Technology Today Research Issue 2_2010 - Raytheon
Technology Today Research Issue 2_2010 - Raytheon
Technology Today Research Issue 2_2010 - Raytheon
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<strong>Technology</strong><br />
<strong>Today</strong><br />
HigHligHting RaytHeon’s tecHnology<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
Maintaining our technology edge<br />
<strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2
A Message From Mark E. Russell<br />
Do you have an idea for an article?<br />
We are always looking for ways to connect<br />
with you — our Engineering, <strong>Technology</strong> and<br />
Mission Assurance professionals. If you have an<br />
article or an idea for an article regarding<br />
technical achievements, customer solutions,<br />
relationships, Mission Assurance, etc., send it<br />
along. If your topic aligns with a future issue of<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> or is appropriate for an online<br />
article, we will be happy to consider it and will<br />
contact you for more information.<br />
Send your article ideas to techtodayeditor@<br />
raytheon.com.<br />
On the cover: <strong>Raytheon</strong> BBN Boomerang<br />
shooter detection system. Photo courtesy<br />
of Air Force Master Sgt. Andy Dunaway.<br />
2 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Vice President of Engineering, <strong>Technology</strong> and Mission Assurance<br />
Fifty years ago, the world changed forever with a research breakthrough leading to the<br />
first operating laser — a moment in <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s rich research heritage that transformed<br />
modern life with countless applications from DVDs to supercomputing.<br />
<strong>Today</strong>, research is as vital as ever to delivering new technologies and capabilities to<br />
our customers. At <strong>Raytheon</strong>, research begins with a customer focus. What current and<br />
emerging capabilities do our customers need? Where do technology gaps lie? Then we<br />
focus our research and technology road maps to address these capabilities needs.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> funds and supports research at many different levels. We leverage the domain<br />
knowledge of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s world-class people with investments through program funding,<br />
contracted research and development, independent research and development, and<br />
enterprise campaigns. In addition, we tap new external ideas and approaches through<br />
partnerships, alliances, mergers and acquisitions.<br />
This <strong>Research</strong> issue of <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> shows how <strong>Raytheon</strong> is investing at all levels<br />
of research to provide customers with mission critical capabilities. Articles discuss the<br />
development of the once theoretical wide bandgap semiconductor gallium nitride, and<br />
the Morphable Networked Micro-Architecture as the most adaptable processor ever<br />
built for the U.S. Department of Defense. You will also learn about a new radiation<br />
detection system for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and how we are using<br />
virtual-reality technology for battlefield simulation training.<br />
In this issue’s Leaders Corner, Bill Kiczuk, vice president and chief technology officer,<br />
focuses on technology and innovation, two cornerstones for <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s success. Bill<br />
works with leaders across the businesses to ensure our technology efforts are coordinated<br />
and integrated for both near term needs as well as for long term capabilities.<br />
In the Events section we highlight our 2009 Excellence in Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Award recipients, our <strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma President’s Award winners and of those,<br />
the winners of the CEO Award, plus <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s 38 newest certified architects. Our<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Certified Architect Program has garnered accreditation by the Open Group,<br />
an international vendor- and technology-neutral consortium. <strong>Raytheon</strong> is the first in<br />
the aerospace and defense industry to receive this recognition.<br />
Best regards,<br />
Mark E. Russell
View <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> online at:<br />
www.raytheon.com/technology_today/current INSIDE THIS ISSUE<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> is published<br />
by the Office of Engineering,<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> and Mission Assurance.<br />
Vice President<br />
Mark E. Russell<br />
Edition Editor<br />
John Zolper<br />
Managing Editor<br />
Lee Ann Sousa<br />
Senior Editors<br />
Donna Acott<br />
Tom Georgon<br />
Eve Hofert<br />
Art Director<br />
Debra Graham<br />
Photography<br />
Rob Carlson<br />
Dan Plumpton<br />
Website Design<br />
Joe Walch IV<br />
Publication Distribution<br />
Dolores Priest<br />
Contributors<br />
John Cacciatore<br />
Kate Emerson<br />
Feature: <strong>Raytheon</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
Overview: Maintaining Our <strong>Technology</strong> Edge 4<br />
COSMOS: Next Generation, High-Performance, Mixed Signal Circuits 7<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>'s Trimode Imager for Nuclear Detection 10<br />
Advances in Passive Short Wave Infrared Imaging 13<br />
Adaptive Flight Control Systems 16<br />
Computational Materials Engineering 18<br />
GaN Microwave Amplifiers Come of Age 21<br />
Monarch Meets Demanding, High-Stress Processing Requirements 24<br />
YAG Solid State Laser Ceramics Breakthroughs 26<br />
Partnering With Universities for Knowledge Technologies 29<br />
Small Business Innovation <strong>Research</strong> 32<br />
Virtual and Warfighter Training Counter IEDs 35<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> BBN Technologies 37<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Joins DARPA's Focus Center <strong>Research</strong> Program 39<br />
Leaders Corner:<br />
Q&A With Bill Kiczuk 40<br />
EYE on <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Knowledge Exploitation: Enabling IO 42<br />
Next Generation RF Systems 43<br />
Events<br />
Excellence in Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong> Awards 46<br />
<strong>2010</strong> Mission Assurance Forum 48<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma Awards 49<br />
Excellence in Operations and Quality Awards 50<br />
People<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s Newest Certified Architects 51<br />
Special Interest<br />
Ultrathin Environmental and Electroactive Polymer Coatings 52<br />
Patents 53<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 3
Feature<br />
Photo courtesy of<br />
Air Force Master Sgt. Andy Dunaway.<br />
4 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> <strong>Research</strong> Overview<br />
Maintaining Our <strong>Technology</strong> Edge<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> continues to be a key discriminator for <strong>Raytheon</strong> in delivering<br />
value to our customers. Our technology research is done in a highly<br />
collaborative environment, with ideas coming internally and from partners in<br />
academia, small businesses, large contractors and national laboratories. In today’s<br />
global economy, research is no longer solely an internally focused activity, but a<br />
highly dynamic, collaborative process where good ideas and novel solutions come<br />
from many sources. The research enables upgrades to existing products as well as<br />
the demonstration of completely new capabilities.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> combines engineering and scientific research — systematic studies<br />
to generate new knowledge or insights — with an emphasis on innovation.<br />
Innovation can occur by applying existing knowledge in new ways to deliver novel<br />
products, methods or services that add value to our customers. Innovation is part<br />
of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s culture of bringing forward new solutions that add value to all<br />
parts of our business, with research innovation primarily focusing on technology<br />
development.<br />
This issue of <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> highlights some of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s ongoing research<br />
activities and demonstrates the breadth of our partnerships and research areas. The<br />
figure on the following page illustrates the sources of new technology ideas and<br />
technology funding that <strong>Raytheon</strong> brings to bear to solve customer problems and<br />
maintain our technology edge.<br />
Program-Funded <strong>Technology</strong> Development<br />
One path for technology funding comes within the context of ongoing acquisition<br />
programs, whereby our customer reaches out to <strong>Raytheon</strong> to help develop a key<br />
technology, often in partnership with subcontractors, to address a program need.<br />
An example is the work done under our radar, electronic warfare, communications<br />
and missile programs. We have successfully developed and delivered technologies<br />
such as advanced signal processing algorithms, new computing architectures, advanced<br />
monolithic microwave integrate circuits (MMICS), and new waveforms to<br />
meet the system specifications for the U.S. Missile Defense Agency, Army, Navy,<br />
Air Force and Intelligence community.<br />
Contracted <strong>Research</strong> and Development<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> research is also done under Contracted <strong>Research</strong> and Development<br />
(CRAD) programs, which align with our core and growth markets. In response to<br />
customer solicitations, <strong>Raytheon</strong> forms teams that maximize the value and impact<br />
of the proposed solution. Depending on the nature of the research, <strong>Raytheon</strong> may<br />
be the overall team leader or integrator, a primary subcontractor, or a mission transition<br />
partner. Often, over the course of a technology research program, the role<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> takes on evolves to ensure that the developed capability becomes available<br />
for the end user. Several examples of ongoing CRAD programs are discussed<br />
in this issue, including Standoff Radiation Detection System (SORDS), Compound<br />
Semiconductors on Silicon (COSMOS), and Photon Counting Arrays (PCAR).<br />
The SORDS program is developing a new concept based on a Trimode Imager (TMI)<br />
for nuclear material detection with a team that brings together a small-company<br />
expert in nuclear detection (Bubble Technologies, Inc.) with nuclear physicists from<br />
Los Alamos National Lab; academic experts in imaging and detection from the<br />
Massachusetts Institute of <strong>Technology</strong> and the University of Michigan; and the
High<br />
Degree of Customer Funding<br />
Low<br />
Sources of <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Program<br />
Funding<br />
Contracted <strong>Research</strong> &<br />
Development (CRAD)<br />
Internal <strong>Research</strong> &<br />
Development (IRAD)<br />
Partnerships &<br />
Alliances<br />
Mergers &<br />
Acquisitions<br />
systems engineering, design and testing expertise<br />
of <strong>Raytheon</strong>. The team is pioneering<br />
the trimodal imager approach that exploits<br />
two imaging technologies, along with<br />
spatial information, to achieve unsurpassed<br />
effectiveness in detecting nuclear and<br />
radiological threats while driving down false<br />
alarm rates. This program is funded by the<br />
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office of the<br />
U.S. Department of Homeland Security.<br />
The COSMOS program, funded by the<br />
Defense Advanced <strong>Research</strong> Projects<br />
Agency’s (DARPA) Microsystems <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Office, is changing the paradigm of how<br />
mixed signal circuits (combined analog and<br />
digital circuits such as analog-to-digital converts)<br />
are designed and built. The COSMOS<br />
program is enabling close integration of<br />
different semiconductor materials within<br />
the same circuit to allow the designer to<br />
pick the “best junction for the function,”<br />
thereby improving circuit dynamic range,<br />
bandwidth and power performance.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is leading a multidisciplinary<br />
team to demonstrate manufacturable highperformance,<br />
mixed-signal circuits.<br />
The DARPA-funded PCAR program extends<br />
the capability of infrared (IR) imagers for<br />
the warfighter by developing detectors<br />
able to measure single photons in the short<br />
wave IR (SWIR) band. The SWIR wavelength<br />
band, nominally from 1 to 3 microns, has<br />
gone largely unused because of inadequate<br />
detectors and a lack of understanding of<br />
the imaging phenomenology in this band.<br />
The <strong>Raytheon</strong> PCAR research team has developed<br />
high speed, high sensitivity SWIR<br />
sensors, along with low noise readout<br />
electronics and novel scene integration<br />
algorithms, to dramatically improve the<br />
image dynamic range, allowing low-light<br />
images to be resolved in the same scene as<br />
a bright object.<br />
Feature<br />
Internal <strong>Research</strong> and Development<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> maintains an Internal <strong>Research</strong><br />
and Development (IRAD) program that includes<br />
projects executed within individual<br />
businesses, as well as cross-company enterprise<br />
campaigns that are collaborations<br />
between several <strong>Raytheon</strong> businesses.<br />
The portfolio of IRAD projects addresses<br />
improvement of existing products, as well<br />
as disruptive new solutions, for our core<br />
and growth markets. These projects bring<br />
to bear the full capability of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
technologies to address the most pressing<br />
customer needs. <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s IRAD investment<br />
is defined by developing technology<br />
road maps and quantifying the technology<br />
gaps that need to be addressed to deliver<br />
capabilities that meet customers’ needs.<br />
There are two articles in this issue covering<br />
research primarily funded by IRAD. The first,<br />
about computational materials, discusses<br />
leveraging advances in computational<br />
power and understanding of quantum<br />
physics to analyze potential replacement<br />
materials for lead (Pb) in lead/tin solder<br />
without compromising the electronic integrity<br />
of the solder. Taking this computational<br />
approach has allowed a more rapid analysis<br />
of material combinations than could be<br />
done experimentally.<br />
The second featured IRAD program<br />
describes how <strong>Raytheon</strong> is pulling from<br />
university research in adaptive control<br />
algorithms to develop robust, adaptive<br />
flight control algorithms that will enable<br />
higher performance missiles or UAVs.<br />
IRAD and CRAD Synergies for Longer-<br />
Term Initiatives<br />
While the above discussion suggests<br />
research is done solely under either CRAD<br />
or IRAD projects, many longer-term, highpayoff<br />
research efforts span many years and<br />
benefit from the contributions of multiple<br />
investments addressing specific aspects of a<br />
technology. A noteworthy example of this is<br />
presented in the article on the status of gallium<br />
nitride (GaN) microwave amplifiers.<br />
Continued on page 6<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 5
Feature<br />
Continued from page 5<br />
For more than 30 years, the wide bandgap<br />
semiconductor GaN has been theoretically<br />
identified as ideal for producing high-powered,<br />
high-frequency transistors. However,<br />
until the late 1990s, research on GaN was<br />
largely limited to a few university research<br />
groups and small companies, because the<br />
quality of the material was insufficient to<br />
support high-performance devices. The<br />
article presents an overview of the history<br />
of GaN electronics along with current work<br />
that is preparing to insert GaN MMICs into<br />
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) systems.<br />
This research effort began at <strong>Raytheon</strong> in<br />
2000 and has benefited from funding from<br />
multiple agencies — including the Office of<br />
Naval <strong>Research</strong>, the Missile Defense Agency<br />
(formerly the Ballistic Missile Defense<br />
Organization) and DARPA — as well as significant<br />
IRAD investments from <strong>Raytheon</strong> to<br />
address various aspects of the development.<br />
Another example of a research effort that<br />
spanned more than 10 years and required<br />
several investments is presented in the article<br />
about the Monarch processor. This effort<br />
— initially funded under a DoD study for a<br />
high performance processing system, then<br />
continued under IRAD investment before<br />
winning support from DARPA under the<br />
Polymorphic Computing program — demonstrates<br />
new records for microprocessor<br />
performance and computational efficiency.<br />
As discussed in the article, the Monarch chip<br />
is now being leveraged for real-time data<br />
analysis in DARPA’s Seismic and Acoustic<br />
Vibration Imaging (SAVi) program.<br />
A third example of the payoff of long-term<br />
investment is presented in the article about<br />
recent work on nanoparticle ceramics to<br />
produce low-loss optical ceramic gain media<br />
for slab lasers. The current work leverages<br />
a long history of leading optical materials<br />
research by this group and will enable more<br />
efficient, high-power slab lasers.<br />
Beyond the topics covered in feature articles<br />
in this issue, <strong>Raytheon</strong> is also pursuing<br />
several other longer-term research investments<br />
in high-power laser technology and<br />
multifunction radio frequency (RF) systems.<br />
Under the DARPA-funded Adaptive<br />
Photonic Phase-Locked Elements (APPLE)<br />
program, <strong>Raytheon</strong> is leveraging a long-term<br />
6 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
investment in liquid crystal modulators to<br />
demonstrate an optical phased array to realize<br />
an electronically steered, high-power laser<br />
with adaptive optics for atmospheric correction.<br />
In the area of multifunction RF systems,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is leveraging long-term investments<br />
in beamsteering, laser-based frequency<br />
sources and high-speed sampling to develop<br />
ultra broadband systems that enable multifunction<br />
capabilities. This area is discussed<br />
in more detail in the Eye on <strong>Technology</strong><br />
article “Next-Generation RF Systems.”<br />
Partnerships and Alliances with<br />
Universities and Small Businesses<br />
In all of its research, <strong>Raytheon</strong> actively partners<br />
with leading technologists to bring the<br />
best minds to bear on problems. <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
has active university research partnerships,<br />
both through directed research projects and<br />
through membership in university centers.<br />
An example of our university partnerships<br />
is presented in the article about <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
collaborative work in the area of knowledge<br />
technology, with the University of Texas<br />
at Dallas and Penn State. The field of data<br />
analysis has moved from searching data for<br />
key terms to focusing on approaches that<br />
extract knowledge — as opposed to data —<br />
from large, often unrelated databases.<br />
In this context, knowledge refers to the<br />
association of multiple elements of a data<br />
set to develop additional insights into meaning<br />
that could not be determined when the<br />
individual data is considered alone.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has also joined the DARPAsponsored<br />
Focused <strong>Research</strong> Center<br />
Program (FCRP), a consortium of six<br />
research centers and more than 40 universities<br />
formed to address critical challenges<br />
in microelectronic technology and applications.<br />
As a member of the FCRP, <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
receives royalty-free rights to intellectual<br />
property generated under the program, gets<br />
access to top engineering students, and<br />
gains early insights into emerging research<br />
areas that impact <strong>Raytheon</strong> systems.<br />
Similar to universities, small businesses<br />
offer a wealth of novel technologies, and<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> proactively engages with the<br />
government’s Small Business Innovation<br />
<strong>Research</strong> (SBIR) program to find technologies<br />
that address our customers’ needs. The<br />
article on the DoD SBIR program highlights<br />
multiple SBIR success stories for <strong>Raytheon</strong>.<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Overview<br />
Another example of partnering with a<br />
small business is shown in the article<br />
“The Convergence of Virtual Reality and<br />
Warfighter Training to Counter Improvised<br />
Explosive Devices.” This article discusses<br />
research <strong>Raytheon</strong> has done with Motion<br />
Reality, Inc., and BreakAway, Ltd., to<br />
combine motion capture technology, simulation-based<br />
realism and battlefield domain<br />
expertise that puts warfighters into a fully<br />
immersive environment for training before<br />
they deploy into a war zone.<br />
Mergers and Acquisitions<br />
The final method of establishing technology<br />
capability is to acquire companies that<br />
are pioneering new fields important to<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s markets. <strong>Raytheon</strong> uses targeted<br />
acquisitions to expand our technology<br />
capabilities in our core and growth markets.<br />
Examples include acquisitions of several<br />
cyber technology companies and the recent<br />
acquisition of BBN Technologies. BBN’s<br />
diverse portfolio encompasses a range of<br />
technologies, including advanced networking,<br />
speech and language technologies,<br />
information technologies, sensor systems<br />
and cybersecurity. The history of innovation<br />
at BBN — from its start as a leader in<br />
acoustics to seminal work on the Internet<br />
and language translation — is discussed in<br />
the article “<strong>Raytheon</strong> BBN Technologies:<br />
Persistent Innovation.” A BBN accomplishment<br />
currently supporting warfighters in<br />
the field is the sniper detection system,<br />
Boomerang, shown mounted on the top of<br />
a vehicle on the cover of this issue. The ultrasensitive<br />
directional microphones detect the<br />
shock wave of a flying bullet, even when the<br />
vehicle is moving, and are used to identify and<br />
report the position of the shooter.<br />
Summary<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> continues to strengthen our<br />
technology portfolio through leading-edge<br />
research. The research leverages internal<br />
expertise and external partnerships with<br />
the best and brightest through multiple<br />
mechanisms to bring the finest technology<br />
forward for our customers. Using this broad<br />
research approach, <strong>Raytheon</strong> is maintaining<br />
its competitive edge as an innovative<br />
technology provider. •<br />
John Zolper
COSMOS: A Path to Next-Generation,<br />
High-Performance, Mixed Signal Circuits<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s research in Compound<br />
Semiconductor Materials on Silicon<br />
(COSMOS) will enable a new class of<br />
high-performance mixed-signal integrated<br />
circuits (ICs) that enhance the capabilities of<br />
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) systems<br />
through direct monolithic integration of<br />
compound semiconductors — such as gallium<br />
arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide<br />
(InP) — and silicon (Si) CMOS on a common,<br />
low-cost silicon substrate. Using<br />
COSMOS technology, <strong>Raytheon</strong> is designing<br />
and fabricating high-speed, high dynamic<br />
range, low-power dissipation converter circuits<br />
(analog to digital converters, or ADCs,<br />
and digital to analog converters, or DACs)<br />
with performance that cannot be achieved<br />
with today’s technology.<br />
The future of integrated circuits will include<br />
the integration of high-performance III-V<br />
electronic and/or opto-electronic devices<br />
with standard Si CMOS. While traditional<br />
hybrid approaches — such as wire bonded<br />
or flip-chip multi-chip assemblies (see<br />
Figure 1) — may provide short-term solutions,<br />
the variability, losses and size of the<br />
interconnects and the limitation in the<br />
placement of III-V devices relative to CMOS<br />
transistors limit the performance, utility,<br />
size and cost benefits of these approaches.<br />
A more attractive approach is the direct<br />
integration of Si CMOS and III-V devices<br />
on a common silicon substrate (Figure 1,<br />
right). In this way, circuit performance can<br />
be optimized by the strategic placement of<br />
high-performance III-V devices adjacent to Si<br />
CMOS transistors and cells, and the devices<br />
and subcircuits can be interconnected using<br />
standard semiconductor on-wafer interconnect<br />
processes.<br />
Integrating III-V devices on silicon wafers<br />
is not new. For example, in the 1980s and<br />
1990s, there was considerable, although<br />
unsuccessful, effort to “grow” GaAs devices<br />
on silicon wafers. So what is new this time?<br />
TFN Si CMOS TFN III-V TFN<br />
Multilayer Substrate<br />
<strong>Today</strong>’s Hybrid <strong>Technology</strong><br />
“chip and wire” or flip chip<br />
with thin film networks (TFNs)<br />
Overcoming Technical Challenges<br />
Feature<br />
To address the many technical challenges<br />
associated with the direct integration of<br />
silicon CMOS and III-V devices on the same<br />
wafer, <strong>Raytheon</strong> assembled a team of internationally<br />
recognized experts in the fields<br />
of materials/substrate engineering and<br />
advanced semiconductor devices.<br />
The first challenge was the creation of<br />
a substrate that is compatible with both<br />
silicon and III-V device materials and fabrication<br />
processes. To address this challenge,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> worked with Eugene Fitzgerald<br />
of the Materials Science Department of the<br />
Massachusetts Institute of <strong>Technology</strong> (MIT)<br />
Revolutionary<br />
developments<br />
enable system<br />
on a chip<br />
Continued on page 8<br />
Si Multilayer Interconnect<br />
Si CMOS III-V Si CMOS<br />
Si Substrate<br />
III-V CMOS Integration<br />
III-V devices embedded in a Si wafer<br />
using III-V templates and standard<br />
Si multilayer interconnects and processing<br />
Figure 1. Traditional hybrid assembly (left) and direct monolithic integration of III-V devices<br />
and silicon CMOS (right)<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 7
Feature COSMOS<br />
Continued from page 7<br />
and Paradigm <strong>Research</strong> LLC, a world-re-<br />
nowned expert in semiconductor substrate<br />
engineering. To facilitate integration of III-V<br />
devices with silicon CMOS, Fitzgerald devel-<br />
oped SOLES — silicon on lattice engineered<br />
substrates. SOLES wafers, a variation of sili-<br />
con on insulator (SOI) substrates commonly<br />
used for the fabrication of silicon ICs, allow<br />
for the fabrication of silicon devices on the<br />
silicon surfaces and the direct growth and<br />
fabrication of compound semiconductor<br />
material (GaAs, InP) devices (high electron<br />
mobility transistors, or HEMTs, and hetero-<br />
junction bipolar transistors, or HBTs) on a<br />
buried template layer (Figure 2). To a silicon<br />
wafer fab, SOLES look like a standard silicon<br />
or SOI wafer. The SOLES wafer technology<br />
was transitioned from MIT to production at<br />
Soitec in France, the world’s leading sup-<br />
plier of SOI wafers.<br />
Si nmos<br />
III-V Device<br />
Compound Semiconductor Template Layer<br />
The second challenge was demonstrating<br />
that the silicon CMOS fabricated on SOLES<br />
performed the same as silicon CMOS on<br />
native silicon substrates. For this task, the<br />
team selected <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s 100mm silicon<br />
fab at <strong>Raytheon</strong> Systems Limited (RSL)<br />
in Glenrothes, Scotland. RSL successfully<br />
modified its 1.2mm production silicon CMOS<br />
process for compatibility with SOLES with<br />
no discernable change in transistor proper-<br />
ties. To further drive cost and performance<br />
the process is being transitioned to 200mm<br />
diameter wafers and 180nm CMOS at SVTC<br />
in San Jose, Calif.<br />
Silicon<br />
Si pmos<br />
SOLES wafer<br />
Figure 2. Schematic cross section of<br />
COSMOS technology showing silicon CMOS<br />
and III-V transistors on a silicon template<br />
wafers (SOLES)<br />
8 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Figure 3. SEM image of a completed InP HBT in close proximity to a Si CMOS transistor prior<br />
to heterogeneous interconnect formation.<br />
The third challenge was the selective growth<br />
of III-V devices on SOLES. <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
Advanced Semiconductor Material group,<br />
leaders in advanced III-V epitaxial growth,<br />
teamed with IQE in Bethlehem, Pa., the<br />
world’s leading supplier of III-V epitaxial<br />
material, to successfully demonstrate the<br />
growth of both InP HBT and GaAs pHEMT<br />
epitaxial material on SOLES. Key to this<br />
success was <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s and IQE’s pioneer-<br />
ing work in metamorphic buffer layer<br />
technology, which enables the growth of<br />
high-quality semiconductor materials on<br />
dissimilar substrates.<br />
The final challenge was the fabrication<br />
of high-performance compound semi-<br />
conductor devices on SOLES and the<br />
interconnection of these devices with the<br />
silicon CMOS transistors. Here the team<br />
has focused on two complementary device<br />
technologies — InP HBTs for mixed signal<br />
VDD<br />
VBP<br />
OUTN<br />
INP<br />
VBN<br />
VSS<br />
Silicon<br />
PMOS<br />
M1 M3<br />
InP<br />
HBT<br />
Silicon<br />
NMOS<br />
InP HBT BT<br />
Silicon CMOS<br />
OUTP<br />
INN<br />
HBT<br />
PMOS NMOS PMOS<br />
Silicon<br />
PMOS<br />
InP HBT<br />
Silicon CMOS<br />
applications and GaAs pHEMTs for<br />
RF applications.<br />
For the integration of InP HBTs, the team<br />
leveraged Teledyne Scientific’s (Thousand<br />
Oaks, Calif.) expertise in InP HBT transis-<br />
tors and circuits developed under DARPA’s<br />
TFAST program to fabricate InP directly<br />
adjacent to Si CMOS transistors (Figure<br />
3). The InP HBTs on SOLES exhibited per-<br />
formance that was comparable to InP<br />
HBTs fabricated on native InP substrates.<br />
Teledyne’s multilayer interconnect process,<br />
developed for InP mixed-signal circuits, was<br />
adapted for the creation of heterogeneous<br />
interconnects between InP HBTs and silicon<br />
CMOS with nearly 100 percent yield for<br />
InP HBT — silicon CMOS spacing as small<br />
as 2.5mm. The resulting device structure<br />
and fabrication process are analogous to<br />
5µm<br />
a SiGe BiCMOS process where SiGe HBTs<br />
are replaced with an InP HBTs, but with a<br />
Silicon<br />
NMOS<br />
Silicon<br />
PMOS<br />
InP HBT InP HBT<br />
Figure 4. Schematic (left), layout (center) and optical image (right) of differential amplifier<br />
with output buffer and bias circuit. The differential amplifier met all of the DARPA COSMOS<br />
Phase 1 Go/No-Go Metrics with first pass design success.
