuteCapacity{4 gal. per minute6 gal. per minuteWater Heater, Domestic, CirculatingArmRefrigeratorClothes Dryer, Type 1 (Domestic)Gas LightIncinerator, Domesticor Side-Table Reprinted From NFPA Pamphlet 54APPROX.INPUTBTU/HR65,00025,00040,00045,00055,000142,800285,000428,00035,0003,00035,0002,50035,0005

VAPORIZATION RATEThe rate of vaporization of a container is dependent uponthe temperature of the liquid and the amount of “wettedsurface” area of the container.The temperature of the liquid is proportional to the outsideair temperature and the wetted surface area is the tanksurface area in contact with the liquid. Therefore, whenthe outside air temperature is lower or the container hasless liquid in it, the vaporization rate of the container is alower value.To determine the proper size of ASME storage tanks or theproper number of DOT cylinders for various loads, it is importantto consider the lowest winter temperature at thelocation.Multiple cylinders or tanks may be manifolded to give therequired vaporization capacity. Withdrawal of gas from oneor two containers can lower the container pressure substantiallydue to the refrigeration of the vaporization gas.Regulator capacity is then reduced because of the lowerinlet pressure. Where any reasonably heavy gas load isexpected, put sufficient cylinders on each side of an automaticchangeover system.See pages 7 and 8 for more information.6

VAPORIZATION RATES FORASME STORAGE TANKSA number of assumptions were made in calculating theBTU figures listed in the Table below:1) The tank is one-half full.2) Relative humidity is 70%.3) The tank is under intermittent loading.Although none of these conditions may apply, the Tablecan still serve as a good rule-of-thumb in estimating whata particular tank size will provide under various temperatures.Continuous loading is not a very common occurrenceon domestic installations, but under continuous loadingthe withdrawal rates in the Table should be multipliedby 0.25.Table 4 Max. Intermittent Withdrawal Rate (BTU/HR)Without Tank Frosting* if Lowest OutdoorTemperature (Average For 24 Hours) Reaches . . .TEMPERATURETANK SIZE (GALLONS)1502505001,00040°F214,900288,100478,800852,80030°F187,900251,800418,600745,60020°F161,800216,800360,400641,90010°F148,000198,400329,700587,2000°F134,700180,600300,100534,500-10°F132,400177,400294,800525,400-20°F108,800145,800242,300431,600-30°F107,100143,500238,600425,000* Tank frosting acts as an insulator, reducing the vaporization rate.7

Vaporization Rates for 100 PoundDOT Cylinders“Rule of Thumb” GuideFor continuous draws, where temperatures may reach 0°F,assume the vaporization rate of a 100 lb. cylinder to beapproximately 50,000 BTU/HR Therefore the:Number of cylinders per side = total load in BTU/HR / 50,000Example:If a total load requirement of 200,000 BTU/HR is to be suppliedfrom 100 pound DOT cylinders and winter temperaturesmay drop to 0°F, then how many cylinders are neededper side?Number of cylinders per side = 200,000/50,000 = 4* When using a changeover regulator, 4 cylinders perside are required.Vaporization Rate Table for 100 Lb. DOT CylindersTABLE5 VAPORIZATION RATES IN BTUH FORVARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND LIQUID LEVELSLBS. OFPROPANEIN CYL.-20°F0°F 20°F 40° F10065,00071,00079,00094,0009060,00065,00072,00085,0008054,00059,00066,00077,0007048,00052,00059,00069,0006043,00046,00052,00061,0005037,00040,00045,00053,0004031,00034,00038,00045,0003026,00028,00031,00037,0002020,00022,00025,00029,0001015,00016,00018,00021,0008

CYLINDER AND TANKMANIFOLDINGOften it is necessary to manifold cylinders or tanks to obtainthe required capacity needed for the installation. Multiplecylinder hookups are most frequently used on commercialapplications and at many residential jobs, eventhough tank manifolding is common in certain areas.On certain multi-cylinder or tank installations, an automaticchangeover regulator can be used. These regulatorschange from the supply cylinder (when the gas is exhausted)to the reserve cylinder automatically without havingto shutdown the system to refill.A typical cylinder manifold using an automatic changeoverregulator can be installed in line with multiple cylinders.(See Figure 1 below.)Figure 1COPPER PIGTAILSCH 80 1/2-IN PIPE MANIFOLD AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVERREGULATOR TYPE R422-CDFPA9

CYLINDER AND TANKMANIFOLDINGWhen manifolding cylinders or tanks, do not use a regulatorat each container. When this is done, the required capacityfor the particular installation may not be obtained. Itis impossible to set all of the regulators at the same outletpressure. The regulator delivering the highest outlet pressurewill backpressure the other regulators, keeping themfrom operating. In effect, only one container would be supplyinggas in this sort of situation.The answer on manifold installations is to run high pressurepiping from the containers into a common line, asshown in the Figure below. Then, install a regulator thatcan handle the required capacity. Two-stage regulation isthe most effective system on tank manifold installations.Figure 2Schematic of atank manifoldinstallation1st STAGEREGULATOR102nd STAGEREGULATOR

12Central A/Ccompressor (source ofignition)5-ftMin.(Note 1)DOT Cylindersnot filled on siteIntake to directvent appliance3-ftMin.Crawl space opening,windows, or exhaust fan10-ft Min.(Note 2)3-ftMin.Note 1: 5-ft minimum from relief valvein any direction away from anyexterior source of ignition, openingsinto direct vent appliances, ormechanical ventilation air intakes.Window air conditioner(source of ignition)DOT Cylinder filled onsite from bulk truckFigure 3 DOT CylindersCONTAINER LOCATION (cont)Reprinted from NFPA 58-1995Note 2: If the DOT cylinder is filled on site from abulk truck, the filling connection and vent valvemust be at least 10-ft from any exterior source ofignition, openings into direct-vent appliances, ormechanical ventilation air intakes.