significant performance advantage due to<br />
the superior speed, gain and high-frequency<br />
performance, and higher operating voltage<br />
of InP HBTs.<br />
MODULATOR<br />
CALIBRATION DAC<br />
1MHz<br />
Digital<br />
Companion efforts underway at <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
MMIC foundry in Andover, Mass., have<br />
demonstrated GaAs pHEMTs on SOLES, with<br />
performance comparable to GaAs pHEMTs<br />
fabricated on native GaAs substrates.<br />
To demonstrate the viability of the COSMOS<br />
technology, the team successfully designed<br />
and fabricated a high-speed differential<br />
amplifier, which consisted of silicon CMOS<br />
current sources and an InP HBT differential<br />
pair (Figure 4). The complete circuit (differ-<br />
ential amplifier with bias circuit and output<br />
buffer) contained over 100 heterogeneously<br />
RZCK<br />
DIGITAL CLOCK<br />
DAC<br />
DECODE BUFFER<br />
DECODE FF/CLK<br />
DECODE MUX<br />
INPUT BUFFER<br />
Figure 5. Layout of a compact, low power dissipation (1.6W) high resolution (13 bit, > 78 dB<br />
spur free dynamic range digital-to-analog converter designed using COSMOS technology.<br />
The DAC contains on chip calibration circuitry and consists of > 1000 InP HBTs and >5,000<br />
silicon NMOS and PMOS transistors. Total chip areas is < 12mm 2 . The DAC is the DARPA<br />
COSMOS Phase 2 demonstration circuit and is currently being fabricated.<br />
integrated InP HBTs and silicon CMOS tran-<br />
sistors. The circuit met all of the DARPA<br />
COSMOS Phase 1 Go/No-Go Milestones<br />
with first pass design success. This circuit<br />
is a building block for a low power dissipa-<br />
tion (1.6W), high resolution (13 bit, greater<br />
than 78 dB spur free dynamic range digital-<br />
to-analog converter (DAC) currently being<br />
fabricated (Figure 5). The DAC, with its on-<br />
chip calibration circuitry contains over 6,000<br />
heterogeneously integrated InP HBT and<br />
silicon CMOS transistors.<br />
Addressing Next Steps<br />
The COSMOS Phase 2 DAC is a building<br />
block for other types of high-speed, high<br />
dynamic range, low power dissipation con-<br />
verter circuits, including ADCs and direct<br />
digital synthesizers (DDS). The next step is<br />
Feature<br />
to integrate these mixed-signal converter<br />
circuits with radio frequency transistors<br />
(HEMTs and HBTs) to enable single chip<br />
digital transceivers and dynamically recon-<br />
figurable circuits as well as compact circuit<br />
elements for low-cost panel arrays.<br />
The new class of high-performance mixed-<br />
signal circuits enabled by the COSMOS<br />
technology will provide unprecedented<br />
performance, and size advantage to current<br />
and future RF systems, including: compact,<br />
high dynamic range radars; broadband<br />
communication systems; multi-beam com-<br />
munications for comm-on-the-move;<br />
high-resolution synthetic aperture radars<br />
(SAR) and inverse SAR; data links; active<br />
missile seekers; active self-protect systems;<br />
and multifunction unmanned air vehicle<br />
sensors.<br />
While the circuit results presented here are<br />
for InP HBTs directly integrated onto the<br />
silicon substrate, the approach is equally<br />
applicable to other III-V electronic (e.g.,<br />
GaAs pHEMTs or MHEMTs, GaN HEMTs)<br />
and opto-electronic (e.g., photodiodes,<br />
lasers - VSCLS) devices and opens the door<br />
to a new class of highly integrated, high-<br />
performance, mixed-signal circuits. These<br />
circuits will enhance the capabilities of<br />
existing DoD systems, enable new system<br />
architectures, and facilitate proliferation of<br />
low-cost sensors and active electronically<br />
scanned arrays for a wide range of DoD<br />
and U.S. Department of Homeland<br />
Security applications. •<br />
Thomas E Kazior<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
This work is supported in part by the DARPA<br />
COSMOS Program (Contract Number N00014-<br />
07-C-0629). The author would like to thank Mark<br />
Rosker (DARPA) and Harry Dietrich (ONR).<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 9
Feature<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s Trimode Imager for Nuclear Detection:<br />
Merging Technologies to Defeat Radiological Threats<br />
Nuclear or radiological terrorism is a<br />
growing concern for U.S. national<br />
security, driving a need for high<br />
performance (high probability of detection<br />
and low false alarm rate) standoff detectors<br />
for nuclear material. Under the Standoff<br />
Radiation Detection System (SORDS) program,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has developed a Trimode<br />
Imager (TMI) that employs three simultaneous<br />
modalities — Compton imaging (CI),<br />
code aperture (CA) imaging, and spatial<br />
information from a non-imaging shadow<br />
technology — in a wide field of view system<br />
to improve system performance, with<br />
an emphasis on driving down the false<br />
alarm rate. The research team included<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>, national labs, small businesses<br />
and universities. The system was designed<br />
to detect nuclear or radiological threats by<br />
enabling the rapid search of urban or suburban<br />
environments using a mobile threat<br />
imaging system with unique discrimination<br />
capabilities.<br />
Detecting gamma rays from strategic<br />
nuclear materials or radiological materials<br />
is very difficult in a complex urban environment<br />
because of the natural background<br />
and environmental sources of gamma<br />
rays. To detect a threat (a point source of<br />
radiation) in the presence of background<br />
(a distributed source of radiation) in a large<br />
field of view requires that the field of view<br />
10 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
be pixilated to achieve a detectable signal<br />
to noise. To identify a threat and eliminate<br />
natural sources of radiation requires very<br />
effective imaging for low and high energy<br />
gamma rays. The CA imaging capability of<br />
the TMI is very effective for lower energy<br />
gamma rays, and the CI capability is very<br />
effective for higher energy gamma rays.<br />
Two Technologies Merge for the First Time<br />
The <strong>Raytheon</strong> TMI for the first time merges<br />
these two imaging technologies to achieve<br />
an unsurpassed effectiveness in defeating<br />
nuclear and radiological threats. The nonimaging<br />
shadow technology utilizes the<br />
Coded Aperture<br />
Imager<br />
LANL/BTI<br />
Compton Imager<br />
LANL/BTI<br />
Shadow Imager<br />
BTI<br />
Modeling & Sim.<br />
LANL<br />
Technical and Program Management<br />
RTN<br />
Data<br />
Acquisition<br />
System<br />
BTI<br />
System Arch.<br />
RTN<br />
System Software<br />
RTN<br />
Figure 1. Trimode imager system and responsible organizations<br />
shielding of the detectors by the superstructure<br />
of the truck and mounting hardware to<br />
give the operator a rough idea of where in<br />
the search area an increase in radioactivity<br />
may be located.<br />
The development of the <strong>Raytheon</strong> TMI<br />
is the result of a collaboration composed<br />
of <strong>Raytheon</strong>, Los Alamos National<br />
Laboratory (LANL), Massachusetts Institute<br />
of <strong>Technology</strong>, University of Michigan, and<br />
Bubble Technologies Inc. (BTI). The major<br />
components of the TMI are shown with<br />
their responsible organizations in Figure 1.<br />
Navigation/Orientation System<br />
RTN<br />
Data<br />
Analysis<br />
System<br />
BTI/LANL/RTN<br />
Technical Advisory Committee<br />
MIT-UMICH<br />
Data Visualization<br />
Software<br />
RTN<br />
System Utilities<br />
RTN<br />
Digital Camera System<br />
RTN<br />
System Transp.<br />
RTN
The CA and CI designs are being headed<br />
by LANL and BTI, respectively; the Shadow<br />
imager is the responsibility of BTI. BTI is<br />
also leading the development of the data<br />
acquisition and data analysis systems. Data<br />
visualization design and development is<br />
headed by <strong>Raytheon</strong>. The digital camera system<br />
design and development is also headed<br />
by <strong>Raytheon</strong>. Modeling and simulation of<br />
the system is headed by LANL, which is also<br />
in charge of the development of all imaging<br />
and analysis algorithms and how they<br />
interact to yield a fused nuclear and visual<br />
image with alarm protocols suitable for<br />
display by the data visualization system. BTI<br />
contributes to this analysis system with the<br />
isotope identification algorithm. <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
is responsible for overall system integration,<br />
with company directorates leading design,<br />
integration and test efforts associated with<br />
system architecture, system software, system<br />
utilities (power, HVAC, lighting, etc.),<br />
and vehicle transportation.<br />
How the TMI Works<br />
Figure 2 shows a rendition of an exploded<br />
view of the TMI, with the TMI instrument<br />
package mounted in a panel truck. The cutaway<br />
shows the two arrays that provide for<br />
the TMI’s imaging capability. The front array<br />
of square sodium iodide (NaI) detectors<br />
serves as the mask for CA imaging and as<br />
the first scattering center for the Compton<br />
imaging. The back array of rectangular NaI<br />
detectors is the location-sensitive plane<br />
for both the coded and Compton imaging<br />
modes. The location measurement is accomplished<br />
using the difference between<br />
the amplitudes of the signals in the photomultiplier<br />
tubes on each end of the NaI<br />
detectors. The energy measurement is accomplished<br />
from the sum.<br />
The signals from the photomultiplier tubes<br />
are collected by a data acquisition system in<br />
the truck and then time-stamped, digitized<br />
and labeled with additional orientation and<br />
position information. These preprocessed<br />
signals are fed into the data analysis system,<br />
where the algorithms for constructing the<br />
cabinet assembly and CI images operate,<br />
seeking a point source of radiation in the<br />
moving field of view (FOV) on an eventby-event<br />
basis. The isotope identification<br />
detector (ID) algorithms operate in conjunction<br />
with the imaging algorithms to<br />
determine if a point source in the FOV is a<br />
threat and is presented on a display in the<br />
cab of the truck.<br />
Feature<br />
An example of the data visualization system<br />
is shown in Figure 3 (next page). A<br />
Cobalt-60 (Co-60) source inside the building<br />
near the window is detected at 25 meters<br />
with the TMI traveling at 30 mph. The nuclear<br />
images from the CA and the CI, shown<br />
in the upper left of the figure, are fused<br />
using an algorithm developed specially by<br />
the <strong>Raytheon</strong> team to form a combined<br />
nuclear image shown to the right.<br />
Simultaneously, range data is used to determine<br />
that the point source is 25 meters<br />
from the TMI, which in this example is<br />
traveling at 30 mph. The combined nuclear<br />
image is used in the isotope ID algorithm,<br />
which in this case determines that the point<br />
source is Co-60. The isotope ID spectrum is<br />
shown in the figure, along with the color<br />
code options for display. Co-60 is considered<br />
a threat. The color-coded crosshair<br />
labeling this as a threat is overlaid on the<br />
appropriate digital camera image determined<br />
from the geolocation and orientation<br />
data and presented to the TMI operator.<br />
The TMI user interface adds confidence<br />
level, geolocation data, and alarm status<br />
along with system health data.<br />
Continued on page 12<br />
Figure 2. Artist rendition of TMI system. CA and CI are housed in the back of a panel truck, along with the data acquisition system (not shown).<br />
The detection image is color-coded to the nature of the threat, overlaid on a visual image, and presented on a display in the cab.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 11
Feature Trimode Imager<br />
Continued from page 11<br />
Development of a Unique Algorithm<br />
The TMI team has developed a unique<br />
algorithm for fusing the two nuclear<br />
images. This fusion algorithm enables unexpected<br />
improvement in the performance<br />
of the TMI instrument for both lower and<br />
higher energy gammas.<br />
Conventional wisdom holds that CA imaging<br />
works well for low-energy gammas,<br />
whereas Compton imaging works well for<br />
high-energy gammas. In a conventional<br />
CA system, the mask elements eventually<br />
become transparent to higher and higher<br />
energy gammas, thus defeating the utility<br />
of the mask. In the TMI active mask system,<br />
the elements of the mask detect the gammas<br />
that strike them. If the gammas are of<br />
low energy, they are stopped in the mask<br />
element and their energy measured. If the<br />
gammas are of higher energy they will<br />
Compton scatter in the first array and be<br />
stopped in the back array. This enables the<br />
Compton scattering imager to operate.<br />
Analysis has revealed a far richer role of<br />
these two imaging modes, particularly when<br />
their images are fused to form a common<br />
nuclear image.<br />
Equipped with validated simulations of imaging<br />
in the presence of background, and a<br />
TMI system and an algorithm for fusing the<br />
two nuclear images, the receiver operation<br />
characteristics (ROC) for the active aperture<br />
system can be evaluated. To calculate the<br />
ROC, one takes a figure of merit (FOM)<br />
that reveals the performance of the system<br />
— the presence of a point source radiation<br />
peak in the field of view. The operational<br />
system will have further FOMs such as the<br />
shape of the peak. This peak finding FOM<br />
is a starting point. The ROC curves for three<br />
radiation sources at 100 meters, with the TMI<br />
moving at 30 mph, are shown in Figure 4.<br />
The left plot is for Cesium-137 (Cs-137), the<br />
center plot is for Co-60 and the right plot<br />
for the H(n,γ) line at 2.23 MeV. All sources<br />
are 1mCi in strength. For each ROC curve,<br />
many hundreds of test cases were run with<br />
backgrounds randomly varied. For each CA<br />
and CI image, a simple peak finding routine<br />
searched the FOV, resulting in true positives<br />
and false positives. The percentage<br />
12 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Time Stamp [Gamma]<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
0<br />
CODED APERATURE IMAGE<br />
COMPTON IMAGE<br />
COMBINED NUCLEAR IMAGE<br />
Isotope Identity of Combined Image<br />
Isotope is Cobalt 60 with an assigned threat color of RED<br />
intrinsic<br />
background noise<br />
algorithmic<br />
extraction<br />
process<br />
(fingerprint)<br />
Co-60<br />
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000<br />
Energy [keV]<br />
Figure 3. Sample data images from the CA and CA for a Co-60 source located within a building.<br />
The spectra shows the isotope ID spectrum used to determine the source as Co-60. The<br />
color legend describes the represented radiation source overlaid on the image scene, as explained<br />
in Figure 2.<br />
of true positives is plotted vertically and<br />
the percentage of false positives is plotted<br />
horizontally.<br />
Results for the CI images are plotted in red,<br />
CA results are plotted in blue, and results<br />
for the fused image are plotted in green.<br />
A random peak finding result would be<br />
plotted as a diagonal line from the origin<br />
to the upper right-hand corner; an ideal<br />
result would be a step function rising from<br />
the origin to the upper left-hand corner. In<br />
the plot for Cs-137, the CI results shown in<br />
red almost mimic this random result. This<br />
behavior is not so surprising, given that CI<br />
is not expected to do very well at lower<br />
energies. The CA results shown in blue are<br />
clearly better. However, the surprising thing<br />
in the research is that even at these lower<br />
energies, the hybrid image results shown in<br />
green are better than either imaging mode<br />
taken alone.<br />
For higher energy gammas (Co-60), the CI<br />
and CA have traded roles as the preferred<br />
approach, as expected, and the hybrid<br />
image results are almost the ideal step function.<br />
Moving higher in energy, the results<br />
for H(n,γ) show the CA performance is<br />
falling still further behind the CI, while the<br />
hybrid image results are nearly ideal. These<br />
results demonstrate analytically, for the first<br />
time, the superiority of the TMI aperture system<br />
over CA or CI imaging systems alone.<br />
This instrument is being developed for<br />
the Standoff Radiation Detection System<br />
(SORDS) program being conducted by<br />
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO)<br />
of the Department of Homeland<br />
Security (DHS) under contract HSHQDC-<br />
08-C-00001. •<br />
Color Codes:<br />
Threat – Red<br />
Suspect – Yellow<br />
Medical – Blue<br />
Industrial – Purple<br />
NORM – Green<br />
OVERLAY TARGET IDENTIFIED<br />
RANGE DATA = 25m<br />
Michael Hynes<br />
Figure 4. Receiver operating curves showing improved system performance when combining<br />
the two signals
ENGINEERING PROFILE<br />
Hector Reyes<br />
Network Centric<br />
Systems<br />
NCS Texas<br />
Chief Technologist<br />
Hector Reyes currently<br />
serves as the<br />
technical director<br />
of Engineering and<br />
chief technologist<br />
for Network<br />
Centric Systems<br />
(NCS) in Texas.<br />
His primary responsibility is to provide technical<br />
insight and guidance to the programs in the<br />
region. As chief technologist, Reyes manages the<br />
regional technology portfolio and works with<br />
product line teams to develop integrated technology<br />
solutions.<br />
Specifically, Reyes works with NCS product<br />
lines to develop innovative concepts for sensor<br />
technologies (including active/passive electrooptical,<br />
infrared and laser); networked sensors;<br />
and border and warfighter sighting systems. He<br />
leads the engineering organization in developing<br />
a technical vision, product road maps, and<br />
a plan to transition to an integrated networked<br />
sensors systems provider for the military and<br />
civil customers.<br />
Reyes began his career in a co-op scholarship<br />
program at Southern Methodist University.<br />
His first job was weighing parts for the forward<br />
looking infrared (FLIR) targeting system<br />
for the F-18 Hornet. “I’ve been working on<br />
electro-optic systems in roles of increasing<br />
responsibility ever since,” he said.<br />
<strong>Today</strong>, Reyes is convinced he has found his<br />
ideal position. “Over my career, I’ve been in the<br />
cockpit of fighters and gunships and in the turret<br />
of armored vehicles and tanks,” said Reyes.<br />
“I’ve fired the gun on the Abrams Tank and<br />
flown anti-tank missiles down range. <strong>Today</strong>, I<br />
ensure our warfighter’s needs are being met by<br />
working to advance our technology. I have my<br />
dream job.”<br />
When he’s not working as a leader and mentor<br />
within <strong>Raytheon</strong> and the academic community,<br />
Reyes keeps busy at home where he enjoys<br />
photography and spending time with his family.<br />
Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) — the<br />
spectrum from nominally 1 to 3<br />
microns in wavelength — has gone<br />
largely unexploited due to a lack of suitable<br />
detectors and limited understanding<br />
of the image phenomenology in this band.<br />
Due to its shorter wavelength, SWIR offers<br />
the advantage of higher resolution and<br />
smaller optical systems than mid-wave and<br />
long-wave (LW) infrared systems, making<br />
it attractive for tactical applications. To enable<br />
the exploitation of the SWIR band,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has been leading in the development<br />
of new detectors and cameras, as well<br />
as studying the imaging phenomenology.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has made exciting advances in<br />
single-photon short-wave infrared detectors<br />
and imagers that open the door to new<br />
applications and operational advantages to<br />
the United States. New systems will leverage<br />
the key strengths that SWIR sensors<br />
provide, including:<br />
• True low-light imaging capability — turns<br />
night into day<br />
• Penetration of haze better than visible<br />
cameras<br />
Feature<br />
Counting Photons:<br />
Advances in Passive Short Wave Infrared Imaging<br />
• Sharper images than conventional LW<br />
thermal imagers<br />
• Observation of covert lasers and beacons<br />
• Uncooled technology for size, weight and<br />
power advantages over cryo-cooled systems<br />
• Spectral phenomenologies that enable<br />
camouflage exposure, human-flesh detection,<br />
and the ability to see through<br />
glass<br />
• High resolution iris and 3D facial image<br />
capture for standoff biometrics<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> continues to be the industry<br />
leader in delivering technologies to operate<br />
in new optical wavelength ranges such<br />
as SWIR; achieving even higher sensitivities<br />
(down to single photon detection); and<br />
improving the size, weight and power of<br />
infrared imagers. <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s collaboration<br />
with the Defense Advanced <strong>Research</strong><br />
Projects Agency (DARPA) and U.S. Army<br />
Night Vision and Electronic Sensors (NVESD)<br />
researchers has advanced the state of the<br />
art of SWIR imaging. <strong>Research</strong> has focused<br />
on developing SWIR imagers that exploit<br />
both urban light sources and natural<br />
Continued on page 14<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 13
ENGINEERING PROFILE<br />
Jeff Hoffner<br />
Space and Airborne<br />
Systems<br />
Principal<br />
Engineering Fellow<br />
During 37 years with<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> and its<br />
legacy companies, Jeff<br />
Hoffner developed<br />
extensive experience<br />
in airborne radar system<br />
design, analysis,<br />
and engineering and<br />
program management.<br />
He currently works on the Space and<br />
Airborne Systems Engineering Technical Staff in<br />
El Segundo, Calif.<br />
He is responsible for overseeing development of<br />
advanced air-to-ground radar technology with<br />
a focus on radar automatic target recognition<br />
(ATR) discrimination and electronic protection<br />
and fusion. From 2007 through 2009, he was<br />
co-lead of the Corporate Enterprise Campaign<br />
for ATR, which advanced fusion, feature-aided<br />
track, move-stop-move track, synthetic aperture<br />
radar ATR, and ground moving target ATR<br />
technologies. He is also program manager for a<br />
classified technology program, technical director<br />
for the <strong>Raytheon</strong>–Air Force <strong>Research</strong> Laboratory<br />
Radar Vision Target Identification program,<br />
and a <strong>Raytheon</strong> representative to the Military<br />
Sensing Symposia Tri-Service Radar Symposium<br />
steering committee.<br />
After many years in a leadership role for the<br />
continued development of air-to-ground radar<br />