13Central A/Ccompressor(source ofignition)10-ft Min.(Note 1)501-2000 Gal. w.c.(1 ft = 0.3048 m)Intake to directvent appliance125-500 Gal. w.c.Reprinted from NFPA 58-199510-ftMin.(Note 1)Under 125Gal. w.c.10-ftMin.25-ftMin.(Note 2)5-ftMin.25-ftMin.(Note 2)Note 1: Regardless of its size, any ASME tank filled on site must be located so thatthe filling connection and fixed liquid level gauge are at least 10 ft. away from anyexternal source of ignition (i.e., open flame, window A/C, compressor, etc.). Intake todirect vented gas appliance or intake to a mechanical ventilation system.10-ftMin.Crawl spaceopening, windows,or exhaust fanWindow air conditioner(source of ignition)5-ftMin.10-ft Min.(Note 1)Under 125 Gal. w.c.Nearest line ofadjoining property thatmay be built uponFigure 4 Above Ground ASME ContainersNote 2: This distance may be reduced to no less than10 ft. (3 m) for a single container of 1,200-gal (4.5-m 3 )water capacity or less provided such container is at least25 ft (7.6 m) from any other LP-Gas container of morethan 125-gal (0.5-m 3 ) water capacity.CONTAINER LOCATION (cont)

14Crawl space openingCentral A/Ccompressor (source ofignition)(1 ft = =0.3048 m)10-ft Min.(Note 1)Intake to direct ventappliance10-ftMin.(Note 1)2000 Gal. w.c. or less10-ftMin. (Note 1)10-ftMin.(Note 2)10-ftMin.(Note 2)Note 1: The relief valve, filling connection, and liquidlevel gauge vent connection at the container must be atleast 10 ft. from any exterior source of ignition, openingsinto direct-vent appliances, or mechanical ventilation airintakes.Window air conditioner(source of ignition)Crawl space opening,windows, or exhaust fanFigure 5 Below Ground ASME ContainersCONTAINER LOCATION (cont)Reprinted from NFPA 58-1995Nearest line of adjoiningproperty that may be built uponNote 2: No part of an underground container shallbe less than 10 ft. from an important building or lineof adjoining property that may be build upon.

CONTAINER PREPARATION FORREMOVAL OF WATER AND AIRCONTAMINANTSBoth water and air are contaminants that can seriouslyhinder the proper operation of the LP-Gas system and theconnected appliances if not effectively removed. The followingprocedures will help increase system performanceand decrease the number of service calls.REMOVING WATER FROM CONTAINERSWater in LP-Gas cylinders and tanks can contaminate thegas, causing regulator freezeups and erratic applianceperformance. Neutralize any moisture in the container byadding anhydrous methanol (99.85% pure) according tothe amount shown in the Table below.This will minimize freezeup problems for normal amountsof water in a container. However, this water may still causecorrosion or sediment problems. Large amounts of watershould be drained from the tank.CONTAINER SIZE100 lb. cylinder150 gal. tank250 gal. tank500 gal. tank1000 gal. tankTable 6MINIMUM AMMOUNT OFMETHANOL REQUIRED1/8 Pint (2 fluid ounces)1 pint1 quart2 quarts1 gallonWarning: Do not substitute other alcohols in place ofmethanol.15

PURGING AIR FROM CONTAINERSAir in the LP-Gas can cause appliance pilot lights to beextinguished easily. It can also lead to excessive containerpressure, making the safety relief valve open. Since nearlyall containers are shipped from the fabricator under air pressure,it is extremely important to get rid of the air beforethe container is put in service.DOT CylindersFirst, open the cylinder or service valves for several minutesto allow air to bleed to atmosphere. Then, pressurethe cylinder with LP-Gas vapor and again open the cylinderor service valve (repeat this step at least two times).ASME Storage TanksDepending on the type of valves in the tank, (see Figure 6on page 17), purge the container as follows:1) Bleed the air to atmosphere by opening the multi-purposevalve or the service valve for several minutes untilair pressure is exhausted. Close the valve.2) If a pressure gauge has not been installed in the multipurposevalve side outlet, install a 0-300 psig gauge(Fisher Type J506). On tanks with service valves, installa POL x 1/4” FNPT pipe coupling and 0-300 psiggauge in the service valve outlet.3) Attach the truck vapor equalizing hose to the multi-purposevalve’s vapor equalizing valve or the separate vapor-equalizingvalve.4) Slowly open the shutoff valve on the end of the hose sothat the truck excess flow check valve does not slamshut.16

PURGING AIR FROM CONTAINERS (Cont.)ASME Storage Tanks (cont.)(5) Closely watch the pressure, and when the gaugereaches 15 psig, close the shutoff valve.(6) Open the vapor service valve on the multi-purpose valve(or the separate service valve, after removing theadapter). Allow all pressure to be exhausted beforeclosing the multi-purpose valve or the service valve.(7) Repeat steps 4 through 6 at least three more times tomake certain air has been purged from the tank.Figure 6PURGING METHOD WITH MULTI-PURPOSE VALVETO TRUCK VAPOREQUALIZING VALVESHUTOFF VALVEMULTI-PURPOSEVALVEPRESSURE GUAGESERVICE VALVEOUTLETPURGING METHOD WITH SEPARATE VALVESTO TRUCK VAPOREQUALIZING VALVESHUTOFFVALVEVAPOREQUALIZINGVALVESERVICE VALVEPIPECOUPLINGPRESSUREGUAGENote: Do not purge tanks in this way on the customer’sproperty. Purge them in a safe place at the bulk plant site.17

PIPE AND TUBING SIZINGThe proper selection of pipe and tubing sizes is essentialfor the efficient operation of the LP-Gas appliance. Generalconsideration must be given to the maximum gas demandrequirements of the system and the allowable pressureloss from the point of delivery to the inlet connectionof the gas appliance.Four different areas of sizing requirements must be addressed:1) Sizing between First-Stage and Second-StageRegulators2) Sizing between Second-Stage Regulator and Appliance3) Sizing between 2 PSI Service and Line PressureRegulators4) Sizing between Line Pressure Regulator and ApplianceThe following directions and examples, as well as tables 7-10 starting on page 23, will assist you in determining theproper selection of pipe and tubing sizing for these differentareas. All data in the tables are calculated per NFPAPamphlet Nos. 54 and 58.18