system capability, Hoffner became involved<br />
in research and development around ATR. In<br />
1999 he became manager of the AGRI program,<br />
a radar-based stationary ground target ATR.<br />
“ATR became one of my key technical interests,”<br />
he said. “It was natural to join with my<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> colleague Al Coit in proposing and<br />
then co-leading the <strong>Raytheon</strong> ATR Enterprise<br />
Campaign which has focused on making<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s radar ATR the best in the industry.”<br />
He said he remains excited about his work<br />
because, “I am working with the best and the<br />
brightest from across <strong>Raytheon</strong> on technologies<br />
such as ATR and electronic protection —<br />
very challenging problems that are<br />
becoming increasingly more critical to our<br />
customer community.”<br />
14 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Feature SWIR<br />
Continued from page 13<br />
Figure 1. SWIR tactical integrated vacuum packaged assembly, electronics core and field camera<br />
nightglow. Significant advances have been<br />
made with higher sensitivities, smaller pixels,<br />
larger imaging array sizes, and higher<br />
dynamic range. These advances will deliver<br />
new capabilities to the warfighter and are<br />
attracting interest for application to iris<br />
and 3D facial image capture for standoff<br />
biometrics.<br />
SWIR Passive Imagers With Near Single<br />
Photon Sensitivity<br />
Working with DARPA and NVESD researchers<br />
during the last decade, <strong>Raytheon</strong> has<br />
played a key role in developing imaging<br />
technology in the SWIR with near singlephoton<br />
uncooled imaging capability (see<br />
Figure 1). This challenges near-infrared image<br />
intensifiers in night-vision applications.<br />
Sky nightglow comes from natural chemical<br />
reactions with oxygen–hydrogen molecules<br />
in the Earth’s mesosphere (50 to 80 km altitudes)<br />
resulting in the release of energy in<br />
the form of photons in the SWIR band. This<br />
always-present light source is invisible to the<br />
SWIR sensor with standard dynamic range<br />
and high-sensitivity<br />
human eye, yet provides 13 times the light<br />
available from visible light on a moonless<br />
night and comes from nearly the entire sky.<br />
Exploiting nightglow with advanced sensors<br />
can provide superior range for target identification<br />
compared to conventional sensors.<br />
SWIR cameras can also see all common<br />
laser wavelengths (e.g., laser designators)<br />
in use today. Adoption of SWIR cameras<br />
and sensors into fielded systems will enable<br />
more systems to transition to eye-safe<br />
lasers. Active and range-gated SWIR sensors<br />
that take advantage of materials reflectivity<br />
and contrast provide additional application<br />
opportunities. Under DARPA’s sponsorship<br />
of the Multi-spectral Adaptive Networked<br />
Tactical Imaging System (MANTIS) and<br />
Photon Counting Arrays (PCAR) programs,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has developed multiple generations<br />
of SWIR cameras with dramatic<br />
improvements in sensitivity, resolution, and<br />
dynamic range — making <strong>Raytheon</strong> the<br />
current market leader in large-format and<br />
high-sensitivity uncooled SWIR focal planes.<br />
Figure 2. High Medium<br />
SWIR sensor with standard dynamic range<br />
and medium-sensitivity
<strong>Technology</strong> Leadership<br />
Combining ultra-low dark-current indium<br />
gallium arsenide detectors and ultrasensitive<br />
readout integrated indium gallium<br />
arsenide (InGaAs) circuits, <strong>Raytheon</strong> has<br />
maintained its uncooled (no cryogenic<br />
cooler) -SWIR technology leadership since<br />
2004, when the company demonstrated the<br />
first megapixel (1280x1024) SWIR camera.<br />
In tests by NVESD and others, <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
SWIR outperforms third-generation image<br />
intensifiers and other competition with respect<br />
to sensitivity and resolution, providing<br />
superior night vision capability.<br />
More recently under DARPA’s PCAR program,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> invented and demonstrated<br />
an advanced SWIR sensor design. A remarkable<br />
feature of this sensor is the inclusion of<br />
novel high dynamic range circuitry in small<br />
15×15 µm pixel. The result is a large-format,<br />
high-density 1280×1024 SWIR focal plane<br />
array. Dynamic range exceeding 16 bits<br />
(80,000:1) with less than five electrons read<br />
noise has been demonstrated with detector<br />
operation at or near ambient temperatures.<br />
High dynamic range performance is shown<br />
in Figure 2 in three representations obtained<br />
within one frame time and showing the<br />
resulting instanteous dynamic range image.<br />
With post processing, these 16-bit total<br />
dynamic ranges can be directly fed into an<br />
automated target recognition system, or<br />
individually contrast-adjusted and mapped<br />
into a typical 8-bit display.<br />
SWIR sensor with standard dynamic range<br />
and low-sensitivity<br />
Low Combined<br />
Feature<br />
These sensors’ extremely low noise and high<br />
dynamic range allow recognition of lowcontrast<br />
targets, without saturation from<br />
bright sources within the same frame of<br />
information. This enables operation in both<br />
urban and rural environments with imaging<br />
under low levels of ambient illumination,<br />
while simultaneously seeing around bright<br />
sources that would otherwise saturate conventional<br />
high-sensitivity sensors.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s family of uncooled tactical SWIR<br />
focal planes and SWIR sensor technologies<br />
that were developed and matured through<br />
five years of DARPA programs is now ready<br />
for transition to production and integration<br />
into a wide range of applications, including:<br />
rifle sights, handheld targeting units,<br />
marine/ship-board surveillance cameras,<br />
port security systems, unmanned aerial<br />
vehicles, manned air vehicles, and longrange<br />
observation and targeting platforms.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s innovative technology developed<br />
with support from DARPA has resulted in<br />
performance superior to conventional night<br />
vision systems. This has resulted in a compact,<br />
small-pixel, large-format SWIR camera<br />
which, within one scene, can operate over<br />
six orders of magnitude illumination, covering<br />
conditions ranging from extremely low<br />
light to full daylight. •<br />
David Acton<br />
PCAR SWIR sensor simultaneously imaging<br />
at high instantaneous dynamic range with<br />
low noise<br />
ENGINEERING PROFILE<br />
Al Coit<br />
Missile Systems<br />
Lead, ATR Enterprise<br />
Campaign<br />
Director, Mission<br />
Systems Solutions<br />
Al Coit has more than<br />
20 years experience<br />
in weapon system<br />
development, scientific<br />
research and program<br />
management. His<br />
technical background<br />
includes automatic target<br />
recognition (ATR) and tracking algorithms,<br />
infrared systems and laser systems. He led the<br />
ATR Enterprise Campaign (EC), and is the director<br />
of Mission System Solutions. Previously, Coit<br />
served as director of the Signal Processing Center<br />
in the Engineering functional organization.<br />
ATR consists of complex signal processing on<br />
sensors, ground stations and weapons, coupled<br />
with advanced algorithms to find and track<br />
objects of interest, and determine if friend,<br />
neutral or combatant. According to Coit, current<br />
in-theater experience shows that significant<br />
challenges remain in this area. “It’s still difficult<br />
to strike targets that are hiding or using evasive<br />
tactics. The problem is compounded by adverse<br />
weather, complex terrain and urban battlefields,<br />
and asymmetric threats.<br />
“Developing and demonstrating the next<br />
generation intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance,<br />
targeting and weapon delivery<br />
algorithms is critical to growing <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s market<br />
share in sensing and effects, and continued<br />
recognition as a Mission Systems Integrator,”<br />
Coit noted. “<strong>Raytheon</strong> has much of the enabling<br />
technology and domain knowledge to address<br />
this critical issue for the warfighter. The ATR<br />
EC leverages expertise from across <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
to develop near-term technology enablers and<br />
mid-term disruptive innovations to address the<br />
difficult challenges of assured identification and<br />
persistent tracking.”<br />
In addition to developing next-generation algorithms,<br />
the ATR EC eliminated duplicate efforts,<br />
catalogued best practices, conducted progressive<br />
capability demonstrations, and developed<br />
cross-domain dominance technologies. The team<br />
supported a wide range of pursuits and played a<br />
key role in several critical program wins.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> employees can find additional information<br />
on the ATR EC on <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s internal<br />
wiki pages.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 15
Feature<br />
Adaptive Flight<br />
Control Systems<br />
Delivering more<br />
robust performance<br />
The ability of a missile or an unmanned<br />
aerial vehicle (UAV) to<br />
complete its mission depends heavily<br />
on the quality of its flight control system.<br />
The quality of a traditional flight control<br />
system is rooted in the validity of the<br />
mathematical models used in its design,<br />
the fidelity of the information it receives in<br />
flight, and the health of its actuation devices.<br />
When the models are a good match<br />
to reality and the sensors and actuators are<br />
functioning as expected, uncertainty in the<br />
system is low and the vehicle behaves as designed<br />
and predicted. However, air vehicles<br />
do not always perform as their models<br />
would predict — due to battle damage,<br />
system faults, or aerodynamic uncertainties<br />
in the design models themselves — and as<br />
a result system performance degrades and<br />
mission effectiveness is reduced. However,<br />
by employing adaptive control algorithms<br />
that dynamically adjust to the changing<br />
conditions, performance can be maintained<br />
in the face of uncertainty. <strong>Raytheon</strong> has<br />
integrated adaptive algorithms into our<br />
missile and UAV flight control systems to<br />
deliver more robust performance.<br />
While adaptive flight control has been an<br />
area of high interest in the controls community,<br />
it had not previously been applied to<br />
high performance missile systems or UAVs.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s Adaptive Air Vehicle <strong>Technology</strong><br />
16 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
(AAVT) strategic internal research and<br />
development effort has, for the first time,<br />
developed methods to utilize adaptive control<br />
techniques in <strong>Raytheon</strong> missile and UAV<br />
autopilots. By partnering with academic<br />
researchers to investigate and refine various<br />
adaptive control methods, the AAVT research<br />
has been able to develop promising<br />
algorithms for real-world applications.<br />
Consistent Performance for Uncertain<br />
or Degraded Systems<br />
An adaptive flight control system uses one<br />
of two methods to maintain a consistent<br />
level of system performance in the presence<br />
of uncertainty and faults with minimal degradation.<br />
In the first, called indirect adaptive<br />
control, the adaptive controller monitors the<br />
difference between the measured system<br />
behavior and the expected system behavior<br />
in real time, estimates why those differences<br />
exist, and adjusts key control design parameters<br />
based on those estimates to regain<br />
system performance.<br />
The second method is direct adaptive<br />
control where the controller uses the perceived<br />
differences to compute an input<br />
control signal that directly drives those<br />
errors to zero without concern of<br />
why the differences exist. Whichever<br />
method is employed, the ability of an<br />
adaptive autopilot to provide consistent<br />
performance for uncertain or degraded<br />
systems reduces the need for high fidelity<br />
models and subsystem performance that<br />
is normally required for high-performance,<br />
robust autopilot design. By reducing the<br />
initial modeling effort and essentially doing<br />
more with less, adaptive control technology<br />
allows <strong>Raytheon</strong> to rapidly develop and<br />
deploy reliable flight control systems for advanced<br />
missiles or UAVs at reduced cost.<br />
Where a traditional flight control system<br />
would show degraded performance, the<br />
adaptive flight control systems developed<br />
maintain an expected level of system performance,<br />
as measured against a reference<br />
(nominal behavior) model. Many adaptive<br />
systems either do not use a reference<br />
model, or use a simple reference model that<br />
is not consistent with the system dynamics.<br />
By adapting to the error between the desired<br />
response and the measured response of the<br />
vehicle in real time, the <strong>Raytheon</strong> adaptive
controller creates an additional<br />
control signal that is used to<br />
augment that of a traditional<br />
robust autopilot. If the system<br />
dynamics match the representative<br />
reference model, the<br />
contribution from the adaptive<br />
controller will be zero. If,<br />
however, they do not match,<br />
the adaptive control signal will<br />
correct any differences and the<br />
combined control signal retains<br />
the desired performance.<br />
Guidance<br />
Command<br />
Taking Algorithms from<br />
Academia to Missiles and UAVs<br />
Throughout the lifespan of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
AAVT research, various adaptive control<br />
techniques have been investigated. These<br />
include the neural network-based adaptive<br />
control developed at the Georgia Institute of<br />
<strong>Technology</strong>, L1 adaptive control developed<br />
at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State<br />
University, the Retrospective Correction<br />
Filter (RCF) adaptive controller developed<br />
at the University of Michigan, and others.<br />
L1 and RCF are direct adaptive control<br />
algorithms that show many desirable characteristics<br />
and are the current algorithms<br />
of choice. <strong>Raytheon</strong> has partnered with the<br />
University of Michigan to assist with the<br />
application and evaluation of the RCF algorithm<br />
on flight vehicles.<br />
While the academic research laid a foundation<br />
for the <strong>Raytheon</strong> development, a<br />
primary accomplishment of the AAVT research<br />
has been to develop the necessary<br />
modifications to these algorithms to successfully<br />
use them on missiles and UAVs. For<br />
example, one of the challenges in designing<br />
adaptive controllers for agile missiles and<br />
UAVs is the rapid response requirement,<br />
which dictates a high rate<br />
of adaptation in the controller.<br />
For missiles, system<br />
dynamics can change very<br />
quickly, so any adaptive<br />
action must react very<br />
rapidly. This typically is<br />
achieved by using a<br />
high adaptive gain value,<br />
but this can lead to high<br />
frequency control signals<br />
Closed Loop<br />
Reference<br />
Model<br />
Robust<br />
Baseline<br />
Autopilot<br />
Adaptive<br />
Flight<br />
Control<br />
System<br />
Σ<br />
Nonlinear<br />
Adaptive<br />
Augmentation<br />
Desired<br />
Response<br />
Actual<br />
Response<br />
Adaptive flight control system showing baseline controller augmentation<br />
which are difficult for actuation systems to<br />
achieve. This is avoided in the L1 adaptive<br />
control algorithm through the use of a low<br />
pass filter on the adaptive control signal and<br />
a flexible companion model instead of a<br />
rigid reference model.<br />
Another challenge is adaptively controlling<br />
the acceleration of a tail-controlled vehicle,<br />
where the actuation system is aft of the<br />
system’s center of gravity. To rotate the<br />
nose of the vehicle upward to produce a<br />
desired upward lift force, the control action<br />
must produce a downward force on<br />
the tail of the vehicle. This causes an initial<br />
downward motion to the vehicle center of<br />
gravity. A standard adaptive controller sees<br />
this initial ‘wrong-way’ effect and attempts<br />
to correct for it, resulting in an unstable<br />
response. One method to eliminate this<br />
problem is to instead control the angle of<br />
attack as measured by an air data system,<br />
Σ<br />
Tracking<br />
Error<br />
Feature<br />
but most missiles and proposed<br />
very small UAVs cannot support<br />
an air data system due<br />
to weight and size restrictions.<br />
The <strong>Raytheon</strong> adaptive controller<br />
eliminates the wrong-way<br />
response problem by adapting<br />
to a careful combination of the<br />
measured acceleration and the<br />
measured angular rate, which<br />
are both available system outputs.<br />
Overcoming these and<br />
other challenges to applying<br />
adaptive control to real-world<br />
systems have been among the achievements<br />
of the AAVT research.<br />
Testing on <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s Delta Wing Flight<br />
Control Test Bed<br />
Because adaptive autopilots must operate<br />
in real-world systems, the AAVT research<br />
team developed a process for evaluation<br />
of algorithms that includes simulation<br />
and flight test. The algorithms are flown<br />
on <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s own Delta Wing advanced<br />
control system test bed. The Delta Wing<br />
is a low-cost UAV, developed in-house,<br />
complete with an internally developed<br />
avionics suite and processor. This vehicle<br />
demonstrated <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s first adaptive<br />
autopilot flight in 2007, and the team won<br />
the <strong>Raytheon</strong> Excellence in Engineering<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> award for this accomplishment<br />
in 2008.<br />
Continued on page 18<br />
2007 <strong>Raytheon</strong> Excellence in Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong> Award winners: Adaptive Air Vehicle<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> IRAD Adaptive Control Development Team holding a Delta Wing UAV. From left:<br />
Todd Fanciullo, Rob Fuentes, Josh Matthews, Richard Hindman, Yung Lee.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 17
Feature Adaptive Flight Control<br />
Continued from page 17<br />
Much is involved in the implementation<br />
and evaluation of adaptive autopilot algorithms<br />
for flight vehicles. After the adaptive<br />
flight control algorithms are developed<br />
and verified on simple examples, they are<br />
applied to a 6 degree-of-freedom (6DOF)<br />
simulation of the Delta Wing, where they<br />
are analyzed using Monte Carlo analysis. If<br />
the algorithm performs well in the 6DOF,<br />
algorithm performance is then verified<br />
during flight test of the Delta Wing flight<br />
control test bed.<br />
Autopilot<br />
Guidance<br />
Commands<br />
Simulink Adaptive A/P model<br />
Adaptive<br />
Autopilot<br />
Actuators<br />
Sensors<br />
RTW<br />
Embedded Coder<br />
The adaptive control design process<br />
including flight testing<br />
Nonlinear<br />
Missile<br />
Dynamics<br />
Automatic Code Generation<br />
6-DOF Simulation Tool<br />
C Code<br />
Delta Wing Flight Test<br />
Common Avionics<br />
A comparison of the pitch channel response<br />
of the Delta Wing 6DOF simulation<br />
to a step in the acceleration command<br />
is shown in the following figure. For this<br />
simulation, the pitch control authority was<br />
reduced 70 percent. The green line on the<br />
18 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
AP Z Accel (m/sec 2 )<br />
-4<br />
Command<br />
-5<br />
Plant with Adaptive<br />
Model Response<br />
-6<br />
Plant w/o Adaptive<br />
-7<br />
-8<br />
-9<br />
-10<br />
-11<br />
-12<br />
-13<br />
-14<br />
-15<br />
225 225.5 226 226.5 227 227.5 228 228.5 229<br />
Time (sec)<br />
6DOF simulation showing performance recovery<br />
when 70% of control authority is lost<br />
plot shows the response of the Delta Wing<br />
flying with a classical autopilot. The red line<br />
shows the response of the Delta Wing with<br />
an adaptive autopilot tracking the desired<br />
response from a reference model, shown in<br />
blue. Not only have these algorithms been<br />
applied to the Delta Wing UAV, they are<br />
being designed for and will soon be tested<br />
on the Cobra UAV, <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s own UAV<br />
test bed. Application to several advanced<br />
missiles is currently being pursued.<br />
Throughout industry and academia, adaptive<br />
control has been successfully applied<br />
to slowly varying industrial processes. It has<br />
also been applied to several aircraft and<br />
low-performance bombs. Through AAVT,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has pushed the state of the<br />
art in adaptive control by applying adaptive<br />
algorithms to advanced air vehicles.<br />
Our systems are very challenging as they<br />
require extremely high performance and<br />
reliability, data sensing is often limited, and<br />
they may have either stable or unstable<br />
airframes. Furthermore, future systems are<br />
being developed that require the airframe<br />
to drastically morph its shape during flight.<br />
This poses very costly, if not insurmountable,<br />
challenges to developing wind tunnel<br />
models for use in classical flight controller<br />
design. Additionally, future agile UAVs will<br />
require a high level of fault tolerance to<br />
meet airworthiness requirements. This will<br />
require on-board health monitoring and<br />
system identification, as well as a flight<br />
control system that can adapt rapidly to<br />
the detected changes. Finding solutions to<br />
these challenges is the future of adaptive<br />
control technology at <strong>Raytheon</strong>. •<br />
D. Brett Ridgely, Rick Hindman<br />
Computational<br />
Materials<br />
Engineering:<br />
A tool whose<br />
time has come<br />
Isaac Newton (1643−1727) and<br />
Robert Hooke (1635–1703) were<br />
contemporaries, and their work<br />
forms the basis of modern engineering.<br />
Newton’s calculus found<br />
fertile ground and grew into the<br />
core computational techniques that<br />
are the foundation of mechanical<br />
design. Finite element analysis, for<br />
example, is a numerical integration<br />
technique that permits analysis of<br />
systems that are too difficult to<br />
solve by other means. Hooke’s law<br />
of elasticity laid the foundation for<br />
computing the internal distortions<br />
of physical objects subjected to<br />
external stresses and for predicting<br />
strain induced failures.