PIPE AND TUBING SIZING (Cont.)Directions for Sizing between First-Stage and Second-Stage Regulators1) Measure the required length of pipe or tubing from theoutlet of the first-stage regulator to the inlet of the second-stageregulator.2) Determine the maximum gas demand requirements ofthe system by adding the BTU/HR inputs from the nameplatesof all the appliances or by referring to Table 3 onpage 5.3) Select the pipe or tubing required from Tables 7a, b,and c on pages 23-26.Directions for Sizing Between Second-Stage Regulator and Appliance1) Measure the length of pipe or tubing from the outlet ofthe second-stage regulator to the most remote appliance.(Note: This is the only length needed to size thesecond-stage system.)2) For each outlet and section of pipe, determine the specificgas demand requirements by adding the BTU/HRinputs from the nameplates of each appliance or by referringto Table 3 on page 5.3) Select the pipe or tubing required for each section fromTable 8 on page 27.19

20Example (cont.)Determine the sizes of pipe or tubing required for this twostageLP-Gas installation.For First-Stage:1) Length of first-stage piping = 25 feet (round up to 30 ft.for use in Table 7a, b, c.).2) Total gas demand = 40,000 + 75,000 + 120,000 =235,000 BTU/HR.3) From Tables 7a, b, c, use 1/2” iron pipe, 3/8” coppertubing or 1/2” plastic tubing. (Assume a 10 psig firststageregulator setting and 1 psig pressure drop.)For Second-Stage:1) Total second-stage piping length = 30 + 10 + 15 = 55feet (round up to 60 ft. for use in Table 8).2) Gas demand requirements and pipe selection from Table8 (Assume a 11” w.c. setting and 1/2 psig pressuredrop):For Outlet A, demand = 40,000 BTU/HR, use 1/2” iron pipeFor Outlet B, demand = 75,000 BTU/HR, use 1/2” iron pipeFor Outlet C, demand = 120,000 BTU/HR, use 3/4” ironpipeFor Section 1, demand = 40,000 + 75,000 = 115,000 BTU/HR, use 3/4” iron pipeFor Section 2, demand = 40,000 + 75,000 + 120,000 =235,000 BTU/HR, use 1” iron pipeExample:A private home is to be supplied with a propane systemserving a central furnace, range and water heater. Thegas demand and piping lengths are shown on the sketchbelow.Figure 7AWATERHEATER40,000BTU/HR15’BRANGE 75,000BTU/HR10’ 30’Section 1 Section 212’ 10’CFURNACE120,000 BTU/HRFisher 1stStage RegulatorFisher 2nd StageRegulator25’

PIPE AND TUBING SIZINGDirections for Sizing Between 2 PSI ServiceRegulator and Line Pressure Regulator1) Measure the length of CSST tubing from the outlet ofthe 2 PSI service regulator to the inlet of the line pressureregulator.2) Determine the maximum gas demand requirements ofthe system by adding the BTU/HR inputs from the nameplatesof all the appliances or by referring to Table 3 onpage 5.3) Use the correct footage column, or next higher columnin Table 9. Select CSST tubing size when capacity incolumn exceeds gas demand.Directions for Sizing Between LinePressure Regulator and Appliance1) Measure the length of CSST tubing from the outlet ofthe line pressure regulator to each of the appliances.2) For each outlet and section of CSST tubing, determinethe specific gas demand requirements by adding theBTU/HR inputs from the nameplates of each applianceor by referring to Table 3 on page 5.3) Use the correct footage column, or next higher columnin Table 10. Select CSST tubing size when capacity incolumn exceeds gas demand.Example:A typical single family home with four appliances is to besupplied with a propane system. The piping is arranged inparallel with a distribution manifold branching CSST runsto the appliances. The supply pressure (downstream ofthe service regulator) is 2 psig and the outlet pressure ofthe line pressure regulator is set to 11” w.c. (see next page).21

PIPE AND TUBING SIZINGDetermine the sizes of pipe or tubing required for this inhouseLP-Gas installation.Figure 82 PSIServiceRegulatorMANIFOLDREGULATORA = 20ftxxxxxB = 10ftC = 10ftE = 35ftRANGE 52,000 BTU/HRWATER HEATER36,000 BTU/HRxxxD = 30ftxxxFURNACE80,000 BTU/HRDRYER28,000 BTU/HRFrom 2 PSI Service Regulator to Line Regulator:1) Length of section A tubing = 20 feet2) Total gas demand = 80,000 + 36,000 + 28,000 + 52,000= 196,000 BTU/HR3) From Table 9, use 25’ column. Select 3/8” CSST for runA, as it has capacity over 196,000 BTU/HR (262,000).(Assume a 2 psig second-stage regulator setting and 1psig pressure drop)From Line Pressure Regulator to Each Appliance:1) For line B, length= 10 feet; gas demand = 80,000 BTUFor line C, length= 10 feet; gas demand = 36,000 BTUFor line D, length= 30 feet; gas demand = 28,000 BTUFor line E, length= 35 feet; gas demand = 52,000 BTU2) CSST Tubing selection from Table 10 (Assume a 11”w.c. setting and 0.5” w.c. pressure drop):22LINEBCDELENGTH FT10103035** Use 40' column in Table 10LOAD 1000BTU/HR80362852CSST CAPACITY 1000BTU/HR129502864SELECTCSST SIZE1/23/83/81/2

23PIPE AND TUBING SIZING (cont.)Regulator(High PressureSizing Between First-StagePipe7aTableRegulator)(Low Pressureand Second-StageBTUH.1000inCapacitiesdrop.pressurepsig1andsettingstagefirstpsig10onbasedcapacitiespropaneMaximum undilutedIRON PIPESCHEDULE 40orPipeLength ofFeetTubing,1/2"0.6223/4"0.8241"1.0491.38-1/4"1 11.61-1/2"2"2.0673"3.06830405060708090100150200250300350400450500600700800900100015002000184315771398126711651084101796177266058553048845442640236433531229327622219038543298292326492437226721272009161313811224110910209498908417627016526125784643977259621355074989459042704007378530392601230520891922178816771584143613211229115310898757481490412756113061024494248767822677706240534047334289394536703444325329482712252323672236179515372233119113169391534814120131361232511642934980027092642659115499516048744416406337803546335026902302430083680932623295592719425299237372242218005154101365812375113851059199389387850578257279683064525181443412118010371491920832867662271282668826317650733434213848334868320782984328000264492396522047205111924518178145981249454-1996.NFPA Pamphletin10-25From TableReprintedTable

PIPE AND TUBING SIZING (cont.)Table 7b Pipe Sizing Between First-Stage and Second-Stage RegulatorsMinimum undiluted propane capacities listed are based on a 10 psig first stage settingand 1 psig pressure drop. Capacities in 1,000 BTU/HR.TubingLength(Ft.)REFRIGERATION TUBINGNominal Size (Outside Diameter)3/8"(0.375)1/2"(0.500)5/8"(0.625)3/4"(0.750)7/8"(0.875)COPPER TUBING TYPE LNominal Size (Outside Diameter)1/4"(0.375)3/8"(0.500)1/2"(0.625)5/8"(0.750)3/4"(0.875)302997261367232933943097001303220533944025662111701993290426559911151887290450227551103717662574235531988167225746020649993916002332213481896151523327018945986414722146196443824139421468017642780413701996182412767129719969016540175412851873171386719121718731001563787131214176916136567911491769150125304572975142113029354692314212001072604908341216111251467790121625095230434739107890222414700107830086209393670976892013756349763507919236261689882185345584898400741793375738367617232154383645069168316538784711623015097845006515829850874168153284481741600591442704606716113825843667170054132249424617561272374016178005112323139457452118221373574900481152173705394911120735053910004510920534950946105195331509150036871652814093784157266409200031751412403503272134227350To convert to capacities at 5 psig setting with 10 percent (0.5 psig) pressure drop, multiplyvalues by 0.606. To convert to capacities at 15 psig setting with 10 percent (1.5 psig)pressure drop, multiply values by 1.380.Table Reprinted From NFPA Pamphlet 54-1996.24

PIPE AND TUBING SIZING (cont.)Table 7c Polyethylene Plastic Tube Sizing BetweenFirst-Stage and Second-Stage RegulatorsMaximum undiluted propane capacities listed are based on 10 psig first stagesetting and 1 psi pressure droop. Capacities in 1000 BTU/HR.PLASTICTUBINGLENGTH(FEET)1/2 in. CTSSDR 7.00(.445)PLASTIC TUBING SIZE (CTS)(DIMENSIONS IN PARENTHESIS ARE INSIDE DIAMETER)1in. CTSSDR 11.00(.927)1/2 in. IPSSDR 9.33(.660)3/4 in. IPSSDR 11.0(.860)1 in. IPSSDR 11.00(1.077)307625225214342927744406534472183536736628505783964162632565874605243591147329505322704823304135527144896804483074126125254555904212884118323694274100397272411172238403712535224149901983357815031921888971797324217529420138261653298320027318726781539277522525617577211443260325024216596811363245927523015766461294233630021915036171235222835020213835671136205040018812875281057190745017612074959921789500166114046893716906001511033424849153170013995139078114098001298843637261311900121830340682123010001147843226441162150092629258517933200079539221443798Table Reprinted From Tables 10-32 & 10-33 in NFPA Pamphlet 54-1996.25

26PIPE AND TUBING SIZING (cont.)and ApplianceSizing Between Second-StagePipe8TableBTUH.1000inCapacitiesdrop.pressurecolumnwaterinch11onbasedarelistedcapacitiespropaneMaximum undilutedLength oforPipeFeetTubing,PIPESCHEDULE 40Diameter)(InsideSizeNominalCOPPER TUBING TYPE LDiameter)(OutsideSizeNominal1/2"(0.622)3/4"(0.824)1"(1.049)1-1/4"(1.38)1-1/2"(1.61)2"(2.067)3"(3.068)3-1/2"(3.548)4"(4.026)1/4""(0.375)3/8"(0.500)1/2"(0.625)5/8"(0.750)3/4"(0.875)102030405060801001251502002503003504002912001611371221109484746758514643406084183362872552311981751551411201079789831146788632541480435372330292265227201182167156235316171299111198589276467760054446541237434432035252423194616651476133711441014899815697618560515479678946663747320728422575220419541731156913431190107899292319130131481055890368009725662115504487844203783335330382795260028008192501545813230117261062590938059714364725539490944484092380739018268172153518431163351480112668112279950901677166839619657015303493427232019161412111098771107661524642363228262219181615206141114978678675952484136333028348239192164146132113100898069615551475363682962532242031741541371241069485787354-1996.NFPA Pamphletin& 10-2810-26From TablesReprintedTable

CSSTTUBE SIZEEHD**FLOWDESIGNATIONTable 9 Maximum Capacity of CSSTIn thousands of BTU per hour of undiluted liquefied petroleum gases at a pressure of 2 psi and a pressure drop of 1 psi.(Based on a 1.52 specific gravity gas)TUBING LENGTH (FEET)102530405070801001502002503004005003/8Inch134262622382031811461401241018677696053– – –155583473162712431961891691371181059682721/2Inch18927591540469420344333298245213191173151135– – –1911067016405544964063933502872482222031751583/4Inch23173511201027896806665643578477415373343298268– – –2521681384126611009868097684703575501448411355319– – –304097256023312012179414571410125610218807857166165501 Inch314720295426922323207216851629145411821019910829716638Table does not include effect of pressure drop across the line regulator. If regulator loss exceeds 1/2 psi (based on 13-in. w.c. outlet pressure), DO NOT USETHIS TABLE. Consult with regulator manufacturer for pressure drops and capacity factors. Pressure drops across a regulator may vary with flow rate. CAUTION:Capacities shown in table may exceed maximum capacity for a selected regulator. Consult with regulator or tubing manufacturer for guidance.*Table includes losses for four 90-degree bends and two end fittings. Tubing runs with larger numbers of bends and/or fittings shall be increased by an equivalentlength of tubing to the following equation: L = 1.3n where L is the additional length (ft) of tubing and n is the number of additional fittings and/or bends.**EDH – Equivalent Hydraulic Diameter – A measure of the relative hydraulic efficiency between different tubing sizes. The greater the value of EHD, the greaterthe gas capacity of the tubing.*Table Reprinted From Table 10-30 in NFPA Pamphlet 54-1996.PIPE AND TUBING SIZING (cont.)27

28CSSTTUBE SIZETable 10 Maximum Capacity of CSST*In Thousands of BTU per Hour of Undiluted Liquefied petroleum gases at a pressure of 11 In. W.C. and a pressure drop of 0.5-in. w.c.(Based on a 1.52 specific gravity gas.)EHD**FLOWDESIGNATIO-NTUBING LENGTH (FEET)5 10152025304050607080901001502002503003/8Inch 1372503934302823201917151514119 8 8– – –1499695549423933302625232220151412111/2Inch 181811291049182746458534945444131282523– – –19211150121106948774666057525047363330263/4Inch 233552542081831641511311181079994908566605350– – –254263032482161921771531371261171091029875696157– – –3074452142236532529725622720719117816915912311299901 Inch31863605490425379344297265241222208197186143129117107*Table includes losses for four 90-degree bends and two end fittings. Tubing runs with larger numbers of bends and/or fittings shall be increased by an equivalentlength of tubing to the following equation: L = 1.3n where L is the additional length (ft) of tubing and n is the number of additional fittings and/or bends.**EDH – Equivalent Hydraulic Diameter – A measure of the relative hydraulic efficiency between different tubing sizes. The greater the value of EHD, the greaterthe gas capacity of the tubing.*Table Reprinted From Table 10-29 in NFPA Pamphlet 54-1996.PIPE AND TUBING SIZING (cont.)