Since the time of Newton and Hooke,<br />
accurate property determination was<br />
limited to those materials readily<br />
available for characterization in the laboratory.<br />
All material properties arise from the<br />
interaction of electrons with atomic nuclei;<br />
consequently, the ability to compute<br />
engineering properties for a given material<br />
was not possible until the advent of<br />
quantum physics.<br />
Atomic interactions are described by quantum<br />
physics. While writing the equations<br />
describing atomic interactions is easy,<br />
solving these equations is not. Systems<br />
composed of more than two or three atoms<br />
frequently involve more than 30 electrons.<br />
This type of problem requires the numerical<br />
integration techniques spawned by<br />
Newton’s work.<br />
A Fistful of Atoms<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> often uses novel materials in order<br />
to expand the performance envelope of its<br />
products, and is currently using computational<br />
materials engineering (CME) as an aid<br />
to characterize these novel materials. CME is<br />
simply the application of advanced computing<br />
techniques to the solution of quantum<br />
physics problems involving the mechanical,<br />
thermal, electrical and optical properties of<br />
engineering materials.<br />
Recent advances in computing power have<br />
increased computer speed and reduced<br />
computing costs. Now computations are a<br />
viable alternative to experimentation for<br />
engineering problems.<br />
As input, CME needs only the identity and<br />
geometric arrangement of a small group of<br />
atoms (less than 100) to predict the total<br />
energy of that arrangement. Figure 1 is an<br />
example of the required input. All other<br />
required parameters are known physical<br />
constants.<br />
Comparing the energy of several different<br />
arrangements leads to amazing insight into<br />
material properties and material stability.<br />
Mechanical properties (modulus, strength);<br />
thermal properties (heat capacity, coefficient<br />
of thermal expansion); Optical properties<br />
(index of refraction, spectral absorption);<br />
and electrical properties (band gap) can all<br />
be computed by systematically distorting<br />
the input geometry.<br />
Because the basic physics and fundamental<br />
constants are known and the geometry<br />
is defined, all the input parameters are<br />
known, making this truly an ab initio, or<br />
first principles, technique. The results do<br />
not depend on empirical relationships or<br />
assumed relationships between input parameters.<br />
Interpretation of results, however,<br />
does require a detailed understanding<br />
of statistical thermodynamics and<br />
quantum theory.<br />
Just as finite element analysis (FEA) revolutionized<br />
mechanical engineering, the<br />
ability to compute a material’s mechanical<br />
properties (modulus and strength); optical<br />
properties (absorption, THz phonon spectra,<br />
dielectric constant, etc.); and electrical properties<br />
(band gap, ionization potential, etc.)<br />
will revolutionize materials engineering. Its<br />
ability to map out spatial energy fields is<br />
creating new opportunities to predict kinetic<br />
phenomena such as diffusion and structural<br />
relaxation, as well.<br />
CME is maturing at a rapid rate. It will not<br />
replace laboratory testing, but can substantially<br />
reduce the cost of testing by focusing<br />
testing on critical parameters and providing<br />
insight to eliminate or suggest new<br />
materials suitable for a particular application.<br />
CME can also suggest alternate test<br />
methods, which may not have been<br />
previously considered.<br />
A Fresh Perspective on<br />
Persistent Problems<br />
The ability to tailor properties of a given<br />
material to optimize it for a specific application<br />
expresses the essence of engineering.<br />
This technique will quickly be adopted by<br />
the engineering community as a standard<br />
tool. This is especially attractive for the<br />
aerospace industry, where performance<br />
envelopes can be limited by materials<br />
problems that evade solution for decades.<br />
Feature<br />
Figure 1. Zinc atom (green) in a tin (grey)<br />
grain boundary. This geometry is used to<br />
compute the activation energy for diffusion<br />
of atoms through a low angle grain boundary.<br />
The grain boundary is a horizontal<br />
plane containing the zinc atom.<br />
Getting an alternate perspective on these<br />
persistent problems is invaluable.<br />
As an example of the power of CME, we<br />
apply it to the current industry problem of<br />
tin whiskers. If lead (Pb) is not added to tin<br />
(Sn) solder in sufficient quantities, solder<br />
lines will slowly grow tin whiskers of sufficient<br />
length to eventually cause shorting<br />
and component failure. Recent environmental<br />
restrictions on the use of lead require<br />
the formulation of new solders and<br />
whisker inhibitors.<br />
Figure 1 shows a particular arrangement<br />
of atoms that represents a zinc atom (Zn)<br />
moving along a tin grain boundary. A fixed<br />
atom arrangement is input to the quantum<br />
computation engine, which uses iteration to<br />
find the lowest energy arrangement of<br />
Continued on page 20<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 19
Feature Computational Materials<br />
Continued from page 19<br />
Energy / KJ / mol<br />
electron density around the nuclei. The<br />
lowest energy state is determined by<br />
convergence. The result is an approximation<br />
of the energy of that configuration at<br />
absolute zero.<br />
Repeating this same procedure for slight<br />
variations in geometry shows us the low-<br />
est energy configuration of atoms. Figure 2<br />
shows the energy of the entire group of<br />
atoms as the zinc atom is moved along the<br />
grain boundary. The height of the curve is<br />
the activation energy for diffusion of zinc<br />
through a tin grain boundary.<br />
Zinc is known to move quickly through tin<br />
grain boundaries and may promote the<br />
growth of tin whiskers. Lead is known to<br />
inhibit the growth of tin whiskers. The<br />
bulk tin that forms the whiskers is known<br />
to travel to the whisker root along grain<br />
boundaries. If we restrict the movement of<br />
tin through the grain boundary, then we<br />
should be able to slow or inhibit whisker<br />
growth. The diffusion activation energy is<br />
a measure of how difficult it is to move an<br />
atom from one location to another. A large<br />
activation energy implies slower transport.<br />
20 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5<br />
Zn<br />
Pb<br />
Sn<br />
-10<br />
-20<br />
-30<br />
Displacement<br />
Figure 2. Diffusion activation energies of lead (Pb,) tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) atoms moving along<br />
a Sn grain boundary.<br />
Figure 2 clearly shows that the activation<br />
energy for transport of lead and zinc are<br />
different from each other. The activation<br />
energy for transport is greater for lead than<br />
for tin. The activation energy for zinc is<br />
substantially lower than that of either lead<br />
or tin.<br />
We surveyed binary alloys comprised of tin.<br />
Each alloy combines tin with each element<br />
in the entire periodic table. Most elements<br />
have activation energies lower than of tin.<br />
A few have activation energies greater than<br />
tin and fewer still have activation energies<br />
greater than or equal to lead.<br />
We can now use this knowledge to focus<br />
experiments on alloys with elements that<br />
we think will behave, like lead, as whisker<br />
inhibitors. This effort should reduce the time<br />
to find a suitable replacement for lead sol-<br />
ders for electronics, which are the heart of<br />
many of <strong>Raytheon</strong>'s products.<br />
Unfortunately, the reliability of tin-lead in<br />
electronics is not limited to whisker inhibi-<br />
tion by lead, but relies on the unique<br />
mechanical and thermal properties of the<br />
tin–lead alloy. Any viable solder replacement<br />
should have mechanical thermal properties<br />
very similar to tin–lead alloys. The computed<br />
properties of candidate alloys can be<br />
verified later by testing.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is performing these calculations<br />
using the MedeA software package, writ-<br />
ten and distributed by Materials Design, Inc.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has been working with Materials<br />
Design since 2005, initially to understand<br />
the capabilities and limits of the tool. More<br />
recently we have been applying it to a<br />
diverse range of engineering problems.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> and Materials Design are design-<br />
ing a virtual chemical vapor deposition (CVD)<br />
chamber, based on the MedeA software, to<br />
complement the zinc sulfide CVD system<br />
recently installed at <strong>Raytheon</strong> in Tucson.<br />
A Few Atoms More<br />
Dramatic growth in computing power, and<br />
insights enabled by quantum theory, now<br />
makes it possible to apply quantum mechan-<br />
ics to industrial materials problems. Quantum<br />
mechanics is as important to materials engi-<br />
neering as Newtonian statics and dynamics.<br />
Characterizing the mechanical properties<br />
of materials is no longer restricted to<br />
the laboratory. We can now investigate<br />
new materials, and variations of existing<br />
materials, outside of the laboratory using<br />
computational methods. In addition, the<br />
computational analysis can be used to tailor<br />
materials to specific needs — engineering of<br />
materials is no longer science fiction.<br />
Computational materials engineering has<br />
shown us what we can obtain from a fist<br />
full of atoms, can you imagine what we can<br />
achieve for a few atoms more? •<br />
D. Brooke Hatfield, Brian J. Zelinski
GaN<br />
Microwave<br />
Amplifiers<br />
Come of Age<br />
The revolutionary power, efficiency<br />
and bandwidth performance im-<br />
provements demonstrated by<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s gallium nitride (GaN) technology<br />
are now being realized in state-of-the-art<br />
microwave power amplifiers, enabling<br />
the next generation of radar systems.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s large development effort lever-<br />
aged extensive gallium arsenide (GaAs)<br />
development experience, strategic partner-<br />
ships with universities and the government,<br />
and long-term investment commitments.<br />
High-power semiconductors play an<br />
important role in radar performance. In a<br />
phased array radar, the RF energy is dis-<br />
tributed to each element, phase shifted<br />
and then amplified before being radiated.<br />
The final amplification of the RF signal at<br />
each element is performed by the power<br />
amplifier. Traditionally, GaAs has been<br />
the semiconductor of choice for efficiently<br />
amplifying this signal, creating the desired<br />
output power.<br />
Throughout the 1990s, <strong>Raytheon</strong> was a<br />
pioneer in inserting GaAs-based monolithic<br />
microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) into<br />
phased array radars. As the performance<br />
requirements of these military systems have<br />
increased to meet ever-growing threats, so<br />
too have the power and efficiency requirements<br />
on the power amplifiers. Over that<br />
time, GaAs performance was stretched from<br />
the unit power density of 0.5 watt per millimeter<br />
of transistor periphery to 1.5 W/mm<br />
by increasing the drain voltage from 5V to<br />
24V. GaN, however, continued to make dramatic<br />
performance improvements, quickly<br />
surpassing GaAs capability (see table).<br />
<strong>Today</strong>, with <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s development phase<br />
nearing completion, the power, efficiency<br />
and bandwidth performance of GaN-based<br />
MMICs is unsurpassed — revolutionizing<br />
the design of radars by creating not only<br />
higher performance but also lower system<br />
cost. With over 5 W/mm of power density,<br />
GaN RF amplifiers can provide more than 5X<br />
the power per element of GaAs in the same<br />
Feature<br />
footprint. Fewer high-power GaN MMICs<br />
could be used to replace many low-power<br />
GaAs MMICs, or alternatively, equal-power<br />
GaN chips can be made dramatically<br />
smaller. Both approaches reduce overall system<br />
costs while enabling size-constrained<br />
Continued on page 22<br />
Parameter<br />
Output<br />
GaAs GaN<br />
power<br />
density<br />
Operating<br />
0.5–1.5 W/mm 5–7 W/mm<br />
voltage<br />
Breakdown<br />
5–24 V 28–48 V<br />
voltage<br />
Maximum<br />
15–48V >100V<br />
current<br />
Thermal<br />
~ 0.5 A/mm ~1.2 A/mm<br />
conductivity<br />
(W/m-K)<br />
47 ~390 (SiC)*<br />
* GaN on silicon carbide substrate<br />
Demonstrated GaAs and GaN microwave<br />
performance and thermal conductivity<br />
showing superior GaN results.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 21
Feature GaN<br />
Continued from page 21<br />
systems. The higher drain current that GaN<br />
offers makes the broadband matching of<br />
high-power MMICs simpler and more efficient<br />
than GaAs, while the seven to eight<br />
times improvement in the thermal conductivity<br />
enables amplifier cooling. Finally, the<br />
wide band gap intrinsic to GaN material<br />
provides large critical breakdown fields and<br />
voltages, making a more robust amplifier<br />
and easing system implementation.<br />
Development History of GaN<br />
GaN semiconductors were first studied<br />
more than 30 years ago, and even then<br />
they were considered ideal for high-power<br />
microwave devices based on their high<br />
theoretical breakdown field and high saturated<br />
electron velocity. But at that time, the<br />
gallium nitride material quality was<br />
22 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
1st GaN<br />
LEDs<br />
1st GaN<br />
µwave<br />
Power<br />
Transistor<br />
Demo<br />
1st GaN<br />
µwave<br />
Amplifier<br />
Demo<br />
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009<br />
insufficient to produce microwave transistors.<br />
This all began to change in the early<br />
1990s when researchers used gallium<br />
nitride to fabricate the world’s first green,<br />
blue, violet and white light-emitting diodes<br />
(LEDs). This breakthrough drove forward a<br />
rapid improvement in GaN material quality.<br />
Now, these LEDs can be found all around<br />
us: on traffic lights, scoreboards, billboards<br />
and flashlights.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
Fabricates<br />
its1st GaN<br />
Transistor<br />
Another obstacle to the development of<br />
GaN transistors was the lack of an inexpensive<br />
substrate material. Traditionally the<br />
substrate material of the transistor is the<br />
same material as the transistor itself, but,<br />
to date, researchers have been unable to<br />
grow large area GaN substrates. Instead,<br />
researchers originally turned to growing<br />
GaN transistors on sapphire substrates, and<br />
in 1996 demonstrated the first microwave<br />
GaN power transistors. The sapphire substrates<br />
are low cost and widely available.<br />
However, their poor thermal conductivity<br />
and non-ideal lattice match to GaN limited<br />
the performance of the transistors.<br />
<strong>Research</strong>ers then turned to growing the<br />
GaN devices on semi-insulating silicon carbide<br />
(SiC) substrates. Silicon carbide has a<br />
good lattice match to GaN and is an excellent<br />
thermal conductor. The only drawback<br />
was that silicon carbide substrates were only<br />
available in small sizes (50 mm diameter)<br />
and were very expensive (100 times the<br />
price of GaAs) in the late 1990s. The last 10<br />
years have seen a rapid improvement in the<br />
size, quality and cost of the silicon carbide<br />
substrates. <strong>Today</strong>, <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s production<br />
GaN process uses 100 mm (4-inch) diameter<br />
SiC substrates.<br />
GaN<br />
Materials<br />
Improvement<br />
WBGS<br />
Phase 1<br />
Figure 1. Timeline of GaN Microwave <strong>Technology</strong> Development<br />
GaN<br />
Transistor<br />
Improvement<br />
WBGS<br />
Phase 2<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
GaN in<br />
Production<br />
WBGS<br />
Phase 3<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has been researching GaN since<br />
1999, fabricating its first gallium nitride<br />
transistors in 2000. MMIC demonstrations<br />
quickly followed. While the demonstrated<br />
performance of the GaN transistors was<br />
excellent, it took a number of years to<br />
improve the reliability and yield of the<br />
transistors to the present state, where the<br />
technology is ready to meet the stringent<br />
needs of defense systems. This development<br />
was funded through both <strong>Raytheon</strong> internal<br />
research and development investments and<br />
external government contracts from Ballistic<br />
Missile Defense Office, Office of Naval<br />
<strong>Research</strong> and Defense Advanced <strong>Research</strong><br />
Projects Agency (DARPA).<br />
As shown in Figure 1, <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s long-term<br />
commitment to the development of GaN<br />
technology began nearly 10 years ago, and<br />
the company has leveraged its long history<br />
of GaAs semiconductor work, as well<br />
as partnerships with industry, university<br />
and government. <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s development<br />
history with GaAs provided the needed infrastructure<br />
and lessons-learned experience<br />
to accelerate GaN’s development. This included<br />
the growth of starting material, the<br />
modeling of transistors’ RF performance,<br />
the semiconductor fabrication facility, the<br />
microwave and module design, and the RF<br />
testing capabilities. Through early strategic<br />
partnering with Cree, the University of<br />
California Santa Barbara and U.S. government<br />
labs, the team shortened the cycles<br />
of learning and shared findings to more<br />
quickly advance the state of GaN transistors.<br />
Focused <strong>Raytheon</strong>-funded university<br />
research at Cornell, Georgia Tech and MIT<br />
continues to push the performance envelope<br />
of GaN to higher frequencies.
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s focus on early reliability demonstrations<br />
and transition to 4-inch wafers, to<br />
leverage the existing manufacturing facility,<br />
has resulted in industry-leading maturity.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s 4-inch microwave GaN process<br />
was moved into a production environment<br />
two years ago and today is completing final<br />
production validation. Many hundreds of<br />
wafers have been processed, resulting in<br />
increased process maturity and lower system<br />
insertion costs. The capabilities of this<br />
process provide not only the performance<br />
benefits of GaN, but also the assurance of<br />
supply and the capture of early system insertion<br />
opportunities.<br />
The high maturity of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s GaN<br />
technology, signaled with its transition to<br />
production, has provided <strong>Raytheon</strong> the<br />
ability to quickly scale the technology to millimeter-wave<br />
frequencies (> 30 GHz). With a<br />
nominal voltage of 20V and similar currents<br />
levels, millimeter-wave GaN gives the same<br />
five times performance improvement over<br />
existing high frequency GaAs technology as<br />
microwave GaN technology does.<br />
GaN Amplifiers<br />
The ability of GaN transistors to operate<br />
at very high voltage and current enables<br />
them to produce very high output power,<br />
high-efficiency amplifiers. To realize these<br />
high-performance designs requires accurate<br />
modeling of the transistor’s<br />
harmonic performance. The<br />
maturity of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s GaN<br />
technology has enabled us to<br />
obtain consistent, repeatable performance<br />
and the models needed to obtain the highefficiency<br />
amplifiers. We have demonstrated<br />
amplifiers with record combinations of<br />
power and efficiency amplifiers at L-band,<br />
S-band and X-band. The higher voltage<br />
and load impedance of GaN also makes<br />
it especially well suited for the broadband<br />
amplifiers required for future multifunction<br />
systems. <strong>Raytheon</strong> has demonstrated high<br />
power broadband amplifiers with bandwidths<br />
greater than 4:1.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is also leading the way for<br />
extending the performance of GaN to<br />
millimeter-wave frequencies and higher.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has recently demonstrated<br />
state-of-the-art power performance for<br />
MMICs operating at 35 GHz and at 95<br />
GHz. <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s 95 GHz MMIC work has<br />
been funded in part by the Joint Non Lethal<br />
Weapons Directorate to produce a solidstate<br />
version of the company’s Active<br />
Denial System.<br />
Feature<br />
Fixtured GaN MMIC<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s Active Denial System is designed<br />
to use millimeter wave technology to repel<br />
individuals without causing injury<br />
The high power handling capability of GaN<br />
transistors also makes it an ideal choice<br />
for other types of circuits. For example,<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has demonstrated GaN low-noise<br />
amplifiers with record survivability and GaN<br />
microwave switches with record power<br />
handling.<br />
As customer requirements increase beyond<br />
GaAs capabilities, there has been a strong<br />
pull to mature GaN for system insertion. In<br />
collaboration with the government, universities<br />
and small businesses, <strong>Raytheon</strong> has<br />
matured GaN from 2-inch wafers with transistors<br />
measured with hours of lifetime, to<br />
4-inch wafers and transistors with the millions<br />
of hours of reliability today needed to<br />
transition into U.S. Department of Defense<br />
system. Ultimately, GaN will become the<br />
power amplification standard for all new<br />
radars, communication and weapon systems,<br />
where cost-effective, high RF power<br />
is needed. •<br />
Colin Whelan, Nick Kolias<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 23
Feature<br />
Mobile SAVi system features a laser vibrometer and processing system.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is bringing two DARPAsponsored<br />
technologies together to<br />
meet challenging warfighter needs:<br />
Monarch, an exceptional processor architecture<br />
that provides an order of magnitude<br />
more processing per watt than other computing<br />
solutions, and SAVi (seismic and<br />
acoustic vibration imaging), an advanced<br />
sensor that uses laser vibrometry and a<br />
number of compute-intensive algorithms<br />
to detect buried objects such as mines<br />
and tunnels.<br />
The direction in U.S. Department of Defense<br />
(DoD) systems is toward large data volume<br />
sensors with demanding signal and<br />
data processing throughput requirements.<br />
Processors for these systems also need<br />
outstanding energy efficiency. Even as<br />
commercial processors have increased in<br />
processing performance, the amount of<br />
data provided by the sensor to the front-end<br />
processor has placed an even greater stress<br />
on the back-end processor for more performance<br />
within a stricter power budget. The<br />
morphable networked micro-architecture<br />
(Monarch) is a high-performance processing<br />
chip developed with the goal of providing<br />
exceptional compute capacity and high data<br />
bandwidth coupled with state-of-the-art<br />
power efficiency and full programmability.<br />
24 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Monarch Meets Demanding,<br />
High-Stress Processing Requirements<br />
A chip is typically designed either for frontend<br />
signal processing or back-end control<br />
and data processing. The Monarch architecture<br />
and chip can efficiently do either, or<br />
both concurrently. It can perform as a single<br />
system on a chip, supporting single or multiple<br />
diverse processing functions, resulting<br />
in a significant reduction in the number of<br />
processor types required for computing systems,<br />
or it can perform as an array of chips<br />
to provide teraflop throughput.<br />
Development History<br />
Monarch got its start as the <strong>Raytheon</strong>developed<br />
High-Performance Processing<br />
System (HPPS) architecture. HPPS was<br />
part of a challenge problem from a DoD<br />
agency to develop a 1-teraflop, 10-watt<br />
architecture for <strong>2010</strong>. In 1999, <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
received a seedling contract and assembled<br />
a small team to study this. Out of that<br />
work and follow-on internal research and<br />
development investment came the core of<br />
Monarch, the dataflow-based field programmable<br />
computing array (FPCA). This<br />
approach was further developed in Phase I<br />
of a new Defense Advanced <strong>Research</strong><br />
Projects Agency (DARPA) Information<br />
Processing <strong>Technology</strong> Office program:<br />
Polymorphic Computing Architecture (PCA).<br />
The goal of the PCA program was to<br />
develop adaptive, high-performance<br />
processing architectures that can be optimized<br />
to mission requirements across DoD<br />
applications — whether in response to<br />
changes from mission to mission or to the<br />
dynamic evolution of in-mission processing<br />
requirements. A team from the Information<br />
Sciences Institute of the University of<br />
Southern California (USC/ISI), led by<br />
John Granacki, was developing the Data<br />
IntensiVe Architecture (DIVA). <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
became part of the USC/ISI team and the<br />
two elements — DIVA and HPPS — were<br />
combined to create Monarch.<br />
By Phase III of PCA, <strong>Raytheon</strong> became<br />
the prime contractor and the team grew<br />
to include Exogi, Mercury Computers, IBM<br />
and Georgia Tech. The chip was fabricated<br />
by IBM using their Cu08 (90nm) CMOS<br />
ASIC process.<br />
The<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>-led<br />
team enjoyed<br />
first-spin<br />
success in<br />
developing<br />
this complex<br />
Monarch<br />
chip.