SELECTING THE REGULATORRegulator performance curves show the capacity of a regulatorat different inlet pressures, given the factory settingfor outlet pressure.Figure 9 on page 30 shows a performance curve for a FisherR522 Second-Stage Regulator. Gas flow rate is plottedhorizontally and regulator outlet pressure vertically. Thecurved line represents an inlet pressure of 10 psig. For theappliance to operate efficiently, the regulator outlet pressuremust not fall below 9” w.c.Fisher rates this particular regulator at the point the 10-psig-inlet curve crosses the 9” w.c. horizontal line. Thus,the Fisher catalog literature would rate this regulator at1,375,000 BTU/HR. or more - if the inlet pressure staysabove 10 psig.What you must know to select a regulator:1. Appliance Load2. Pipe Size3. Inlet Pressure4. Outlet Pressure5. Gas Used (Propane/Butane)6. Select From Manufacturer Catalog29

TYPICAL CAPACITY CURVEFigure 910 PSIG6001,500,000131211109CU FT/HRBTU/HR100250,000200500,000300750,000PROPANE FLOW RATE5001,250,0004001,000,000OUTLET PRESSUREINCHES OF WATER COLUMN30

REGULATOR SELECTIONTYPE OFREGULATOR ORSERVICEFirstStage1(Reduces tankpressure to 10 psigor less)Second Stage2(Reduces firststage outletpressure to14"W.C. or less)Integral Two-Stage1(Combines a highpressure and asecond stageregulator)High Pressure 3(Reduces tankpressure to a lowerpressure in excessof 1 psig)2 PSIG2 Service(Reduces firststage pressure to 2PSIG)Table 11CAPACITY, BTU/HR900,0001,100,00-2,600,000270,000875,000-1,375,0001,600,000-2,400,0002,025,0005,512,0008,000,000-12,500,000275,000685,000-1,100,0001,700,000600,000-1,150,0002,625,000-5,250,0009,800,000-20,400,0006,080,00010,773,00014,000,00029,295,000-36,225,000RECOMMENDEDFISHERREGULATORR312HR522HR312R522S102CLR422S302GS202GR332R532R43267 or 67G64 or 64SRType 299627630-104/7899400,000R312E1 Based on 30 psig inlet pressure and 20% droop2 Based on 10 psig inlet pressure and 20% droop3 Based on inlet pressure 20 psig greater than outlet pressure with 20% droop.NOTE: The capacity BTU/HR column should be used forreference purposes only. The capacity will vary dependingon the pipe size, orifice size and outlet pressure setting.31

TWO-STAGE REGULATIONAdvantages of Two-Stage RegulationUniform Appliance Pressure - Two-staging lets the firststageregulator supply a nearly constant inlet pressure tothe second-stage regulator at the house. This means thesecond-stage regulator has an easier time of maintainingappliance pressure at 11” w.c., thus improving the systemefficiency.Lower Installation Costs - Smaller pipe or tubing can beused between the first and second-stage regulators due tothe higher pressure, thus reducing installation and pipingmaterial costs.Freezeups - Two-stage systems reduce problems due toregulator freezeups caused by excessive water in gas.Larger orifices make it more difficult for ice to form andblock the passage area. The expansion of gas at two differentorifices in a two-stage system greatly reduces the“refrigeration effect” that causes freezeups. See FisherBulletins LP-18 and LP-24 for more detailed informationon freezing regulators.Flexibility of Installation - A high pressure regulator canfeed a number of low pressure regulators, thus enablingthe addition of appliances in the future to the same pressureline without affecting their individual performance.Fewer Trouble Calls - With two-stage regulation, you canexpect fewer trouble calls due to pilot outage or burneradjustment. This means higher appliance efficiency, lowerservice costs and better customer relations.32

REGULATOR INSTALLATIONFigure 10TWO-STAGE REGULATIONTwo Regulators, one at tank and one at building,reduce pressure down to burner pressure (11” w.c.)A two-stage regulator system or an integral two-stage regulatorshall be required on all fixed piping systems that serveappliance systems at 11” w.c. This includes R.V., manufacturedhousing and food service installations. (Exceptions:Small portable appliances and outdoor cooking applianceswith input ratings of 100,000 BTU/HR or less, certaingas distribution systems utilizing multiple second-stageregulators and systems that provide an equivalent level ofoverpressure protection).This standard along with changes in UL 144 requiring increasedregulator relief valve capacity or an overprotectionshutoff device, results in the maximum pressure downstreamof the second-stage regulator being limited to 2 psigeven with a regulator seat failure.See Fisher Bulletin LP-15 for more detailed informationon regulator operation, installation and maintenance.33

REGULATOR INSTALLATIONRegulator VentsRegulators should be installed in accordance with NFPA58 and any other applicable regulations, as well as themanufacturer’s instructions. The following guidelines shallbe followed:Outdoor Installations - A regulator installed outdoors withouta protective hood must have its vent pointed verticallydown, as shown in the drawing.Figure 11VENT POINTEDDOWN34The regulator should be at least 18 inches above ground.Do not install the regulator where there can be excessivewater accumulation or ice formation, such as directly beneatha downspout, gutter or roofline. All vent openingsmust be at least three horizontal feet from any buildingopening and no less than five feet in any direction from anysource of ignition, openings into direct vent appliances ormechanical ventilation intakes.Horizontally mounted regulators, such as on single cylinderinstallations, must be installed underneath a protectivecover. On ASME tank installations with the regulator installedunder the tank dome, the regulator vent should slopeslightly down enough to allow any condensation to drainfrom the spring case. The regulator vent should be positionedfar enough back from the tank dome slot so that it isprotected from the weather. The hood should be keptclosed.Regulators without “drip lip” vents must be installed undera protective cover.

REGULATOR INSTALLATIONRegulator Vents (cont.)Indoor Installations - In a fixed pipe system, regulators installedindoors require a vent line to the outside air. Ascreened vent assembly (Fisher Type Y602 series or equivalent)must be used at the end of the vent line. The ventassembly position and location precautions are the sameas for regulator vents. The vent line must be the same sizeas the regulator vent and adequately supported. See Figurebelow.Figure 12TOAPPLIANCEVENT ASSEMBLYBASEMENTVENTLINEFROMFIRST-STAGEREGULATORDISCHARGEOPENING MUSTBE AT LEAST 3FT FROM ANYOPENINGBELOW ITUnderground Tanks - A vent tube is required on these installationsto prevent water from entering the regulator’sspring case. The vent tube connects to the regulator ventand terminates above any possible water level, see Figurebelow. Be sure that the ground slopes away from the tankdome as illustrated. See Figure below.Figure 13Moderately crown surfacearound dome. This preventswater collecting and runninginto dome or standingaround dome.2” MinimumEnd of regulator venttube located at topinside dome cover.Regulatorbonnetclosure capmust be tight.Water mark in domeat level above vent orend of vent tuberequires replacementof regulatorand correctinginstallation.35

LEAK TESTING METHODSThere are two primary methods for testing leaks in installations:Low Pressure Method1) Inspect all connections and appliance valves to be surethey are tight or closed. This includes pilot valves.2) Connect a low pressure gauge (Fisher Type 50P-2 orequivalent) to the burner orifice and open the valve.3) Open the service valve at the tank to pressure the system.Close the service valve tightly.4) The low pressure gauge should read at least 11” w.c.Slowly bleed off pressure by opening burner valve onthe appliance to vent enough gas to reduce the pressureto exactly 9” w.c.5) If the pressure remains at 9” w.c. for 3 minutes, you canassume the system is leak tight. If the pressure drops,refer to the leak detection procedures on the next page.6) After the leak is repaired, repeat steps 3, 4, and 5.High Pressure Method1) Inspect all connections and appliance valves to be surethey are tight or closed. This includes pilot valves.2) Connect a test block . (Fisher Type J600 or equivalentin the service valve outlet at the tank, between thevalve’s outlet and the first regulator in the system.)36

LEAK TESTING METHODSHigh Pressure Method (cont.)3) Open the service valve at the tank to pressure the system.Close the service valve tightly.4) Open an appliance valve until the test block’s pressuregauge drops to 10 psig.5) The system should stand for 3 minutes without an increaseor decrease in the 10-psig reading. If pressuredrops, refer to the leak detection procedure section. Ifpressure increases, then the service valve is leaking.6) After any leaks are repaired, repeat steps 2, 3 and 4.Leak Detection and Correction Procedures1) Use a bubble leak detection solution, or mechanicalleak detector, (never a match or an open flame) whenchecking for leaks.2) Apply the solution over every pipe or tubing joint andobserve carefully to see if the bubbles expand, indicatinga leak is present. A large leak can blow the solutionaway before bubbles have a chance to form.3) To correct a leak on flaring tubing, first try to tighten theconnection. If this doesn’t work, reflare.4) On threaded piping, try tightening or redoping first. Ifthe leak continues, take the connection apart and inspectthe threads. Cut new threads if necessary.5) If steps 3 and 4 fail to correct the problem, look forsandholes in the pipe or fittings and check for splits inthe tubing. Replace whatever material is defective.Note: Leaks caused by equipment such as gas cocks,appliances, valves, etc., will require repair of the faultypart or replacement of the entire device.37

38REGULATOR INSPECTIONThe following items should be checked at each gas deliveryand at regularly scheduled testing and maintenanceprogram intervals.The customer should be instructed to turn off the tank servicevalve if gas can be smelled, pilot lights fail to stay on,or any other abnormal situation takes place.Improper InstallationThe regulator vent Figure 14must be pointeddown or under aprotective cover.Regulators without“drip lip” vents mustbe under a protectivecover. Properinstallation alsoDrip Lipminimizes weatherrelated vent blockage and internal corrosion.Vent BlockageMake sure the regulator vent, vent assembly, or vent tubeis not blocked with mud, insect nests, ice, snow, paint, etc.The screen should be clean and properly installed.Internal & External CorrosionReplace any regulator that has had water in the spring caseor shows evidence of external or internal corrosion. Regulatorsthat have been flooded or that have been installedhorizontally which minimizes moisture drainage, or on undergroundtanks, or in coastal areas are more susceptibleto internal corrosion.To inspect for internal corrosion:1) Remove the regulator’s closing cap and look down intothe spring case (a flashlight may be needed).2) On some regulators it may be necessary to shut downthe system and remove the adjusting screw and mainspring to adequately see any internal corrosion.

REGULATOR INSPECTION (cont.)Internal & External Corrosion (cont.)3) Look for visible corrosion or water marks on the reliefvalve area and chimney (shaded area in the picturebelow).4) Replace the regulator if corrosion is present.Figure 15Shaded area indicatesspot to examine forinternal corrosion.Regulator AgeLocate and replace old regulators. Replace regulators thatare over 15 years of age or that have experienced conditions(corrosion, underground systems, flooding, etc.) thatwould shorten their service life. Older regulators are morelikely to fail because of worn or corroded parts. Replacewith a two stage regulator system.Abnormal PressureRegulator disc wear (especially on older regulators) or foreignmaterial (dirt, pipe scale, etc.) lodged between theregulator disc and orifice can cause higher than normaloutlet pressure to the appliances at lock up or extremelylow flows. A pressure test of the system will be required toverify the outlet pressure under these conditions. Replacethe regulator if pressure is high. Check the system for foreignmaterial and clean out or replace pigtails as needed.Always retest the system after replacing a regulator.See Fisher Bulletin LP-32 and the instruction manual formore detailed information on inspecting LP-Gas regulators.39