Architecture<br />
The Monarch chip includes six reduced<br />
instruction set computer (RISC) processors,<br />
12 megabytes of on-chip dynamic random<br />
access memory (DRAM), two DDR2 ports,<br />
two serial RapidIO ports, 16 2.6-gigabyte<br />
per second streaming I/O ports, and the<br />
FPCA, a reconfigurable computing array.<br />
The Monarch chips can boot from a single<br />
commercial flash memory part, providing a<br />
highly embeddable system-on-a-chip processing<br />
solution. Monarch can also be used<br />
as a tiled array of processing chips to build<br />
a multi-teraflop computer, again with no<br />
glue parts required, thus achieving excellent<br />
size, weight, energy, performance and time<br />
values and enabling embedded systems that<br />
demand high performance computing for<br />
complex algorithms.<br />
The FPCA is key to the Monarch chip’s<br />
high performance and efficiency. The FPCA<br />
contains 96 multiplier-ALUs, 124 dual-port<br />
memories, 248 address generators, and 20<br />
direct memory access (DMA) engines all connected<br />
through a rich, dynamically switched<br />
interconnect. The architecture of the FPCA<br />
has been optimized for signal processing<br />
algorithms, for example, fast Fourier transforms<br />
and finite impulse response filters,<br />
using 16- and 32-bit integer and 32-bit<br />
IEEE floating point data. The FPCA uses a<br />
dataflow processing paradigm that supports<br />
streaming data with hardware support for<br />
dataflow synchronization, and uses a novel<br />
distributed programming paradigm. Monarch<br />
also supports threaded style execution<br />
through six independent RISC processors.<br />
The processors may also be configured to<br />
operate on 256-bit wide word or or on single<br />
instruction, multiple data operations. Many<br />
of the on-chip data paths and memories are<br />
256 bits wide for high bandwidth; others are<br />
32 bits wide to match common data needs.<br />
Total on-chip memory bandwidth is 390 gigabytes<br />
per second, enabling the sustained<br />
throughput of 64 gigaflops.<br />
For power efficiency, Monarch substantially<br />
differs from nearly all conventional<br />
digital signal processors or RISC processors.<br />
Conventional architectures use DMA to place<br />
data into memory, pull it out for computing,<br />
put it back into memory and then<br />
FLASH<br />
EDRAM<br />
RISC<br />
EDRAM<br />
RISC<br />
EDRAM<br />
RISC<br />
DRAM<br />
I/F<br />
use DMA to send it to the output devices.<br />
Monarch data paths support direct execution<br />
of dataflow graphs — streaming data through<br />
the processor from input devices through<br />
computing elements, to output devices<br />
with no need to store the data in memory.<br />
Streaming execution without using memories<br />
saves all the energy consumed storing and<br />
retrieving data multiple times into memory.<br />
Memory is used only when the algorithm<br />
requires time alignment or for saving state.<br />
The Monarch programming environment<br />
is a combination of industry standard<br />
languages (C/C++) and machine-specific<br />
dataflow language. The RISC compiler<br />
provides auto vectorization when developing<br />
code for the wide word processor and<br />
scalar code. The dataflow assembler is the<br />
primary path for programming the FPCA.<br />
Math libraries can be used for both the<br />
threaded and dataflow streaming portions<br />
of the machine to reduce programmer work<br />
load. There are simulators, debuggers, and<br />
a real-time executive for the machine. The<br />
maturities of the tools vary but are sufficient<br />
for developing application code.<br />
Monarch Advantages<br />
Monarch provides high signal processing<br />
throughput in a power-efficient balanced<br />
FPCA<br />
RIO RIO<br />
DRAM<br />
I/F<br />
An overview of the Monarch architecture. Monarch incorporates 6 RISC processors,<br />
12 megabytes on-chip DRAM, 12 arithmetic clusters, and 31 memory clusters<br />
Feature<br />
EDRAM<br />
RISC<br />
EDRAM<br />
RISC<br />
EDRAM<br />
RISC<br />
architecture. Monarch can perform as a<br />
single system on a chip or as an array of<br />
chips to provide teraflop throughput. Tests<br />
have shown that Monarch can sustain 64<br />
gigaflops of throughput via the FPCA while<br />
consuming less than 20 watts of power. The<br />
achievement of 3 gigaflops of throughput<br />
per watt in the current generation results<br />
in one of the most efficient processors<br />
available.<br />
Dataflow processing is the key to Monarch’s<br />
power efficiency. Dataflow is rooted in an<br />
early 1900s technology process: the<br />
assembly line.<br />
Standard general purpose processors can be<br />
viewed as a single-worker with a long “todo”<br />
list to complete a job. A lot of time and<br />
energy is wasted checking what needs to be<br />
done next (instruction fetching).<br />
The FPCA processor is an entire shop full of<br />
specialized workers. Each worker is provided<br />
only a short list of operations to do. Upon<br />
completion, the incremental product is sent<br />
down the line, and the worker receives the<br />
next piece to perform the same operations<br />
on the line. The operations are nearly always<br />
Continued on page 26<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 25
Feature<br />
Continued from page 25<br />
the same, with only limited flexibility (i.e., a<br />
painter can be told to paint it green instead of<br />
blue, but never to weld). FCPA processors have<br />
extremely high throughput at the cost of lower<br />
overall flexibility. Dataflow architecture also<br />
eases programming workload.<br />
Programming Monarch’s FPCA requires the<br />
mindset of an industrial engineer as much as a<br />
software engineer to:<br />
• Decompose a task into individually<br />
workable units<br />
• Effectively utilize workers<br />
• Balance the workload<br />
• Optimally route between workers<br />
System Impact<br />
DARPA’s SAVi program is an example of the<br />
trend toward large data volume sensors with<br />
demanding requirements, with a sensor capable<br />
of producing 1 to 2 gigasamples per<br />
second of data and needing hundreds of gigaflops<br />
of compute power.<br />
SAVi uses laser Doppler vibrometry to detect<br />
mines and tunnels in real time, from a mobile<br />
platform. SAVi induces ground-surface vibrations<br />
by applying an acoustic stimulus for land<br />
mines and improvised explosive devices and<br />
a seismic stimulus for tunnels. Laser Doppler<br />
vibrometry allows for non-contact vibration<br />
measurements of a surface by detecting the<br />
Doppler shift of a laser beam frequency to derive<br />
the vibration velocity over time for a target.<br />
The Monarch implementation will replace the<br />
original SAVi processing approach that was<br />
estimated to take 96 conventional commercial<br />
processors with 16 Monarch chips. The SAVi<br />
program will utilize quad-chip boards developed<br />
by Mercury Federal Systems for <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
in a four-board chassis configuration to fulfill<br />
SAVi system processing requirements.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is proud of this innovative processor.<br />
We plan to continue providing similar creative<br />
solutions to stay at the forefront of information<br />
systems and computing technologies to<br />
meet the future needs of our customer’s radar,<br />
electro-optical, missile, communications, and<br />
signal intelligence systems. •<br />
Kenneth Prager<br />
26 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
YAG Solid State<br />
Laser Ceramics<br />
Breakthroughs at <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has long been a leader in<br />
optical materials research and development,<br />
with multiple patents<br />
involving multi-spectral zinc sulfide (ZnS),<br />
Raytran zinc selenide, and aluminum<br />
oxynitride (ALON), just to name a few.<br />
More recently, the focus has shifted to<br />
next-generation optical materials that<br />
will enable further system capabilities<br />
and higher performance. For example, as<br />
missile domes and windows and as laser<br />
gain media. Yttrium aluminum garnet<br />
(Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , or YAG) is a laser gain host<br />
material widely used for solid state lasers.<br />
When doped with rare earth elements<br />
such as neodymium (Nd), ytterbium<br />
(Yb) or erbium (Er), and pumped with<br />
light from an external source, energy<br />
is transferred to these atoms and then<br />
released to emit laser light at a different<br />
wavelength. While single crystals have<br />
traditionally been used, polycrystalline or<br />
ceramic YAG is gaining momentum as<br />
preferred for high-power solid state lasers<br />
because of several advantages and capabilities<br />
afforded by ceramics.<br />
Why Ceramics?<br />
As the size and design complexity<br />
requirements become more stringent<br />
for high-power solid state laser systems,<br />
optically transparent ceramic laser gain<br />
materials are replacing single crystals.<br />
Most single crystal YAG is grown according<br />
to the Czochralski method, in which<br />
a seed crystal is slowly pulled and rotated<br />
inside an Iridium crucible with molten<br />
YAG to form a crystal boule. Large crystals<br />
are difficult to fabricate because the<br />
growing process introduces significant<br />
stress and other index distortions. Due to<br />
the mass, the maximum size of the boule<br />
without fracture is also limited.<br />
Ceramics offer competitive advantages in<br />
overcoming these shortcomings. Ceramic<br />
material can be fabricated faster and in<br />
larger sizes with more uniform optical<br />
properties and doping. Ceramic parts can<br />
be made as large as the size of the furnace<br />
hot zone, eliminating the need for<br />
optical diffusion bonding as commonly<br />
practiced with single crystal material.<br />
Ceramic YAG can also be doped at higher<br />
concentrations than single crystal in many<br />
cases. The complex, net shape capability<br />
also contributes to the cost competitiveness<br />
of ceramic materials. Ceramic<br />
material can be produced in several days<br />
with the appropriate furnace, while growing<br />
a crystal boule requires several weeks<br />
and expensive iridium crucibles at very<br />
high temperatures. Ceramic sintering<br />
temperatures are well below the melting<br />
temperatures required for single crystals.<br />
Ceramic processing is also amenable for<br />
producing complex monolithic structures<br />
in which graded doping profiles and dopant<br />
type can be tailored. Ceramic laser<br />
gain material has already demonstrated<br />
equivalent or superior performance to<br />
single crystal. In fact, all of the properties<br />
critical to the laser performance — such<br />
as propagation loss, thermal birefringence,<br />
dopant absorption and emission<br />
characteristics, and refractive index —<br />
have been proven identical to those of<br />
single crystal laser media.
Fabrication of Laser Ceramics<br />
Optical ceramic YAG materials are fabricated<br />
from a starting nanopowder material<br />
which is consolidated into a desired shape<br />
and then heat-treated at temperatures well<br />
below the melting point for pore removal<br />
and densification. The fabrication process<br />
flowchart is shown in Figure 1.<br />
Powder<br />
Characterization<br />
Sinter<br />
Hot Isostatic Pressing<br />
Deagglomeration<br />
Powder<br />
Compaction<br />
Optical Finishing and<br />
Characterization<br />
Figure 1. Optical laser ceramic YAG fabrication<br />
process flow<br />
The extensive powder characterization step<br />
is critical in understanding and predicting<br />
how the powder will behave during<br />
consolidation and densification. It is also<br />
a screening method to evaluate chemical<br />
and crystalline phase purity information of<br />
the powder to see if it will produce optically<br />
superior ceramic. The average particle<br />
size of the YAG powder is in the nanometer<br />
range, which makes them prone to<br />
Next-generation Feature optical<br />
materials enabling<br />
higher performance<br />
agglomeration due to their large surface<br />
area (see Figure 2). A deagglomeration step<br />
is therefore necessary to break up the powder<br />
aggregates before consolidating it into<br />
a green body. This step allows for uniform<br />
pore distribution and optimal green density,<br />
both of which aid in uniform sintering.<br />
The green ceramic body is fabricated using<br />
the uniaxial and isostatic pressing apparatus<br />
on the die filled powder. As seen in<br />
Figure 3, the green body has approximately<br />
50 percent porosity contained within,<br />
which renders the sample opaque.<br />
Sintering followed by hot isostatic pressing<br />
(HIP) is the method of densification for optical<br />
ceramic YAG fabrication at <strong>Raytheon</strong>.<br />
Following sintering, the ceramic still has<br />
some residual porosity left in the part. The<br />
HIP takes these remaining pores out of the<br />
ceramic by using both temperature and<br />
pressure. The resulting ceramic is optically<br />
transparent if the starting powder was<br />
of high chemical and phase purity. The<br />
sample then needs to be polished on major<br />
faces before it can be further analyzed for<br />
optical transmission, absorption, lasing<br />
characterization, and other microstructural<br />
examination. State-of-the-art ceramic<br />
Continued on page 28<br />
Figure 2. Nanopowder (left) to green ceramic (middle) to optical ceramic YAG (right)<br />
ENGINEERING PROFILE<br />
Jean Huie<br />
Imholt<br />
Integrated<br />
Defense<br />
Systems<br />
Principal<br />
Multi-<br />
Disciplined<br />
Engineer<br />
Since joining<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> six<br />
years ago,<br />
Principal<br />
Multi-<br />
Disciplined<br />
Engineer Jean Imholt has been working on the<br />
development of optical ceramic YAG (yttrium<br />
aluminum garnet) material for application in<br />
high-power solid state lasers and infrared transparent<br />
windows.<br />
Imholt has also led numerous internal research<br />
and development projects around nanomaterials,<br />
including nanocomposites for thermal and EMI<br />
applications and the alternate environmental<br />
barrier coating for panel arrays. She recently<br />
supported the AN/TPY-2 Radar Sub-Systems<br />
integrated product team to mitigate obsolescence<br />
and refresh/redesign a high-speed<br />
recorder system.<br />
As a graduate student in chemical engineering,<br />
Imholt worked on synthesis, processing, and<br />
characterization of various nanomaterials spanning<br />
from carbon nanotubes, quantum dots and<br />
nanoparticles. Before <strong>Raytheon</strong>, she worked at<br />
a small nanotech company developing nanocomposite<br />
coatings. “With this background, my<br />
transition into the Materials Engineering group<br />
at <strong>Raytheon</strong> Integrated Defense Systems seemed<br />
almost natural,” Imholt said. “IDS’ Advanced<br />
Materials group is a world-class technology<br />
leader in advanced materials development. When<br />
working in the lab, it felt like I was back in graduate<br />
school, only all of the equipment actually<br />
worked as it should!”<br />
Imholt had never worked with ceramic materials<br />
before joining <strong>Raytheon</strong>, but she believes her<br />
background helped her meet this new challenge.<br />
“My family moved to the U.S. from South Korea<br />
when I was 15, and I did not speak the language<br />
or understand the culture.” She credits strong<br />
personal discipline and work ethic for helping<br />
her meet the challenge, graduating at the top of<br />
her high school class and summa cum laude from<br />
the University of Pittsburgh. “My philosophy is<br />
that hard work always pays off.”<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 27
Feature YAG Ceramics<br />
Continued from page 27<br />
Green body<br />
processing ensures refractive index and dopant<br />
uniformity of the final ceramic as well as<br />
complete elimination of porosity and controlled<br />
grain growth.<br />
It is critical that the starting nanopowder is<br />
the highest quality possible in terms of its<br />
chemical purity, sinterability, and stoichiometry.<br />
If the powder contains chemical<br />
impurities, especially those that absorb<br />
around the wavelengths of interest for the<br />
application, not only will they degrade the<br />
laser power output, they also will contribute<br />
to significant heating of the laser gain<br />
medium. Another source of loss in laser<br />
ceramic YAG comes from scattering. Scatter<br />
centers can originate from poor sinterability<br />
and off-stoichiometry of the starting powder.<br />
Sinterability attributes to the affinity of<br />
the powder to coalesce and form ceramic<br />
and effectively diffuse and eliminate pores<br />
along the grain boundaries, while undergoing<br />
heat treatment. Pores that remain in<br />
the final ceramic, whose refractive index<br />
is hugely different from that of YAG, act<br />
as scatter centers. Stoichiometry refers to<br />
the molar or atomic ratio of the YAG compound,<br />
Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , or more specifically, 3 to<br />
5 molar ratio of yttrium to aluminum. When<br />
the YAG powder composition deviates from<br />
this stoichiometric ratio by more than 1 part<br />
in 1,000, the ceramics will contain second<br />
phase inclusions that have different indices<br />
of refraction than YAG and also cause optical<br />
scatter. Because the high-quality starting<br />
nanopowder is exceptionally critical to the<br />
overall optical properties of the final ceramic<br />
(the other factor being the optimum<br />
ceramic processing technique), <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
has established strategic relationships with<br />
several nanopowder suppliers.<br />
28 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Sintered ceramic HIPed ceramic<br />
Porosity ~ 50% Porosity � 5% Porosity ~ 0%<br />
Figure 3. Depiction of ceramic microstructure as it undergoes densification process<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Ceramic YAG<br />
The most basic differences between single<br />
crystal and ceramic material are the presence<br />
of grain boundaries and the random<br />
orientation of individual grains in ceramics.<br />
Figure 4 shows the scanning electron<br />
micrograph of <strong>Raytheon</strong> laser ceramic YAG.<br />
Cyrstallographically, YAG is a cubic material<br />
and therefore optically isotropic. The average<br />
grain size of <strong>Raytheon</strong> ceramic YAG is<br />
less than 1.5 microns — particles coalesce<br />
and the grains grow during densification.<br />
Fracture strength of polycrystalline ceramic<br />
materials tends to be greater than the corresponding<br />
single crystal, primarily because<br />
the residual flaw size scales with grain size.<br />
The ring-on-ring biaxial flexure fracture<br />
strength test was carried out on 25 mm<br />
diameter disk samples of <strong>Raytheon</strong> ceramic<br />
YAG and the result was compared against<br />
that of single crystal YAG samples. Fracture<br />
toughness was also measured by Vickers<br />
indentation method. As can be seen from<br />
Table 1, <strong>Raytheon</strong> ceramic materials are as<br />
much as 50 percent stronger than the single<br />
crystal samples and the fracture toughness<br />
proved to be exceptionally higher — 100<br />
percent increase over single crystal.<br />
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph<br />
showing <strong>Raytheon</strong> ceramic YAG<br />
microstruture<br />
This research has established <strong>Raytheon</strong> as<br />
the leading domestic source of optically<br />
transparent laser ceramic YAG with quality<br />
that matches the lasing performance<br />
of the leading international supplier. The<br />
material quality has been verified through<br />
optical transmission and direct laser efficiency<br />
comparisons of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s ceramic<br />
Nd:YAG and that from the other leading<br />
supplier. Specifically, the slope efficiency,<br />
which is the key measure of lasing performance,<br />
was measured as 54 percent for<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s material and 52 percent for the<br />
other supplier.<br />
Single <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
Crystal YAG Ceramic YAG<br />
Fracture<br />
Strength<br />
(MPa)<br />
Fracture<br />
252 336<br />
Toughness<br />
MPa/m<br />
1.0 2.0<br />
1/2 )<br />
Table 1. Comparison of fracture strength and<br />
fracture toughness of single crystal YAG and<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> ceramic YAG.<br />
This accomplishment was made possible<br />
through 30-plus years of experience in the<br />
development of optical ceramic materials<br />
at <strong>Raytheon</strong>. In addition to this significant<br />
milestone, <strong>Raytheon</strong> has also demonstrated<br />
appreciable lasing in Yb- and Er-doped<br />
ceramic YAG materials. Scale up was demonstrated<br />
with Nd:YAG and Yb:YAG in<br />
dimensions of 90 mm diameter by 5 mm<br />
thickness and 125 x 35 x 2.5 mm, respectively.<br />
Ceramic laser gain materials are a<br />
key enabler in advancing the next generation<br />
of high-power solid state lasers.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s goal is to become the domestic<br />
supplier of high-quality laser ceramics to<br />
all bona fide high-power solid state laser<br />
system developers. •<br />
Jean Huie Imholt; Richard Gentilman
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Partners With Universities<br />
for Knowledge Technologies<br />
The intelligence community has cried out, and <strong>Raytheon</strong> has listened.<br />
According to Lt. Gen. David A.<br />
Deptula, Air Force deputy chief of<br />
staff for intelligence, surveillance<br />
and reconnaissance, “We’re going<br />
to find ourselves in the not too<br />
distant future swimming in sensors<br />
and drowning in data.” 1<br />
To address this issue, <strong>Raytheon</strong> has conducted<br />
significant research and matured<br />
techniques to work at higher orders of cognitive<br />
function in the progression from data<br />
to information to knowledge, as depicted in<br />
Figure 1. Part of that investment has focused<br />
at the knowledge level, where algorithms<br />
are developed to extract actionable information,<br />
or knowledge, from large seas of data<br />
and tie together pieces of knowledge from<br />
different sources to increase its value.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s investigation of the marketplace<br />
has found a lack of existing tools and techniques<br />
for manipulating knowledge, so the<br />
company has focused its research and<br />
development on that level and higher.<br />
This article highlights three collaborative<br />
partnerships that <strong>Raytheon</strong> has with universities<br />
to address sharing knowledge, using<br />
knowledge tools alongside existing information<br />
tools, and merging knowledge from<br />
different sources.<br />
Geographic Semantic Schema Matching<br />
Integrating information has proven to<br />
be a difficult problem over the last few<br />
decades. <strong>Research</strong>ers at the University of<br />
Texas at Dallas, led by Dr. Latifur Khan and<br />
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, have developed<br />
a method for integrating different<br />
geospatial resources that is applicable to<br />
combining information from, for example,<br />
Google Maps and MapQuest tools. The<br />
method, called GSim, is a two-part process,<br />
and it is intended to ultimately work with<br />
little or no human intervention.<br />
The first part of GSim compares data between<br />
systems using details about their<br />
geographic information. To give an example<br />
Customer Environment<br />
Definitions Examples p<br />
Domain<br />
Applications<br />
Intelligence<br />
Concepts/<br />
Ontology<br />
Facts/Entities<br />
Bits/Bytes/<br />
Files/Streams<br />
Electrical<br />
Impulses<br />
Knowledge<br />
Information<br />
Physical Environment<br />
Figure 1. Actionable intelligence<br />
reference model<br />
...101101001110...<br />
1 Magnuson, Stew. “Military ‘Swimming In Sensors and Drowning in Data.’” National Defense: January <strong>2010</strong>. http://<br />
www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/<strong>2010</strong>/January/Pages/Military‘SwimmingInSensorsandDrowninginData’.aspx<br />
Data<br />
Signal<br />
Feature<br />
of how many geographic locations share the<br />
same name, the instance value “Victoria”<br />
(depicted in Figure 2) may be a city, a<br />
county, a lake or various other features.<br />
After comparing enough details between<br />
the two geographic sources, the approach<br />
develops statistics indicating which feature<br />
types (e.g., city, county, road, etc.) most<br />
closely match among the data sources.<br />
At this point, the set of possible matches<br />
is too great and still confused. The second<br />
part of the algorithm reduces the potential<br />
matches by confirming which feature types<br />
have similar meanings by looking at how<br />
well the two features align on the planet or<br />
estimating how alike the feature names are<br />
Victoria<br />
Anacortes<br />
1/3<br />
1/3<br />
1/3<br />
1<br />
Continued on page 30<br />
City<br />
State<br />
Feature<br />
County<br />
1/2<br />
1/2<br />
Figure 2. Even within a single geographic<br />
source, an identifier like Victoria or Clinton<br />
may appear many times, causing great difficulty<br />
in matching across multiple sources.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 29<br />
1<br />
Clinton<br />
Edmonds
Feature Universities<br />
Continued from page 29<br />
by using the Google Maps distance calculator,<br />
which finds frequent occurrences of<br />
the feature names using standard Google<br />
search and determines how often the<br />
potentially matching terms from the two<br />
sources appear on the same pages.<br />
The GSim algorithm was compared with<br />
a method for semantic similarity measurements<br />
that uses substrings of Length 2<br />
known as 2-grams. The results over two distinct<br />
sets of geographic databases showed<br />
that GSim performed 25 to 50 percent better<br />
in both precision and recall.<br />
Bridging Knowledge and Information<br />
Technologies<br />
As knowledge technologies grow in popularity,<br />
there is still a need to work with<br />
pre-existing tools and environments. RDF-todatabase<br />
(R2D) allows knowledge engineers<br />
to use new storage approaches, specifically<br />
resource description framework (RDF), with<br />
existing relational database visualization<br />
and analytic tools like Crystal Reports ® and<br />
Business Objects ® .<br />
R2D was devised at the University of Texas<br />
at Dallas under the guidance of Dr. Latifur<br />
Khan and Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham. It addresses<br />
the problem by providing a bridge<br />
between the two approaches to storage.<br />
rdfs:class<br />
rdf type<br />
Person<br />
rdf type<br />
Description URI/Emp A Department <br />
Name<br />
Salary<br />
Phone Projects<br />
Address<br />
<br />
<br />
First<br />
Middle<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Last<br />
Cell<br />
Cell<br />
<br />
Work<br />
Project Project<br />
Project<br />
R2D<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
30 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
As shown in Figure 3, the graph-oriented<br />
(i.e., links and nodes) structures of RDF are<br />
presented in relational database form to the<br />
existing tools. This is accomplished without<br />
converting any data to relational table form.<br />
Rather, all queries in relational table form<br />
(e.g., SQL) are converted on the fly into an<br />
RDF form (e.g., SPARQL), and then results<br />
are converted on the fly into the necessary<br />
relational table presentation.<br />
The performance impact of R2D was measured<br />
to be a negligible addition to query<br />
time of the knowledge store while enabling<br />
the user to leverage the data table for further<br />
analysis.<br />
Random Forest Disambiguation<br />
Determining which names in multiple<br />
datasets actually refer to the same person<br />
is very challenging and is of high importance<br />
to the intelligence community. For<br />
example, when “John Smith” appears<br />
multiple times in a data set, how do we<br />
determine if this always refers to the same<br />
person? Solving this problem includes using<br />
all the information available in each data<br />
source like address, job title, list of friends,<br />
and correspondences. Dr. C. Lee Giles at<br />
the Pennsylvania State University has developed<br />
a method for this problem and<br />
deployed it as part of managing the scientific<br />
literature library CiteSeer, hosted by<br />
<br />
Fields<br />
File Edit Field<br />
X<br />
Special Fields<br />
All Database Fields<br />
Department<br />
Department_Description<br />
Department_Location<br />
Department_Name<br />
Department_PK<br />
Employee<br />
Employee_Address<br />
Employee_Department<br />
Employee Description<br />
Employee_PK<br />
Employee_Salary<br />
Name_First<br />
Name_Last<br />
Name_Middle<br />
Phone<br />
Employee_PK<br />
Phone_Type<br />
Phone_Value<br />
Project<br />
Project_Duration<br />
Project_Name<br />
Project_PK<br />
Project_StartDate<br />
Projects<br />
Employee_PK<br />
Project_PK<br />
Figure 3. R2D converts semantic representations into relational database table hierarchies<br />
Penn State’s College of Information Sciences<br />
and <strong>Technology</strong>.<br />
The approach, named Random Forest, requires<br />
enough known truth samples to train<br />
it before being used, like other machine<br />
learning algorithms. The Random Forest approach<br />
uses decision-tree learning as part of<br />
the algorithm. The decision-tree approach<br />
takes a set of data and subdivides the data<br />
using features such as how closely related<br />
two names are, based on additional attributes,<br />
so that leaves of the tree represent<br />
whether or not two names are considered<br />
to represent the same person. The Random<br />
Forest algorithm first modifies this approach<br />
by using a random selection of a subset<br />
of features for the splitting criteria at each<br />
node in the tree, instead of optimally select-<br />
Figure 4. Depiction of a Random Forest of<br />
Training Sets<br />
ing from the full feature set. Once the forest<br />
is built, as depicted in Figure 4, it simply<br />
counts the majority votes (i.e., match/nomatch)<br />
of the trees in the forest.<br />
The Random Forest approach was compared<br />
to the popular support vector machine classifier<br />
using the Medline literature database<br />
maintained by the U.S. National Library of<br />
Medicine, which has more than 18 million<br />
articles. The results show Random Forest to<br />
be two to three percentage points better<br />
than support vector machines in accuracy,<br />
and always much faster to train. This represents<br />
significant improvement, especially<br />
when dealing with extremely large data sets.