40TROUBLESHOOTING DOMESTICTANK FITTINGSA periodic inspection and maintenance program is recommendedfor domestic tank fittings. The following briefly discussesways to avoid and correct potential safety problemswith the most common domestic fittings.A more complete examination of this subject can be foundin Fisher’s Bulletin LP-26, applicable Fisher instructionmanuals and NPGA Safety Bulletin 306.Filler ValvesAlways use a filling hose adapter on the end of the hoseend valve during the filling process. After filling the tank,do not disconnect the Acme coupling from the filler valveuntil the Fill valve is closed and all pressure between thehose end valve and the Fill valve has been bled off. Ifpressure discharge continues, the filler valve may havemalfunctioned. DO NOT REMOVE THE FILL HOSE ASTHE INTERNAL PARTS MAY BE BLOWN OUT. If lighttapping does not close the Fill valve, disconnect the FillingHose Adapter from the Hose End Valve, leaving the FillingHose Adapter on the Fill valve. The tank will probably haveto be emptied to replace the Fill valve.Some Fill valve designs allow the seat disc to be replacedwhile the tank is pressurized. On these designs, makesure the lower back check is still functioning by forcing openthe upper back check with an adapter. Take care to dislodgeonly the upper back check and not both back checks.If there is little leakage with the upper back check open,then the lower back check is in place and the disc can bereplaced by following the manufacturer’s instructions.Relief ValvesDO NOT STAND OVER A RELIEF VALVE WHEN TANKPRESSURE IS HIGH. A relief valve’s purpose is to relieveexcessive tank pressure which can be caused by overfilling,improper purging of air from the container, overheatingof the tank, improper paint color, or high vapor pressure,to list just a few reasons. Check the tank pressuregauge if the relief valve is leaking. On a 250 psi design

TROUBLESHOOTING DOMESTICTANK FITTINGS (cont.)Relief Valves (cont.)pressure tank for example, if the relief valve is dischargingbetween the 240 to 260 psig range, the relief valve is workingproperly as long as it reseats.A relief valve that discharges substantially below 240 psigor that does not reseat when the tank pressure is lowered,will have to be replaced. Do not attempt to force the valveclosed. Lower the tank pressure by withdrawing gas orcooling the outside of the tank.Always keep a rain cap on the relief valve to help keep outdirt, debris and moisture.Relief valves, like other pieces of equipment, will not lastforever. Fisher recommends that a relief valve not be usedfor over 15 years. Earlier replacement may be requiredbecause of severe service conditions or applicable federal,state, or local codes.Liquid Withdrawal ValvesA damaged seat or missing internal parts may allow anexcessive amount of liquid discharge when the closing capis loosened. These valves have a bleed hole in the closingcap to vent liquid before the cap is completely unscrewed.If a significant amount of the liquid continues to vent frombeneath the cap after 30 seconds, do not remove the cap.Should only vapor be leaking from under the cap, the connectionto the withdrawal valve can usually be made.There is the possibility of liquid spray while opening thewithdrawal valve with an angle valve-special adapter. Forthis reason, protective clothing should be worn and extremecare taken throughout the entire process.Service ValvesShow the customer this valve and tell him to shut it off ifgas is escaping into the house or any other abnormal situationtakes place. Check the stem seal and shut off seatsperiodically for leakage and replace it is necessary (emptythe tank first).41

42ORIFICE ORDRILL SIZETable 12PROPANELP-Gas Orifice Capacities LP-Gases(BTU/HR at Sea Level)BUTANEORIFICE ORDRILL SIZEPROPANEBUTANE0.0085195895136,53141,4140.0096567445039,84245,1680.018129214943,36149,1570.0119811,1124846,98353,2630.0121,1691,3264750,08856,783801,4801,6784653,29660,420791,7081,9364554,64161,944782,0802,3584460,22968,280772,6292,9804364,36972,973763,2493,6844271,09580,599753,5814,0594174,92484,940744,1194,6694078,02988,459734,6785,3033980,51391,215725,0815,7603883,72194,912715,4956,2303787,86099,605706,3757,2273692,207104,532696,9347,8603598,312111,454687,8138,85834100,175113,566678,3209,43333103,797117,672668,84810,03132109,385124,007659,95511,28631117,043132,6896410,53511,94330134,119152,0466311,12512,61229150,366170,4666211,73513,30428160,301181,7286112,36714,02027168,580191,1146013,00814,74726175,617199,0925913,66015,84625181,619205,8965814,33316,24924187,828212,9355715,02617,03523192,796218,5675617,57219,92122200,350227,1315521,93924,87221205,525232,9975424,63027,92220210,699238,8635328,76932,61519223,945253,8805232,80537,19018233,466264,673BTU Per Cubic Foot = Propane—2,516 Butane—3,280Specific Gravity = Propane—1.52 Butane—2.01Pressure at Orifice, Inches Water column = Propane—11 Butane—11Orifice Coefficent = Propane—0.9 Butane—0.9

Table 13 Line Sizing Chart For Liquid Propane Flow in GPMBased on 1 psig pressure drop.Propane at 60°F.Based on Schedule 40/80 steel/iron pipe.Pipe1 /2" 3 /4"1 " 1 -1/4"1 -1/2"2 " 2 -1/2"3 " 4"(Ft.)408040804080408040804080408040804080107.1 5.0 15.0 11.3 28.3 22.2 5847.6 8773169143269229475410967846155.8 4.1 12.2 9.2 23.0 18.1 47.5 38.8 7159137116219187387334789690205.0 3.5 10.5 8.0 19.9 15.6 41.0 33.5 6251119100189161335289682597304.1 2.9 8.5 6.5 16.2 12.7 33.4 27.3 50.1 41.6 9782154131283235556486403.5 2.5 7.4 5.6 14.0 11.0 28.8 23.5 43.3 35.9 8471133114236203481421503.1 2.2 6.6 5.0 12.5 9.8 25.7 21.0 36.6 32.1 7563119101211182429376602.8 2.0 6.0 4.5 11.3 8.9 23.4 19.1 35.2 29.2 685710992192166391343702.6 1.8 5.5 4.2 10.5 8.2 21.6 17.7 32.5 27.0 635310085177153362317802.4 1.7 5.2 3.9 9.8 7.7 20.2 16.5 30.4 25.2 5949.6 9480166143338296902.3 1.6 4.8 3.7 9.2 7.2 19.0 15.5 28.6 23.7 5546.7 88751561353192791002.2 1.5 4.6 3.5 8.7 6.8 18.0 14.7 27.1 22.5 5244.2 84711481283022641501.8 1.2 3.7 2.8 7.1 5.5 14.6 11.9 22.0 18.2 42.5 35.9 68581201042462152001.5 1.1 3.2 2.4 6.1 4.8 12.6 10.3 18.9 15.7 36.7 31.0 5949.9 104892121853001.2 0.9 2.6 1.9 4.9 3.8 10.2 8.3 15.3 12.7 29.7 25.1 47.5 40.4 84731721514001.0 0.7 2.2 1.7 4.2 3.3 8.8 7.1 13.2 10.9 25.6 21.6 40.9 34.8 7366149130LINE SIZING CHART43

CONVERSION FACTORSMultiply By To ObtainLENGTH & AREAMillimeters 0.0394 InchesMeters 3.2808 FeetSq. Centimeters 0.155 Sq. InchesSq. Meters 10.764 Sq. FeetVOLUME & MASSCubic Meters 35.315 Cubic FeetLiters 0.0353 Cubic FeetGallons 0.1337 Cubic FeetCubic cm. 0.061 Cubic InchesLiters 2.114 Pints (US)Liters 0.2642 Gallons (US)Kilograms 2.2046 PoundsTonnes 1.1024 Tons (US)PRESSURE & FLOW RATEMillibars 0.4018 Inches w.c.Ounces/sq. in. 1.733 Inches w.c.Inches w.c. 0.0361 Pounds/sq. in.Bars 14.50 Pounds/sq. in.Kilopascals 0.1450 Pounds/sq. in.Kilograms/sq. cm. 14.222 Pounds/sq. in.Pounds/sq. in. 0.068 AtmospheresLiters/hr. 0.0353 Cubic Feet/hr.Cubic Meters/hr. 4.403 Gallons/min.MISCELLANEOUSKilojoules 0.9478 BTUCalories, kg 3.968 BTUWatts 3.414 BTU/HRBTU 0.00001 ThermsMegajoules 0.00948 Therms44

CONVERSION FACTORSMultiply By To ObtainLENGTH & AREAInches 25.4 MillimetersFeet 0.3048 MetersSq. Inches 6.4516 Sq. CentimetersSq. Feet 0.0929 Sq. MetersVOLUME & MASSCubic Feet 0.0283 Cubic MetersCubic Feet 28.316 LitersCubic Feet 7.481 GallonsCubic Inches 16.387 Cubic cm.Pints (US) 0.473 LitersGallons (US) 3.785 LitersPounds 0.4535 KilogramsTons (US) 0.9071 TonnesPRESSURE & FLOW RATEInches w.c. 2.488 MillibarsInches w.c. 0.577 Ounces/sq. in.Pounds/sq. in. 27.71 Inches w.c.Pounds/sq. in. 0.0689 BarsPounds/sq. in. 6894.7 KilopascalsPounds/sq. in. 0.0703 Kilograms/sq. cm.Atmospheres 14.696 Pounds/sq. in.Cubic Feet/hr. 28.316 Liters/hr.Gallons/min. 0.2271 Cubic Meters/hr.MISCELLANEOUSBTU 1.055 KilojoulesBTU 0.252 Calories, kgBTU/HR 0.293 WattsTherms 100,000 BTUTherms 105.5 Megajoules45

FLOW EQUIVALENTS ANDTEMPERATURE CONVERSIONTable 14Flow EquivalentsTo convert flow capacities of one kind of gas to flowcapacities of a different kind of gasIf you have a flow capacity(CFH, etc.) in NATURAL GASand want to know equivalentflow capacity of—If you have BUTANE and wantto know equivalent flowcapacity of—If you have AIR and want toknow equivalent flow capacityof—If you have PROPANE andwant to know equivalent flowcapacity of—Propane:Butane:Air:Propane:Natural Gas:Air:Propane:Butane:Natural Gas:Butane:Natural Gas:Air:MULTIPLYBY:0.630.550.771.151.831.420.810.711.290.871.591.2346Table 15 Temperature Conversion° F ° C ° F ° C ° F ° C-40-4030-1.1 9032. 2-30-34.4 320 10037. 8-20-28.9 404.4 11043. 3-10-23.3 5010.0 12048. 90 -17.8 6015.6 13054. 410-12.2 7021.1 14060. 020-6.7 8026.7 15065. 6

FISHER LITERATURELP-12: Regulator Selection And Pipe Sizing Chart.Handy reference guide for selecting Fisher regulatorswith convenient method of sizing pipe on thereverse side.LP-15: Give A Regulator The Attention It Deserves.Explains how domestic self-operated regulatorswork; gives installation and maintenance tips.LP-18: How Drip Lips Can Prevent Regulator Freezeups.Shows how drip lip style vents can reduce thepossibility of vent blockage due to freezing rain.LP-19: How To Keep Your Internal Valves Working.A discussion about the operation, installation andmaintenance of Fisher’s C-Series Internal Valves.LP-24: Plain Facts About Freezing Regulators.Describes how a regulator can freeze internallyand gives tips to prevent this situation.LP-26: Safety Practices For Domestic Tank Fittings.Offers inspection and maintenance programs toreduce tank fitting problems.LP-29: Complying With NFPA Transfer Area Rulings.An overview of the NFPA requirements with examplesof acceptable equipment.LP-31: LP-Gas Equipment Buyer Guide.Serves as a general reference of availableequipment.LP-32: Inspecting LP-Gas Regulators: What To Look For.Discusses service life, reducing vent blockage,corrosion, inspection, etc.Tech Talk: Two-Stage Regulation.Describes how two-staging gives more uniformregulation, reduces trouble calls.Tech Talk: Trouble Shooting Truck Pumping Systems.Gives procedures on how to trouble shoot a bobtailor transport pumping system when it doesn’t work.

ISO 9001The contents of this publication are presented for informationalpurposes only, while every effort has been made toensure their accuracy, they are not to be construed as warrantiesor guarantees, express or implied, regarding theproducts or services described herein or their use or applicabilityFor information contact:Your Local Fisher DistributorOr call 1-800-558-5853 for the Distributor near you.Printed in the USARev. 3/98D450116T012