Summary<br />
Thus far, our contributions to technologies<br />
for application and integration of<br />
knowledge technologies include:<br />
• Automated matching of geographic<br />
schema<br />
• Bridging of knowledge stores to existing<br />
database exploitation tools<br />
• Disambiguation of human identities<br />
across multiple sources<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> will continue to mature these<br />
technologies to address the intelligence<br />
needs of our nation. •<br />
Authors: Steven Seida; BJ Simpson<br />
Contributors: Jeffrey Partyka,<br />
Sunitha Sririam,<br />
Dr. Latifur Khan,<br />
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham,<br />
Dr. C. Lee Giles<br />
ENGINEERING PROFILE<br />
BJ Simpson<br />
Intelligence<br />
and<br />
Information<br />
Systems<br />
Senior<br />
Principal<br />
Software<br />
Engineer<br />
BJ Simpson<br />
has spent more<br />
than 30 years<br />
as a technology<br />
leader<br />
and innovator<br />
at <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
Intelligence and Information Systems and its<br />
legacy companies. Currently a senior principal<br />
software engineer at IIS, he is the principal<br />
investigator for the newly formed Informatics<br />
Some of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s 100+ University Partnerships and Projects<br />
Full-Motion Video-Based Control <strong>Research</strong> Texas A&M<br />
Formal Verification Methods for Security Verification University of Texas, Austin<br />
Semantic-Based Knowledge Extraction UMass - Amherst<br />
Folding MEMS IMU UC Irvine<br />
Advanced RF Image Formation and ATR Ohio State University<br />
Modeling and Prediction of Battery Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Nodes University of Arizona<br />
Energy Security Microgrid Configuration Study New Mexico State University<br />
Synthetic Aperture Radar Automatic Target Recognition (SAR ATR) Cal Poly SLO<br />
Distributed Radar for Weather Detection - Waveforms University of Melbourne<br />
Distributed Radar for Weather Detection - Testbed University of Adelaide<br />
Rapid Grinding and Polishing of SiC and Glass Ceramic Substrates University of Arizona<br />
Novel Passive and Active Mid-IR Fibers for IRCM Applications Clemson University<br />
Low Loss, High Strength Fibers from Improved Chalcogenide Glasses Clemson University<br />
AlGaN/GaN Nanowire Transistors for Low Noise and W-band Applications MIT<br />
Radar Signal Processing Cal Poly Pomona<br />
Silicon Compatible Processing of III-V Devices University of Glasgow<br />
3-D Modeling of Semi-Guiding Fiber University of Rochester<br />
Enhancing Modeling and Simulation Reuse<br />
Low Defect Density Substrate <strong>Technology</strong> for Heterogeneopus Integration<br />
Old Dominion University<br />
of III-V Devices and Si CMOS MIT<br />
Increasing the Self-Focusing Threshold in High-Peak-Power Fiber Lasers Cornell University<br />
Development of Titanium Foil Reinforced High Temperature Composite GS Fuselage UCLA<br />
Meta and Nano Materials <strong>Research</strong> UMass-Lowell<br />
Partnership for Cyber Policy <strong>Research</strong><br />
High Mechanical Performance and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)<br />
Georgetown University<br />
Shielded Multifunctional Composites Florida State University<br />
MBE-Grown, IV-VI Nano-Based, Ultra Thermoelectric Coolers University of Oklahoma<br />
Electrowetting Display <strong>Research</strong> University of Cincinnati<br />
and Knowledge Analytics <strong>Technology</strong> Center,<br />
which allows him to direct application of knowledge<br />
discovery and management technologies<br />
toward our customers’ ever-changing problems.<br />
“I have always had an interest in following new<br />
technology, and do a lot of reading and research<br />
on my own time,” Simpson said. “What excites<br />
me most in my job is the ability to continually<br />
work with cutting-edge technology, and to collaborate<br />
with technical experts across <strong>Raytheon</strong>,<br />
academia and commercial companies.”<br />
Simpson was first drawn into these current areas<br />
of interest in the early days of the World Wide<br />
Web, when he was part of a proposal demonstration.<br />
Following that effort and working for<br />
programs that allowed him to apply these new<br />
techniques, he was assigned to develop advanced<br />
concepts and identify emerging technologies for<br />
insertion into programs. This path now allows<br />
him to continually investigate and apply new<br />
technology in <strong>Raytheon</strong> and customer-funded<br />
research, proposals and ongoing programs.<br />
There are several challenges to working with<br />
emerging technologies, according to Simpson.<br />
One involves balancing near-term business<br />
demands with longer term technology development<br />
to prepare for the future. “With the<br />
current pace of change in technology, new<br />
concepts and technologies emerge seemingly<br />
daily,” Simpson said. “We need to balance that<br />
with maintaining ongoing communications with<br />
commercial vendors and universities as well as<br />
our internal business development and program<br />
customers.”<br />
Simpson received a bachelor’s degree in computer<br />
science from The Pennsylvania State<br />
University.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 31
Feature<br />
Small Business Innovation <strong>Research</strong><br />
The U.S. federal government’s Small<br />
Business Innovation <strong>Research</strong> (SBIR)<br />
program represents a significant<br />
opportunity for <strong>Raytheon</strong> to work with<br />
small businesses to develop technologies<br />
for the customer, fill technology needs and<br />
gaps, and create competitive discriminators<br />
for <strong>Raytheon</strong>.<br />
Congress established the SBIR program in<br />
1982 to more effectively meet the nation’s<br />
research and development needs by investing<br />
in small businesses to develop innovative<br />
technologies. The U.S. high-tech small business<br />
base, composed of more than 450,000<br />
engineers and scientists, represents a major<br />
technology and business growth engine<br />
for the U.S. and a resource that <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
continues to effectively utilize. In so doing,<br />
we can provide more cost-effective weapon<br />
systems to the warfighter.<br />
In fiscal year 2008 the government invested<br />
$2.5 billion in the SBIR program. Figure 1<br />
shows the breakdown of the SBIR budget<br />
for FY08. This article discusses the latest<br />
advances in the SBIR program and how<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is proactively engaging with small<br />
businesses and government customers to<br />
help increase the overall success of the<br />
SBIR program.<br />
For most of the past 10 years, <strong>Raytheon</strong> has<br />
been actively involved in leveraging technology<br />
developed by small businesses via the<br />
32 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) SBIR and<br />
Small-business <strong>Technology</strong> Transfer (STTR)<br />
programs. <strong>Raytheon</strong> program managers<br />
work closely with their government counterparts<br />
to recommend ways of effectively<br />
using the SBIR Program to satisfy our shared<br />
program needs.<br />
The formal SBIR program consists of three<br />
phases, as depicted in Figure 2. Phases I<br />
and II are formally funded from the<br />
congressionally mandated SBIR program.<br />
Federal agencies allocate 2.5 percent of<br />
their research, development, test and evaluation<br />
budget to the SBIR program and an<br />
additional 0.3 percent to the STTR<br />
NASA<br />
$115M<br />
5%<br />
DOE<br />
$115M<br />
5%<br />
NIH<br />
$651M<br />
28.1%<br />
NSF<br />
$97M<br />
4.2%<br />
DHS<br />
$19M<br />
0.8%<br />
DoD<br />
$1.272B<br />
54.9%<br />
$2.315 Billion<br />
U.S. Total Federal SBIR/STTR FY2008<br />
Figure 1. SBIR funding<br />
Other<br />
$46M<br />
2%<br />
program. Phase III, referred to as both<br />
“commercialization” and “transition to<br />
production,” is funded utilizing<br />
non-SBIR money.<br />
Figure 2 shows a number of entry points<br />
where <strong>Raytheon</strong> becomes actively involved<br />
with a small business during SBIR development.<br />
While we have typically become<br />
involved in Phases I or II, we are increasingly<br />
focusing on being more proactive by working<br />
with our customers and small businesses<br />
in defining solicitation topics to satisfy our<br />
program and technology roadmap needs.<br />
This earlier involvement is referred to as<br />
“Phase 0.”<br />
DARPA<br />
$72M<br />
5.7%<br />
MDA<br />
$137M<br />
10.8%<br />
OSD<br />
$64M<br />
5% Other<br />
$32M<br />
2.5%<br />
Air Force<br />
$370M<br />
29.1%<br />
Army<br />
$303M<br />
23.8%<br />
Navy<br />
$294M<br />
23.1%<br />
$1.272 Billion<br />
DoD SBIR/STTR FY2008
A collaborative<br />
path for developing<br />
needed technologies<br />
Since the year 2000, a number of government<br />
initiatives have been instituted to<br />
increase the effectiveness of the program,<br />
especially within DoD.<br />
• The Navy Transition Assistance Program<br />
helps small businesses transition their<br />
technology to engineering and manufacturing<br />
development and production.<br />
• “Program Manager/PEO Pull” emphasizes<br />
the importance of having government<br />
program managers involved early in the<br />
process to establish a need and verify<br />
commitment.<br />
• “Primes’ Initiative” proactively involves<br />
the prime contractor community.<br />
• Presidential Executive Order 13329,<br />
“Encouraging Innovation in<br />
Manufacturing,” defines duties of the<br />
agencies and departments that participate<br />
in the SBIR and STTR programs.<br />
PROACTIVE REACTIVE<br />
• Development of integrated program and<br />
technology road maps/plans between the<br />
prime contractors, their customers and<br />
small business partners.<br />
• The Commercialization Pilot Program<br />
(CPP) more rapidly transitions SBIR<br />
Phase II technologies into production<br />
Leveraging SBIR technologies is one important<br />
way that <strong>Raytheon</strong> fills technology<br />
gaps identified in the technology planning<br />
process. The company’s successes in transitioning<br />
technology from small businesses<br />
into programs of record came through persistence<br />
and strong partnerships with both<br />
the end customer and the small business.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has numerous success stories of<br />
transitioning benefits derived from SBIRdeveloped<br />
technologies into our products<br />
PHASE 0 1 Solicitation PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III<br />
Develop solicitation<br />
ideas and work with<br />
PEOs and SBs to:<br />
– Align strategies<br />
– Develop road maps<br />
– Shape technology<br />
Entry point<br />
Figure 2. SBIR Phase 0 through III<br />
Upfront engagement<br />
Shift from reactive to proactive<br />
2 Proposal<br />
3 Announcement<br />
4 Award<br />
SIBR Dollars<br />
~6 mo.,$75-100K ~18-24 mo.,$750K-$1M<br />
Non-SIBR Dollars<br />
Program Dependent<br />
Transition to SDD<br />
or production via prime<br />
Entry point Entry point Entry point Entry point Entry point<br />
Feature<br />
where our entry into the SBIR process varied<br />
from proactively entering into Phase 0 collaboration<br />
to partnering well into Phase III.<br />
The following sampling of success stories<br />
shows the diversity of approaches for participating<br />
in the SBIR/STTR programs.<br />
Vanguard Composites: During development<br />
and qualification of Exoatmospheric<br />
Kill Vehicle (EKV), <strong>Raytheon</strong> needed a<br />
metal flange to meet design requirements.<br />
Vanguard Composites developed an<br />
advanced composite material replacement<br />
part with U.S. Missile Defense Agency<br />
(MDA) SBIR funding. The part met the<br />
demanding design requirements, and<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> and Vanguard entered into a<br />
Phase III contract, which enabled qualification<br />
and transition to production of the<br />
metal flange to meet EKV’s deployment<br />
schedule. The SBIR-developed hardware is<br />
on all delivered production units.<br />
Versatron: A control actuator system was<br />
developed by <strong>Raytheon</strong> partner Versatron<br />
(now a part of General Dynamics) for gun-<br />
Continued on page 34<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 33
Feature SBIR<br />
Continued from page 33<br />
launched projectiles under Navy Phase I<br />
and II SBIR awards beginning in the late<br />
1990s. Versatron’s design provided enabling<br />
technology for precision-guided projectiles.<br />
This technology has been used on nearly all<br />
guided projectiles developed over the past<br />
ten years, and contributes to the precision<br />
guidance capability for the U.S. Army’s<br />
Excalibur guided projectile.<br />
San Diego Composites: San Diego<br />
Composites worked with <strong>Raytheon</strong> to<br />
develop an innovative replacement design<br />
for an expensive mechanical structure<br />
using a low-cost material approach, initially<br />
funded under internal research and devel-<br />
opment funding, followed by MDA and<br />
Navy SBIR funding. The result: Component<br />
cost was reduced by more than one-third.<br />
34 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
KaZaK Composites: <strong>Raytheon</strong> was involved<br />
in the Phase II development and test of<br />
armor protection for ship applications<br />
with KaZaK Composites. This new high-<br />
performance material provides Phase III<br />
cost savings to the U.S. Navy and is now<br />
part of a significant contract award for the<br />
Zumwalt DDG-1000 Destroyer program.<br />
Beacon: <strong>Raytheon</strong> has actively worked with<br />
Beacon Interactive Systems on various<br />
Phase II SBIR projects, culminating in a<br />
Phase III transition of Beacon’s IMAPS<br />
maintenance software to the Zumwalt<br />
DDG-1000 Destroyer Program. Leveraging<br />
this successful SBIR-developed capability,<br />
U.S. Fleet Forces Command is currently in<br />
the process of transitioning IMAPS to every<br />
ship in the fleet.<br />
Iris <strong>Technology</strong> Corporation: In a collabora-<br />
tion that began in Phase I, Iris <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Corporation designed and built a next-<br />
generation cryo-cooler motor drive. Their<br />
concept improved system efficiency, electro-<br />
magnetic interference performance, power<br />
capacity, vibration and temperature control,<br />
and radiation hardness. This SBIR-developed<br />
technology helped <strong>Raytheon</strong> secure a new<br />
program win; the technology will be further<br />
matured as a part of this program.<br />
BSEI: BSEI was developing target acquisi-<br />
tion algorithms for foliage penetration.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> supported BSEI’s effort by de-<br />
veloping a small airborne radar system for<br />
this application. <strong>Raytheon</strong> received Phase<br />
III funding through an indefinite-delivery,<br />
indefinite-quantity contract to build the<br />
radar system and test BSEI’s target recogni-<br />
tion algorithms, with BSEI participating as<br />
a subcontractor. We are currently pursuing<br />
funding via the CPP initiative to transition<br />
the complete system into production for<br />
drug enforcement missions, and evaluat-<br />
ing expansion of this capability for DoD<br />
applications.<br />
DSI: <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s AMRAAM Program defined<br />
a Phase 0 information technology topic for<br />
supply chain management risk-mitigation<br />
planning and implementation. Phase I<br />
and II SBIR awards were made to DSI by the<br />
Air Force. Early in the process, <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
awarded a Phase III contract to DSI to begin<br />
integration of the software into our man-<br />
agement information and control systems.<br />
We are currently working with multiple<br />
programs across the business unit to pursue<br />
implementation funding to transition this<br />
unique capability into broader use.<br />
These examples of <strong>Raytheon</strong> SBIR suc-<br />
cess stories represent only a sampling of<br />
how we have successfully partnered with<br />
small businesses and government through<br />
the SBIR program to close technology<br />
gaps. <strong>Raytheon</strong> continues to welcome op-<br />
portunities to establish new partnerships<br />
with additional small businesses, includ-<br />
ing veteran-owned, disadvantaged and<br />
Mentor–Protégé participating businesses. •<br />
John P. Waszczak
Expect the unexpected. Thanks to<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s IED Reality Training (IRT)<br />
technology, U.S. warfighters assigned<br />
with countering IEDs will be prepared to<br />
do just that. IRT is a result of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
research to combine motion capture<br />
technology, simulation-based realism and<br />
battlefield domain expertise that puts<br />
warfighters into a fully immersive environment<br />
before they deploy into a war zone.<br />
By merging the technologies found in motion<br />
picture animation with immersive<br />
simulations, the <strong>Raytheon</strong> IRT Team can<br />
create virtual experiences that replicate<br />
the sights, sounds and stresses of the<br />
battlefield. And they can do it just about<br />
anywhere. IRT can be installed in any large<br />
interior space, such as dining facilities,<br />
warehouses, aircraft hangers, and even<br />
expandable truck-hauled trailers.<br />
“It is a great rehearsal for pre-deployment<br />
and home-station training,” said John<br />
Baggott, a former soldier and trainer who<br />
is now with <strong>Raytheon</strong> Technical Services<br />
Company LLC. Baggott set the program<br />
in motion in April 2008. “It gets warfighters<br />
familiar with the specific environment<br />
they’re going in to, and it provides them<br />
with the visual cues they’ll need to react to<br />
in that environment. Most importantly, as<br />
the IED threat changes, this technology can<br />
be quickly modified to replicate a new threat,<br />
a new environment, or a new enemy.”<br />
Able to function around the clock, this technology<br />
is cost-effective and provides a much<br />
greater training capacity than what is currently<br />
available to warfighters, Baggott said.<br />
Virtual Realistic Battlefield<br />
Conceptually, the IRT is a safe, effective<br />
training solution for countering IEDs,<br />
one of the military’s deadliest problems.<br />
Structurally, it consists of a large frame<br />
with a bank of mounted cameras. These<br />
cameras provide the visualization that goes<br />
into the head-mounted displays worn by the<br />
warfighters. For added realism, the training<br />
exercises also allow the warfighters to use<br />
their very own communications equipment<br />
and weapons, once they’re connected<br />
with lasers.<br />
With the head set on and the gaming<br />
animation activated, the trainees feel like<br />
they’re in a war zone, with all of its unpredictable<br />
stimuli — even though they may<br />
physically be standing in a warehouse in<br />
Florida. Depending on the configuration,<br />
individuals or entire platoons can be simultaneously<br />
trained in this realistic virtual<br />
battlefield. As such, it is an ideal environment<br />
to teach the skills required to interact<br />
as part of a team.<br />
This highly portable and fully immersive<br />
platform uses commercial-off-the-shelf<br />
(COTS) technology that can be integrated<br />
and fielded in less than seven months.<br />
Evolving Threat, Evolving <strong>Technology</strong><br />
To be effective, IED defeat training must not<br />
only integrate the actual fielded equipment<br />
the warfighters use in combat, it must also<br />
update current threat employment tactics,<br />
techniques and procedures. In other words,<br />
as the real-world IED environment changes,<br />
so too must the gaming technology acti-<br />
vated in the IRT.<br />
For example, the IRT might incorporate<br />
either a command-detonated IED or<br />
pressure-detonated IED into the simula-<br />
tion, depending on the trend in the region.<br />
If it is command-detonated, the training<br />
focuses on the electronic pulses between<br />
the command detonation and the IED. If it<br />
is pressure-activated, then it focuses on the<br />
pressure of the movement on the ground.<br />
By simply changing the cue of the training,<br />
it forces the warfighters to change how<br />
they would perform in a given environment<br />
based on the threat.<br />
Feature<br />
The Convergence of Virtual Reality and Warfighter<br />
Training to Counter Improvised Explosive Devices<br />
Continued on page 36<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 35
Feature<br />
Continnued from page 35<br />
The technology can also be ratcheted<br />
up based on the training level of the<br />
warfighter. If it’s the first time a trainee is<br />
going through the IRT, for instance, the<br />
environment might be open and friendly<br />
with non-combatants. As their training<br />
progresses, hostile combatants and other<br />
artificial intelligence (AI) characters can be<br />
integrated into the gaming environment.<br />
In all cases, the characters will react positively<br />
or negatively — in real time — based<br />
on the trainee’s actions.<br />
36 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Award-Winning Animation and<br />
Simulation Partners<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s IRT solution combines patented<br />
technologies from a pair of award-winning<br />
partners: Motion Reality, Inc. (MRI) and<br />
BreakAway, Ltd.<br />
MRI has been a pioneer in the area of 3D<br />
real-time engineering analysis and computer<br />
graphics animation of human motion<br />
since 1984. During this time, MRI has been<br />
recognized with numerous international accolades<br />
for its ability to accurately capture a<br />
subject’s 3D motion and display any biomechanical<br />
data associated with that motion.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s IRT solution uses the MRIdeveloped<br />
Virtual Tactical Training<br />
Simulation System (VIRTSIM), which provides<br />
real-time soldier simulation animation,<br />
and gives the individual combatant mobility<br />
and full-body interaction with the simulation.<br />
With VIRTSIM, the warfighter visualizes<br />
himself within his surroundings through<br />
a wireless stereo head-mounted display.<br />
VIRTSIM scenarios are reconfigurable and<br />
create strikingly accurate battlespace environments,<br />
making them far more effective<br />
than canned video displays projected on a<br />
wall or CD-ROM-based training on a PC.<br />
VIRTSIM trainees move, shoot, and interact<br />
inside a 3D virtual battlespace, during which<br />
they are stressed both physically and cognitively.<br />
Stress is achieved by employing audio<br />
and visually accurate stimuli commonly<br />
associated with a war zone. For example, AI<br />
characters (non-combatants and combatants)<br />
are mixed into scenarios and react appropriately<br />
to all trainee real-time actions and<br />
activities based on movements stocked in a<br />
motion library. The motions of all characters<br />
are created using Academy Award ® -winning<br />
motion capture technology to deliver unmatched<br />
realism. In fact, AI characters are<br />
capable of speaking in any language, and<br />
are capable of facial expressions.<br />
BreakAway is a leading developer of<br />
entertainment games and game-based<br />
technology for modeling, simulation, training<br />
and visualization. By applying the tools<br />
and technology of the gaming industry to<br />
the creation of military training, BreakAway<br />
makes it possible to achieve the promise of<br />
deployable, immersive, interactive training.<br />
The BreakAway technology integrated into<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s IRT is mōsbē, a custom simulation<br />
development platform built from PC<br />
game technology. The mōsbē platform can<br />
represent large virtual worlds in 2D and 3D.<br />
mōsbē employs statistical, effects-based<br />
models of civilian and military vehicles,<br />
weapon systems and sensors to simulate<br />
actions and the resulting effects of symmetric<br />
and asymmetric combat.<br />
Derived from strategy game technology<br />
for mission planning, mōsbē is optimized<br />
to replicate IED combat scenarios of up<br />
to 2,500 entities, and allows the training<br />
audience to focus on decision making, leadership,<br />
and the command and control of<br />
tactical operations.<br />
Within IRT, VIRTSIM and mōsbē are<br />
connected in a federation to allow a<br />
coordinated training experience. Federating<br />
the systems provides each end user with a<br />
tailored training experience: Individuals and<br />
squads receive the immersive hands-on IED<br />
training they need, and company staffs have<br />
a command-centric interaction with the<br />
tactical operations.<br />
On the Forefront<br />
Simulation and virtual training have proven<br />
to be a safe and effective way to train military<br />
personnel — warfighters and staff — in<br />
a wide range of activities.<br />
“IRT is cost effective, easily transportable,<br />
quickly configured, and, most importantly,<br />
can be tailored to the needs of its training<br />
audience,” Baggott said. “If a unit has<br />
been alerted for movement to Kabul this<br />
technology can be adapted to replicate the<br />
environment and the combat conditions our<br />
warfighters must succeed in.”<br />
For these reasons, the military simulation and<br />
virtual training market has seen dramatic<br />
growth in the last decade and is expected<br />
to grow steadily in the years ahead. And<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>, with its IRT technology, stands on<br />
the forefront of this emerging market. •<br />
Contributor: John Baggott
<strong>Raytheon</strong> BBN Technologies: Persistent Innovation<br />
More than 60 years ago, two<br />
Massachusetts Institute of<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> (MIT) acoustics professors<br />
set up a small, architectural acoustics<br />
consulting firm in Cambridge, Mass. The<br />
modest firm’s first commission was an auspicious<br />
one: design the acoustics for the<br />
United Nations facilities being built in New<br />
York City. Requests for consulting work on<br />
lesser auditoriums followed and the firm<br />
— called Bolt Beranek and Newman — developed<br />
a reputation for excellent acoustics.<br />
Soon the National Advisory Committee for<br />
Aeronautics (forerunner of NASA) called<br />
on the firm for urgent help. The noise and<br />
vibration from a newly deployed jet engine<br />
were a major nuisance, and calls were<br />
lighting up switchboards in police and fire<br />
stations and local government offices. It had<br />
to be fixed. Seven months later, neighbors<br />
could not tell when the engine was running,<br />
and Bolt Beranek and Newman’s reputation<br />
for acoustic excellence spread.<br />
Leo Beranek believed that every new<br />
hire should enhance the firm’s capabilities.<br />
Because it was so close to Harvard<br />
University and The Massachusetts Institute<br />
of <strong>Technology</strong>, BBN was able to recruit<br />
employees from the brightest, best-trained<br />
scientists and engineers, and BBN became<br />
known as “Cambridge’s third university.”<br />
The caliber of BBN’s staff, combined with<br />
its reputation for tackling tough, interesting<br />
problems, made it the place where smart<br />
people chose to work. One of the bright<br />
new employees, J.C.R. Licklider, recommended<br />
that BBN buy a computer — an<br />
unusual acquisition in 1958 — but Beranek<br />
agreed. It was a momentous decision, paving<br />
the way for BBN’s technology diversity<br />
and networking expertise.<br />
Enabling the Internet<br />
When the Advanced <strong>Research</strong> Projects<br />
Agency sent out the request for proposals<br />
for the ARPANET in the early 1960s, notable<br />
players in the communications industry<br />
were skeptical that such a network could<br />
work. They were even more surprised that<br />
the significant contract went to a small<br />
firm in Cambridge rather than to one of<br />
the communications giants. The notion of<br />
breaking messages into small packets and<br />
reassembling them at their destination was<br />
revolutionary, but with the implementation<br />
of the first four nodes of the ARPANET, BBN<br />
proved that not only could it be done, the<br />
Feature<br />
idea could also be applied to high-speed<br />
networks transmitting messages across<br />
varied routes to dispersed destinations. This<br />
is the breakthrough idea that enabled the<br />
Internet as we know it.<br />
BBN founder Leo Beranek<br />
Continued on page 38<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 37
Feature BBN Technologies<br />
Continued from page 37<br />
Other networking breakthroughs followed<br />
in rapid succession. During the next decade,<br />
one of BBN’s scientists, Ray Tomlinson,<br />
invented network e-mail and established<br />
the @ sign protocol, creating the digital<br />
icon for our age. At the same time, BBN<br />
was already anticipating the security requirements<br />
of the network technology on<br />
the horizon and demonstrated the first<br />
secure traffic sent over a packet-switched<br />
network and deployed the first IP-based<br />
network encryption. Other BBN networking<br />
scientists developed the first routers, and<br />
demonstrated packet broadcast satellite<br />
communications over the Atlantic Ocean.<br />
Now BBN is known for deploying the first<br />
quantum-encrypted network, advanced<br />
software in support of the widebandnetwork<br />
waveform, directional-antenna<br />
networking technologies and security for<br />
critical networks, as well as for world-class<br />
expertise in very large ad hoc wireless<br />
networks.<br />
Pioneering Speech and<br />
Language Processing<br />
At the same time as the networking pioneers<br />
were making early advances, other<br />
BBN scientists were tackling tough language-processing<br />
problems and performing<br />
pioneering research in automatic speech<br />
recognition. By the mid-1980s, BBN had<br />
developed Byblos, a high-performance,<br />
continuous speech recognition system.<br />
Since then, BBN has had many firsts in<br />
speech and language processing, including<br />
the first demonstration of real-time,<br />
large-vocabulary, speaker-independent continuous<br />
speech recognition on commercial<br />
off-the-shelf hardware. Current research<br />
programs continue to advance the state of<br />
speech recognition technology and deliver<br />
significant improvements in recognition<br />
accuracy for speech in different environments<br />
and in multiple languages, including<br />
English, Arabic, Mandarin and Spanish.<br />
Because BBN’s natural language processing<br />
technologies can locate, identify, and organize<br />
information from a variety of sources<br />
and in multiple languages, they have<br />
enabled successful products such as<br />
38 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
The BBN Broadcast Monitoring System creates a continuous, searchable archive of international<br />
television and radio broadcasts. The audio stream is automatically transcribed by BBN’s Audio<br />
Monitoring Component and translated into English with technology from Language Weaver in<br />
real time.<br />
the BBN multimedia monitoring system that<br />
transcribes and translates foreign Web and<br />
broadcast news in real time, giving U.S.<br />
analysts an immediate awareness of the<br />
events and attitudes influencing our world.<br />
Continuing Acoustics Leadership<br />
Even as the staff explored new technology<br />
areas, BBN maintained a leadership position<br />
in acoustics, frequently combining that<br />
knowledge with networking expertise
to develop sophisticated sensor systems.<br />
BBN’s acoustic expertise contributed to our<br />
nation’s undetectable submarines; now it is<br />
saving lives in Iraq and Afghanistan though<br />
the Boomerang shooter detection system<br />
(see cover photo).<br />
In addition to continued work in networking<br />
and speech, BBN is applying its data<br />
mining expertise to healthcare to predict<br />
outcomes and spot early warnings of<br />
disease outbreaks. BBN physicists are developing<br />
next generation communication,<br />
sensing, transaction, and computation<br />
systems using quantum and optical<br />
techniques.<br />
As part of <strong>Raytheon</strong>, BBN looks forward<br />
to transitioning advanced research in all<br />
these areas more quickly to the field to<br />
give our government customers every<br />
technological advantage. •<br />
Joyce Kuzmin<br />
Boomerang<br />
wearable<br />
detection<br />
system<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Joins DARPA’s<br />
Focus Center <strong>Research</strong> Program<br />
Feature<br />
As discussed in several of the articles in this issue, <strong>Raytheon</strong> is a leader in advanced photonic<br />
and electronic component technologies that enable new system capabilities. To<br />
ensure we continue to maintain this technological edge, <strong>Raytheon</strong> recently joined the<br />
Focus Center <strong>Research</strong> Program (FCRP), a major pre-competitive research consortium<br />
jointly sponsored by the Defense Advanced <strong>Research</strong> Projects Agency (DARPA) and the<br />
Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA).<br />
As depicted in the figure below, the FCRP consists of six university research centers that<br />
address all aspects of modern semiconductor materials, devices, circuits, systems and<br />
applications. The six centers encompass 43 universities and more than 230 faculty members.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> joined the FCRP in 2009 as the first representative from the aerospace<br />
and defense industry. As a member of the FCRP, <strong>Raytheon</strong> receives royalty-free rights<br />
to intellectual property generated under the program, gets access to top engineering<br />
students, and gains early insights into emerging research areas that impact <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
systems. <strong>Raytheon</strong> expects to leverage this program to maintain its technology and<br />
innovation leadership in the aerospace and defense industry. •<br />
Gigascale Systems<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Center<br />
• Heterogeneous design<br />
• Soft systems<br />
• 15 Universities - Princeton (Lead),<br />
Carnegie Mellon, Columbia,<br />
Georgia Tech, Harvard. MIT, Stanford,<br />
UCB, UCLA, UCSB, UCSD, UIUC,<br />
U. Mass, U. Michigan, U. Penn<br />
Center for Circuit &<br />
Systems Solutions<br />
• Analog/mixed signal<br />
• Heterogeneous circuits<br />
• Post-CMOS circuits<br />
• 13 Universities -<br />
Carnegie Mellon (Lead), Caltech,<br />
Columbia, Cornell, MIT, Stanford,<br />
Texas A&M, UCB, UCLA, UCSD, UIUC,<br />
U. Michigan, UT Dallas<br />
Functional Engineered<br />
Nano-Architectonics<br />
• Post-CMOS research in nano<br />
materials/devices<br />
• 14 Universities - UCLA (Lead),<br />
Caltech, Columbia, MIT, NC State,<br />
Northwestern, Purdue, Stanford,UCB,<br />
UCSB, U. Mass, UC Riverside, UCS, Yale<br />
Multi-scale<br />
Systems Multiscale Systems Center<br />
• Distr. Sense and Control<br />
• Large & small scale sytems<br />
Microsystems<br />
• 10 Universities - UC Berkeley (Lead),<br />
Caltech, NC State, Rice, Stanford, UCSD<br />
UIUC, U. Maryland, U. Michigan, USC<br />
Design<br />
Hardware/<br />
Software<br />
Platform/<br />
Achitecture<br />
Circuits<br />
Devices/<br />
Interconnect<br />
Structures<br />
Materials<br />
Physics<br />
Interconnect Focus Center<br />
• Nano wires<br />
• Expanded optoelectronics<br />
• Power<br />
• Thermal<br />
• Networking<br />
• 13 Universities - Georgia Tech (Lead),<br />
Arizona State, Caltech, Columbia,<br />
Dartmouth, MIT, RPI, Stanford,<br />
SUNY Albany, UCB, UCSC,<br />
U. Florida, UC Riverside,<br />
Materials, Structures & Devices<br />
• Ultimate-scale CMOS structures<br />
• Post-CMOS materials<br />
• 15 Universities - MIT (Lead),<br />
Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Penn State,<br />
Purdue, Stanford, SUNY Albany,<br />
UCB, UCSD, UIUC, U. Mass, U. Penn,<br />
UT Austin, UT Dallas<br />
Focus Center <strong>Research</strong> Program’s six centers and their university partners<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 39
LEADERS CORNER<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Today</strong> recently spoke<br />
with Kiczuk about his background,<br />
his responsibilities as CTO, how<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s technology strategy is developed,<br />
and the roles of research and<br />
innovation in technology strategy.<br />
TT: What are your duties as CTO?<br />
BK: I focus on technology and innovation<br />
— two cornerstones to <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s success<br />
that I am passionate about. I ensure<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has an integrated technology<br />
portfolio that will help us win programs<br />
near term while positioning the company<br />
for longer term success. I work with the<br />
technical directors across the company to<br />
coordinate technology for our broad range<br />
of development efforts and we work to<br />
maintain a long-term strategic technical<br />
vision for the company.<br />
I lead <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s technology leadership<br />
team, which is responsible for developing<br />
and executing an integrated technology<br />
and research strategy.<br />
40 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Bill Kiczuk<br />
Vice President, Chief <strong>Technology</strong> Officer<br />
Bill Kiczuk is vice president and chief technology officer for <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
Company. He oversees the development and execution of the integrated<br />
technology and research vision and strategy for the entire company.<br />
Kiczuk chairs the company’s technology leadership team, which<br />
oversees <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s collective research collaboration and technology<br />
opportunities. He also represents the company on outside councils<br />
regarding technology and the defense industry. From 2003–<strong>2010</strong>,<br />
he was technical director and director of Strategic Architectures for<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Integrated Defense Systems. A 29-year <strong>Raytheon</strong> veteran,<br />
Kiczuk has held a variety of engineering, management and technical<br />
leadership positions.<br />
TT: What are your initial goals for<br />
this position?<br />
BK: We need to strengthen collaboration<br />
across the company and ensure we<br />
are integrating our capabilities to provide<br />
solutions for our customers. We’re doing<br />
well in this area, but it requires continuous<br />
focus to ensure we don’t miss opportunities.<br />
Ultimately, we want to reach a level<br />
of proactive technology management and<br />
optimization, where we have a comprehensive<br />
integrated technology strategy<br />
that aligns with our business plans and<br />
ensures our goals are met.<br />
Key to our integrated technology strategy<br />
is having an external focus. This not only<br />
strengthens our technology fabric but also<br />
incorporates a partnership component<br />
with our customers, universities and other<br />
technology sources.<br />
In the end, it’s about ensuring that we<br />
think strategically and execute tactically.<br />
TT: How is the company’s technology<br />
strategy set?<br />
BK: We analyze inputs from many perspectives<br />
and integrate them to form the<br />
technology strategy. From our customers,<br />
we seek to understand their needs today<br />
and in the future. Business development<br />
and program management leadership help<br />
us apply a business filter to determine market<br />
priorities, which technologies in those<br />
markets will be differentiators and how<br />
the technologies might evolve to impact<br />
our business plans.<br />
We also look for true game-changing technologies<br />
that could revolutionize the way<br />
we view a market and impact our business<br />
plans. We develop an understanding of<br />
our internal capabilities along with what<br />
is externally available, identify key milestones<br />
for each technology and potential<br />
sources of technology and create a plan<br />
that addresses how we will mature the key<br />
technologies. We monitor our progress<br />
and make appropriate adjustments.
TT: What role does research play in<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s technology strategy?<br />
BK: <strong>Research</strong> plays a significant role in<br />
thinking and planning strategically. We<br />
need to begin identifying and working on<br />
technologies, now, that may not find their<br />
way into systems for the next five or<br />
10 years. Many of the technologies we<br />
start today may not ever mature or prove<br />
viable in the long run. So it’s important<br />
that we cast a wide net, looking at many<br />
alternatives, but do it in a low-risk,<br />
affordable manner.<br />
This is where we rely more on partnerships<br />
and consortiums. Partnerships — whether<br />
with universities, government or industry —<br />
enable <strong>Raytheon</strong> to access a much broader<br />
range of ideas and technologies. In many<br />
cases, we can add value through complementary<br />
capabilities or technologies. In all<br />
cases, we gain valuable insight that helps<br />
us to understand the state of the art and<br />
plan for integration of new technologies<br />
into our products.<br />
TT: Innovation … How do we knit together<br />
our people and processes to effectively<br />
capture it? And/or how do we nurture it?<br />
BK: It’s critical for <strong>Raytheon</strong> to maintain its<br />
innovative culture. This is key to our identity,<br />
and it’s an enabler for where we want<br />
to go. From an enterprise perspective, we<br />
sponsor numerous initiatives ranging from<br />
the <strong>Raytheon</strong> Innovation Challenge to the<br />
IDEA program. We also encourage businessspecific<br />
initiatives like the Bike Shop in<br />
Missile Systems and the Office of<br />
Innovation in Space and Airborne Systems.<br />
Each initiative encourages innovation in its<br />
own way, and they have been successful.<br />
From a corporate perspective, it’s important<br />
that we encourage these approaches<br />
while not trying to homogenize to a onesize-fits-all<br />
approach. These business-specific<br />
approaches result in diversity of thought<br />
and unique ideas that we need to cultivate.<br />
TT: You’ve worked in many parts of the<br />
company with varying cultures. What have<br />
you taken away from each place?<br />
BK: I started with Texas Instruments<br />
Defense Systems and Electronics Group<br />
in Dallas, and worked the last six years in<br />
Integrated Defense Systems, after moving to<br />
New England. In between, I’ve worked with<br />
other parts of <strong>Raytheon</strong> through the years<br />
on missile systems, avionics, and ground<br />
systems. This has given me the opportunity<br />
to see firsthand what makes <strong>Raytheon</strong> a<br />
great technology-driven company. Across<br />
the company, we have a culture of innovation<br />
and continuous improvement that<br />
constantly generates new ideas and challenges<br />
the status quo. We complement this<br />
with a strong engineering discipline that<br />
pays attention to details and delivers results<br />
for our customers.<br />
Recently I had the opportunity to escort a<br />
reporter who has done a series of articles<br />
on aerospace and defense companies,<br />
including many of our peers. His insight was<br />
interesting. He conveyed that what stood<br />
out about <strong>Raytheon</strong> was the pervasiveness<br />
of our innovative engineering culture. We<br />
don’t need to set up special standalone<br />
organizations to be innovative or to engineer<br />
high tech products. We do these things<br />
every day, everywhere. Most importantly,<br />
we work together to get things done.<br />
That being said, our company is multinational<br />
and distributed around the U.S. and<br />
the world. We do have local cultures, local<br />
strengths, and unique capabilities across<br />
the company. This is a good thing; it puts<br />
a local face on <strong>Raytheon</strong> and enables us to<br />
make a difference in communities and work<br />
more effectively with universities. This gives<br />
us the diversity in thought and practice we<br />
need to be strong.<br />
TT: Having a master’s degree in systems<br />
engineering and having led IDS’ Strategic<br />
Architecture Directorate, what are your<br />
thoughts on these two disciplines?<br />
BK: I view systems engineering and<br />
systems architecting as tightly coupled<br />
disciplines. Systems engineering decomposes<br />
specific mission needs into a set of<br />
systems requirements that we then design<br />
and test to. It provides traceability from<br />
key performance parameters to design<br />
features and tests. Systems architecting<br />
provides for a standard set of solutions<br />
to a broad range of problems. It also<br />
provides the ability to explicitly deal with<br />
ambiguities and unknowns within a well<br />
defined standard framework.<br />
Integrating these practices enables<br />
interoperability and affordability through<br />
re-use and planned evolution.<br />
TT: You’ve won some of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
highest awards during your career. What’s<br />
your formula for success?<br />
BK: I’ve been fortunate enough to work<br />
with a lot of good people on challenging<br />
projects that I really enjoyed. If you<br />
are surrounded by good people, and you<br />
are willing to listen, learn, and contribute<br />
wherever needed, things generally work<br />
out for the better. Most important, I<br />
think, is that in whatever position I held, I<br />
wanted to make a difference, so I worked<br />
with the people around me to make<br />
things successful. •<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 41
on<strong>Technology</strong><br />
Knowledge Exploitation:<br />
Connecting the Dots to Enable Information Operations<br />
Information Operations (IO).<br />
IO is the integrated use of electronic<br />
warfare, computer network operations,<br />
psychological operations, military deception<br />
and operations security. 1<br />
IO creates huge amounts of disparate data,<br />
each piece of which, by itself, may not be<br />
particularly meaningful. These data must<br />
be parsed, understood, fused and analyzed<br />
before a picture that can be acted upon<br />
can emerge from the disconnected dots.<br />
Currently, the military can process only 20<br />
percent of the available sensor data. 2 To realize<br />
the potential of emerging IO technologies,<br />
significant improvements in data processing<br />
and analysis are needed. Knowledge exploitation<br />
(Kx) is an emerging <strong>Raytheon</strong> capability<br />
that addresses these issues.<br />
Knowledge Exploitation<br />
Kx integrates elements of four complementary<br />
technologies: knowledge management<br />
(KM), information fusion (IF), knowledge<br />
discovery (KD) and semantic processing.<br />
Knowledge management addresses the effective<br />
organization and retrieval of source<br />
material and data streams. Information<br />
fusion melds related data to eliminate<br />
redundancy, reduce uncertainty, provide<br />
situation awareness, and enable effective<br />
decision-making and resource allocation.<br />
Knowledge discovery techniques find nonobvious<br />
relationships, patterns and trends<br />
Controlled<br />
by<br />
Controlling<br />
Device<br />
Has<br />
Location<br />
Country<br />
Exfiltration Malware<br />
Exploits<br />
OS<br />
Is a Exfiltrates<br />
Malware<br />
Has<br />
OS<br />
Deployed<br />
on<br />
Target Device<br />
Used<br />
By<br />
User<br />
Has<br />
User<br />
Data<br />
User Data<br />
Figure 1. A partial concept map of the IO<br />
domain showing terms and relationships<br />
42 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
buried within the mounds of data; and<br />
semantic processing establishes the meaning<br />
of data. 3 This article shows how these<br />
knowledge exploitation technologies can<br />
be integrated to help “connect the dots” to<br />
enable IO, with a specific emphasis on semantic<br />
processing and knowledge discovery.<br />
Semantic Processing and<br />
Knowledge Discovery<br />
IO involves diverse entities such as people,<br />
computers, networks, software, infrastructure<br />
and organizations as well as more<br />
abstract concepts such as effects, vulnerabilities<br />
and cultural biases. Unlike relational<br />
databases (RDBs), which are very good for<br />
storing many instances of similar, wellstructured<br />
data, semantic processing easily<br />
captures and manipulates many diverse<br />
concepts and how they relate to each other.<br />
Semantic processing is thus well suited to<br />
represent and manipulate the concepts in<br />
the IO domain.<br />
The starting point for capturing knowledge<br />
in a semantic system is to describe the<br />
framework of the problem domain; in our<br />
case, IO. The framework is captured in a<br />
knowledge model 4 that consists of three<br />
parts: concepts, relationships and rules. The<br />
concepts and relationships 5 can be represented<br />
together as a concept map such as<br />
that in Figure 1, which depicts a part of the<br />
IO domain. Here concepts are represented<br />
as nodes of a graph and their relationships<br />
as annotated edges.<br />
Knowledge extractors are used to convert<br />
information from data sources to specific<br />
Exploits<br />
MS Windows 2000<br />
Version 2.0<br />
Has<br />
OS<br />
Information Systems and Computing<br />
BScope.Trojan.Palevo.1<br />
Deployed On<br />
192.168.1.178<br />
Used<br />
By<br />
Defense<br />
Contractor<br />
Has<br />
User Data<br />
Figure 2. Concept map of asserted facts for the IO Domain<br />
instances of the defined concepts and relationships<br />
in the knowledge model. These<br />
facts are called assertions. Knowledge extractors<br />
can operate on sensor data, RDBs,<br />
Web pages or unstructured text, and they<br />
allow us to capture a rich set of assertions<br />
about the IO domain.<br />
Each assertion specifies a relationship between<br />
two entities — the subject entity<br />
and the object entity — which are specific<br />
instances of the concepts in the knowledge<br />
model. An assertion can be thought of<br />
as the node – edge – node construct of a<br />
graph corresponding to the subject – relationship<br />
– object data pattern. For example,<br />
the graph of Figure 2 would be constructed<br />
from independent observations and would<br />
consist of specific instances of the concepts<br />
defined in Figure 1.<br />
Constructing this graph from individual assertions<br />
requires us to recognize when two<br />
instances of an entity, possibly reported by<br />
different sources, represent the same entity.<br />
This process, which links individual assertions<br />
together, is a specific form of information<br />
fusion 6 called object refinement. Object refinement<br />
can be implemented by the third<br />
element of the knowledge model, rules.<br />
Rules can also be used to infer additional<br />
facts and patterns in the graph and can<br />
identify situations that need to be acted<br />
upon. For example, appropriate rules applied<br />
to the above graph would reasonably<br />
generate an alert that country ZZZ could be<br />
exfiltrating sensitive defense information.<br />
Exfiltrates<br />
Document<br />
1<br />
Controlled by<br />
293.219.245.212<br />
Has<br />
Location<br />
Country<br />
ZZZ
Because we are representing knowledge in<br />
the form of a graph, we can employ graph<br />
algorithms, in addition to rules, to discover<br />
patterns and relationships of interest.<br />
Many important non-obvious relationships<br />
often appear as multi-hop links chained<br />
through several nodes in the graph. Graph<br />
algorithms can be used to discover these<br />
graph paths and assert the non-obvious<br />
relationships between nodes. Our <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
IIS partners are developing special-purpose<br />
high-speed graph processes that will enable<br />
us to efficiently implement knowledgediscovery<br />
algorithms on huge graphs.<br />
In addition to the graph representation<br />
of knowledge, it is also common<br />
to capture assertions as triples in the<br />
form subject – relationship – object. The<br />
Resource Description Framework (RDF), 7<br />
Web Ontology Language (OWL), 8 and the<br />
Semantic Protocol and RDF Query Language<br />
(SPARQL) are semantic Web standards that<br />
can be used to express a knowledge model<br />
as triples, enable reasoning to be performed<br />
by commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)<br />
reasoning engines, and provide a query/rule<br />
language for the model. These standards<br />
enable inferences and rule-based reasoning<br />
to be done, complementing graph exploitation<br />
algorithms to discover and infer new<br />
knowledge.<br />
RDF triples and knowledge graphs are<br />
different approaches to knowledge representation.<br />
Knowledge discovery can<br />
be done using the representation most<br />
likely to perform best for a particular<br />
problem. Current COTS RDF triple stores<br />
have limited storage capacity and reasoning<br />
performance. Dedicated, high-speed<br />
graph processors, such as those under<br />
development by <strong>Raytheon</strong>, will provide<br />
the high-speed reasoning, on huge data<br />
stores, required to address the IO and similar<br />
problems. •<br />
Author: Jean Greenawalt<br />
Contributors: Don Kretz, Jim Jacobs, John<br />
Montgomery, John Moon, Tom Chung<br />
1 Joint Publication 3-13, Information Operations, 13 February 2006.<br />
2 Al Shaffer, principal deputy director, Defense <strong>Research</strong> and Engineering.<br />
3 Semantic processing also establishes common shared meaning, which enables interoperability.<br />
4 One common form of a knowledge model, called an ontology, uses formal description logic to<br />
express the semantics of a term.<br />
5 In general, concepts can have attributes. For example, if the concept is a person, it is useful<br />
to capture attributes such a name, address, and date of birth. In many applications, it is also<br />
important to assign attributes to edges, such as the time an observation is valid.<br />
6 Object refinement recognizes when two or more nodes represent the same entity and combines<br />
them, eliminating duplicates and reducing uncertainty. Object refinement is also called<br />
Level 1 fusion in the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) fusion framework. This is the most<br />
widely accepted model of information fusion. See Revisiting the JDL Data Fusion Model II,<br />
James Llinas, Christopher Bowman, Galina Rogova, Alan Steinberg, Ed Waltz and Frank White,<br />
2004, for a discussion of the JDL model and refinements.<br />
7 See http://www.w3.org/RDF for an overview of RDF.<br />
8 See http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features for an overview of OWL.<br />
on<strong>Technology</strong><br />
Next Generation RF Systems:<br />
Multifunction Designs to Meet<br />
Future Warfighter Needs<br />
To control the evolving battlespace, our<br />
customers increasingly require systems that<br />
sense more phenomena; transfer the results<br />
of the sensing to the decision maker more<br />
quickly; provide electronic protection; and<br />
do all this without adding cost, weight or<br />
power. These factors are driving future<br />
system designs that must incorporate<br />
multiple functions.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has a long tradition of providing<br />
the absolute best in sensor and communication<br />
systems. These systems, however, were<br />
optimized for one or two functions, and<br />
their host platforms were optimized for a<br />
limited set of missions. The changing nature<br />
of defense acquisition in the 21st century is<br />
placing different demands on weapons systems,<br />
requiring that they support a broad<br />
Multifunction RF<br />
set of missions. To meet this requirement,<br />
platforms must have a broader range of<br />
sensors and greater communications connectivity.<br />
Because weight, power, cooling<br />
and cost constraints prohibit carrying a full<br />
suite of optimized, federated systems, an<br />
urgent need has emerged for a new generation<br />
of radio frequency (RF) systems that<br />
can support multiple functions.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is already meeting customers’<br />
needs for multi-functionality with systems<br />
like the AN/APG-79 airborne Active<br />
Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar<br />
for the Navy’s F/A-18 aircraft, and the SPY-3<br />
shipboard AESA for the Navy's Zumwaltclass<br />
destroyer. We are therefore well<br />
positioned to meet this challenge.<br />
SPY-3<br />
Continued on page 44<br />
AN/APG-79<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 43
Multifunction RF (continued)<br />
Continued from page 43<br />
6.875<br />
7.025<br />
7.075<br />
7.125<br />
MOBILE FIXED<br />
FIXED<br />
SATELLITE (E-S)<br />
MOBILE FIXED SAT (E-S) FIXED<br />
MOBILE<br />
FIXED<br />
7.19<br />
7.235<br />
7.25<br />
7.30<br />
7.45<br />
7.55<br />
7.75<br />
7.90<br />
FIXED<br />
FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (E-S)<br />
FIXED<br />
FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE<br />
SATELLITE (S-E) Fixed<br />
FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED Mobile Satellite (S-E)<br />
FIXED<br />
MET.<br />
Mobile<br />
SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED Satellite (S-E)<br />
FIXED<br />
Mobile<br />
SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED<br />
Satellite (S-E)<br />
FIXED<br />
FIXED<br />
MOBILE<br />
SATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE (E-S) Fixed<br />
FIXED EARTH EXPL.<br />
SATELLITE (E-S)<br />
FIXED Mobile<br />
SATELLITE(S-E)<br />
Satellite (E-S)<br />
EARTH EXPL.<br />
FIXED<br />
MET. Mobile<br />
SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE<br />
SAT. (S-E)<br />
Satellite (E-S)<br />
(E-S)<br />
(E-S) (no airborne)<br />
EARTH EXPL. FIXED<br />
Mobile Satellite<br />
SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE FIXED<br />
(E-S)<br />
(E-S)(no airborne)<br />
FIXED<br />
SPACE RESEARCH (S-E)<br />
(deep space only)<br />
SPACE RESEARCH (S-E)<br />
FIXED<br />
One needs to look no further than the FCC<br />
frequency allocation chart, Figure 1 (next<br />
page), to appreciate the diversity of RF functions<br />
that exist within a limited frequency<br />
range. These functions can be classified into<br />
groups as passive sensing, active sensing<br />
and communications. Each group places<br />
similar but different requirements on RF<br />
performance. Key performance characteristics<br />
common to all three groups include<br />
tunable frequency range, instantaneous<br />
bandwidth, dynamic range, effective radiated<br />
power, modulation diversity and linear<br />
transmit operation. <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s next generation<br />
of systems must provide a balanced<br />
combination of these capabilities to enable<br />
multifunction operation.<br />
Passive sensing functions include radar<br />
warning, electronic support measures and<br />
signals intelligence, plus others. These systems<br />
require sensitivity over a wide tunable<br />
frequency range to detect signals of interest;<br />
wide instantaneous bandwidth to capture<br />
wide-band signals; and large<br />
dynamic range to detect weak and<br />
strong signals.<br />
Active sensing functions include radar and<br />
jamming, plus others. Radar systems require<br />
a wide tunable frequency range to operate<br />
without interference (and comply with international<br />
frequency allocation standards),<br />
wide instantaneous bandwidth to provide<br />
high-resolution target identification, large<br />
dynamic range to detect targets in the<br />
44 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
8.025<br />
8.175<br />
8.215<br />
8.4<br />
8.45<br />
8.5<br />
9.0<br />
9.2<br />
9.3<br />
9.5<br />
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation<br />
AERONAUTICAL<br />
RADIONAVIGATION<br />
Radiolocation<br />
MARITIME<br />
RADIONAVIGATION<br />
Radiolocation<br />
RADIONAVIGATION<br />
Meteorological<br />
Aids<br />
Radiolocation<br />
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation<br />
10.0<br />
10.45<br />
10.5<br />
10.55<br />
10.6<br />
10.68<br />
Radiolocation Amateur<br />
Amateur<br />
Amateur<br />
Satellite<br />
RADIOLOCATION<br />
FIXED<br />
EARTH EXPL. RADIO<br />
SAT. (Passive) ASTRONOMY<br />
FIXED<br />
SPACE<br />
EARTH EXPL.<br />
RESEARCH (Passive) SATELLITE (Passive)<br />
RADIO-<br />
LOCATION<br />
Radiolocation<br />
SPACE RESEARCH<br />
(Passive)<br />
RADIO<br />
ASTRONOMY<br />
10.7<br />
FIXED<br />
SATELLITE<br />
(S-E)<br />
FIXED<br />
FIXED<br />
SATELLITE<br />
(S-E)<br />
Mobile **<br />
presence of clutter (and interference), effective<br />
radiated power to meet the range<br />
requirement, and programmable waveform<br />
modulations tailored to the target<br />
characteristics being sensed to maximize<br />
target detection. Jamming systems are also<br />
designed for a wide tunable frequency<br />
range, but to interfere with targeted systems.<br />
Jamming also requires adjustable<br />
instantaneous bandwidth and waveform<br />
modulations to optimize the effect on threat<br />
systems, and sufficient effective radiated<br />
power to neutralize the threat system.<br />
Communications systems include a variety<br />
of one- and two-way links for networking<br />
and sharing information. These systems require<br />
frequency agility for spread-spectrum<br />
waveforms to operate in authorized communications<br />
bands, instantaneous bandwidth<br />
and programmable modulations to satisfy<br />
waveform requirements, sufficient dynamic<br />
range to receive signals in the presence of<br />
strong interference, and sufficient power to<br />
complete the link and achieve the required<br />
availability. In addition, communications<br />
systems have two unique requirements that<br />
are more stringent than those of other radio<br />
frequency capabilities. The first mandates<br />
isolation between transmit and receive<br />
during simultaneous transmit-receive (full<br />
duplex) operation. This is facilitated by having<br />
orthogonally polarized transmit and<br />
receive antennas or having separate transmit<br />
and receive frequency band allocations. The<br />
second requirement is for high-efficiency,<br />
11.7<br />
12.2<br />
F I X E D<br />
BROADCASTING<br />
SATELLITE<br />
FIXED<br />
SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE<br />
FIXED<br />
12.75<br />
SPACE<br />
FIXED<br />
RESEARCH (S-E) SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED<br />
(Deep Space) (E-S)<br />
13.25<br />
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. Space <strong>Research</strong> (E-S)<br />
13.4<br />
Standard<br />
RADIO-<br />
Radio-<br />
Freq. and<br />
LOCATION<br />
location<br />
Time Signal RADIO- FIXED Radio- 13.75<br />
Satellite (E-S) LOCATION SAT.(E-S) location 14.0<br />
Space RADIO<br />
FIXED Land Mobile<br />
<strong>Research</strong> NAVIGATION SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S)<br />
14.2<br />
F I X E D Land Mobile<br />
Mobile** SATELLITE (E-S) Satellite (E-S)<br />
FIXED Land Mobile 14.4<br />
Fixed Mobile SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S) 14.47<br />
Fixed Mobile FX SAT.(E-S) L M Sat(E-S)<br />
14.5<br />
FIXED<br />
Mobile Space <strong>Research</strong><br />
14.7145<br />
MOBILE<br />
Fixed<br />
Space <strong>Research</strong><br />
15.1365<br />
FIXED<br />
Mobile Space <strong>Research</strong><br />
15.35<br />
RADIO ASTRONOMY<br />
SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPL. SAT.<br />
(Passive)<br />
(Passive)<br />
15.4<br />
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION<br />
15.43<br />
AERO RADIONAV FIXED SAT (E-S)<br />
15.63<br />
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION<br />
15.7<br />
RADIOLOCATION<br />
Radiolocation<br />
16.6<br />
RADIOLOCATION Space Res.(act.) Radiolocation<br />
17.1<br />
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation<br />
17.2<br />
Earth Expl Sat Space Res. RADIOLOC. Radioloc.<br />
17.3<br />
BCST SAT. FX SAT (E-S) Radiolocation<br />
17.7<br />
FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) F I X E D<br />
17.8<br />
Figure 1. Communications, surveillance and radar functions are present within the tunable range of a Strawman 7-17 GHz multifunction radio<br />
frequency system.<br />
12.7<br />
Space<br />
<strong>Research</strong><br />
linear transmit operation, which is used<br />
to support the communications waveform<br />
modulations.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> is already delivering many multifunction<br />
RF systems. Limitations of today’s<br />
technologies often require compromises<br />
in the functionality and performance of<br />
secondary RF functions. <strong>Raytheon</strong> is working<br />
on technologies to eliminate those<br />
compromises. Two breakthrough technologies<br />
include Ultra-Wideband (UWB)<br />
Samplers and Ultra-Short Pulse Laser-Based<br />
Frequency Sources. The UWB sampler<br />
enables the instantaneous bandwidth and<br />
dynamic range to be tuned to the function<br />
via software. The Laser-Based frequency<br />
source provides an ultra-pure, ultra-stable<br />
reference for waveform synthesis and coordination.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s future systems are<br />
being designed with the architecture and<br />
technologies to give the best in multifunction<br />
capability.<br />
Our customers need the next generation<br />
of radio frequency systems to support<br />
passive sensing, active sensing and communications;<br />
with the minimum number of<br />
apertures and back-end electronics units;<br />
and at an affordable price. By considering<br />
the customer’s needs up front, <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
will provide RF systems that meet all of the<br />
performance needs of the warfighter, and<br />
do so affordably. •<br />
Eric Boe
www.MathMovesU.com<br />
© <strong>2010</strong> <strong>Raytheon</strong> Company. All rights reserved.<br />
“Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of <strong>Raytheon</strong> Company.<br />
MathMovesU is a registered trademark of <strong>Raytheon</strong> Company.<br />
MATHCOUNTS is a registered trademark of the MATHCOUNTS Foundation.<br />
Supporting Math and Science Education<br />
When can long division lead to lunar<br />
exploration? When MathMovesU ®<br />
.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> believes when students are engaged and inspired by math and science,<br />
anything is possible. That’s why we created the MathMovesU ®<br />
national initiative.<br />
It takes math and science to fun, exciting and innovative places: like having kids<br />
engineer their own thrills through a new <strong>Raytheon</strong> experience at INNOVENTIONS at Epcot ®<br />
at the Walt<br />
Disney World ®<br />
Resort; compete with peers in the <strong>Raytheon</strong> MATHCOUNTS ®<br />
National Competition; use math<br />
to talk football with the New England Patriots; or explore a range of interactive activities on www.mathmovesu.com. It’s all<br />
part of our mission to inspire today’s students to be tomorrow’s leaders.
Events<br />
2009 Excellence in<br />
Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong> Awards<br />
The <strong>Raytheon</strong> Excellence in Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong> (EiET) Awards took place at The Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in<br />
Washington, D.C., in March. The awards are <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s highest technical honor. They recognize individuals and teams whose innovations,<br />
processes or products have or will have a substantial impact on the company’s success, and the success of <strong>Raytheon</strong> customers.<br />
The award recipients comprised 17 team and five individual examples of excellence, hailing from every business — including four “One<br />
Company” awards and an Information <strong>Technology</strong> award. In all, 97 people were honored.<br />
Retired Gen. John R. Dailey, director of the National Air and Space Museum, kicked off the program by welcoming the nearly 200 attendees<br />
to the museum. He also commented on the shared goals of <strong>Raytheon</strong> and the museum to inspire a new generation toward careers in science,<br />
technology, engineering and math.<br />
In his opening remarks, Mark E. Russell, <strong>Raytheon</strong> vice president of corporate Engineering, <strong>Technology</strong> and Mission Assurance, thanked and<br />
congratulated the evening’s award recipients. “You are our modern-day innovators; you add to our company’s history of innovation; and<br />
you make me proud to be a <strong>Raytheon</strong> engineer.”<br />
After dinner, <strong>Raytheon</strong> Chairman and CEO William H. Swanson congratulated the honorees for their tremendous efforts on behalf of<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> and its customers. Swanson was joined on stage by Russell and business leadership as master of ceremonies Mike Doble, <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
director of Strategic Communications, read the award citations and called each honoree up to be personally congratulated.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> congratulates all recipients of the 2009 Excellence in Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong> Awards.<br />
2009 <strong>Raytheon</strong> Excellence in Engineering and <strong>Technology</strong> Award Winners<br />
ONE COMPANY AWARDS<br />
Advanced <strong>Technology</strong> Program Team<br />
John Abraham (RMS), G. C. Fisher (SAS), Kenneth Gautreau (RMS),<br />
James Jennings (SAS), Leonard (Lee) Leonard (SAS), Cesar Melendez (RMS),<br />
Daniel Urbanski (RMS),<br />
For working across business and geographical boundaries to develop<br />
next-generation hardware and execute comprehensive integration and<br />
test plans.<br />
Mini-RF Design Team<br />
David Baker (RMS), Mark Brackenbury (SAS), David Canich (RMS), Larry Lai<br />
(SAS), Kwan Ying Muramoto (SAS), Richard Taylor (RMS), Allen Wang (SAS)<br />
For leading the effort to design, build, test and deliver two space<br />
payloads within 30 months of the contract award.<br />
46 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
Radar and Sensing Enterprise Campaign Team<br />
Harry Birrell (NCS), Matthew Lambert (IDS), Thomas Miller (SAS),<br />
Alan Moore (NCS), John Olsen (NCS), Angelo Puzella (IDS),<br />
James Roche (IDS), Michael Sarcione (IDS)<br />
For developing and demonstrating a set of common sensing<br />
technologies to grow <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s competitive position in core radio<br />
frequency sensing markets.<br />
RayShield Team<br />
Jeff Brown (Corp.), Randy Jennings (IIS), Jesse Lee (IIS), Monty McDougal (IIS),<br />
Matthew Richard (Corp.), Michael Simms (IIS), William Sterns (IIS)<br />
For developing an industry-leading solution that will be enormously<br />
important to <strong>Raytheon</strong> and its customers in the area of information<br />
security.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Computer Emergency Response Team (RayCERT)<br />
Joseph Bell, Joshua Douglas, Christina Fowler, Joshua Ray, Peter Tran<br />
For developing an innovative, industry-leading approach to minimize<br />
the risk and impact of cyberattackers on providers of national critical<br />
infrastructure.<br />
INTEGRATED DEFENSE SYSTEMS<br />
Individual Award<br />
Michael Borkowski<br />
For developing revolutionary architectures leading to a family of GaN<br />
MMIC module solutions that maximize the radiated energy while<br />
minimizing the size and cost of the system.<br />
Battlespace Command and Control Center Range Operations<br />
(BC3-RO) Integration Team<br />
Robert Harris, Brian Keeton, Steven Lee, Boris Rasputnis, Scott Summers<br />
For developing a solution that solidifies <strong>Raytheon</strong> Solipsys as the<br />
leading provider of range command and control (C2) solutions.<br />
Nanocomposite Optical Ceramic (NCOC) Team<br />
Richard Gentilman, Todd Gattuso, Christopher Nordahl, Stephanie Silberstein,<br />
Brian Zelinski (RMS)<br />
For demonstrating the first major breakthrough in mid-wave infrared<br />
(MWIR) missile dome and window materials in more than 30 years.<br />
INTELLIGENCE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS<br />
Individual Award<br />
Clayton Davis<br />
For developing and executing a means to accurately geo-locate and<br />
navigate in underground environments for long time periods using<br />
magnetic signals.<br />
Crew Communications Team<br />
Leonard DiBacco, Ronald Harvey, Raymond (Al) Magon, John Masiyowski,<br />
Michael McCann<br />
For developing a multiple security level, net-centric real-time voice<br />
communication system designed to support Intelligence, Surveillance<br />
and Reconnaissance missions.<br />
NETWORK CENTRIC SYSTEMS<br />
Individual Award<br />
Thomas Young<br />
For being the key technical innovator for Network Centric Systems’ new<br />
software-defined radio mobile communications capability.<br />
Close Combat Tactical Radar Product Line Design Team<br />
John Carpenter, Thomas Leise, Patric McGuire, John Reed, David Steinbauer<br />
For designing a product hardware, firmware and software architecture<br />
that exhibits architectural robustness in terms of scalability, testability<br />
and reusability.<br />
DragonFire MXF-4039 Radio Team<br />
Mark Gloudemans, Alan Ly, David Mizicko, David Mussmann, Tyler Ulinskas<br />
For developing and implementing RAYMANET®, the technology<br />
solution that led directly to the DragonFire contract to supply radios<br />
to key customers.<br />
Events<br />
RAYTHEON MISSILE SYSTEMS<br />
Individual Award<br />
Don E. Wilson<br />
For being one of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s leaders in the areas of software engineering<br />
and processing technologies.<br />
EKV Guidance, Navigation and Control Team<br />
Michael Barker, David Cohen, Daniel Heacock, James Lewis, Alexander Murphy<br />
For developing an approach that fuses Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle<br />
(EKV) sensors to improve the hit-to-kill capability of Missile Defense<br />
ground-based interceptors.<br />
SM-3 Encryption Design Team<br />
Andrew Fullerton, William Geller, Kari Lynn Hanson, Datasha Holland, Erik Larson<br />
For completing an NSA certification within two years, allowing the<br />
Standard Missile-3 (SM-3) Block IB to meet a tight testing schedule.<br />
RAYTHEON SYSTEMS LIMITED<br />
ASTOR Design Authority Transition Team<br />
John Christopher Coady, Barry Martin Lowe, Colin Tebb<br />
For achieving U.K.-approved Design Authority status for RSL for the<br />
Airborne Stand-Off Radar system, including the Sentinel aircraft.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNICAL SERVICES COMPANY<br />
K3 Surveillance Effort Team<br />
Ronald Brown, Lisa Eagleson-Roever, Douglas Jankovich, Robert Perisho, Dan Surber<br />
For providing a comprehensive surveillance solution within six months<br />
to the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).<br />
SPACE AND AIRBORNE SYSTEMS<br />
Individual Award<br />
Howard Nussbaum<br />
For developing an architecture for the AN/APG-79 radar receiver/exciter<br />
(REX) subsystem and the receiver/exciter integrated development<br />
environment (RIDE).<br />
AAS Development Team<br />
David Fittz, Lori Hecker, Charles Livingston, Peter Mahre, William Weaver<br />
For leading the technical concept design for a low-risk, innovative<br />
solution to the U.S. Navy’s next-generation advanced airborne sensor.<br />
ARTEMIS Responsive Space Team<br />
Christopher Chovit, Dave Makowski, Michael Menendez, Robert Patterson, John Silny<br />
For quickly and cost-effectively building an advanced hyperspectral<br />
imaging space payload.<br />
Secure Scalable Processor Team<br />
Drew Davidoff, Lisa Go, Steven Kirsch, Esther Lee, Spencer White<br />
For developing an advanced capability in airborne processing by<br />
implementing an open, yet secure architecture while achieving high<br />
performance in a constrained volume.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 47
Events<br />
48 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
<strong>2010</strong> Mission Assurance Forum<br />
The Sum of Our Commitment<br />
The fifth <strong>Raytheon</strong> Mission Assurance<br />
Forum was held April 26–28 in Lake Buena<br />
Vista, Fla., at Disney’s Contemporary Resort.<br />
Organized around the theme “The Sum of Our<br />
Commitment,” the forum brought together<br />
more than 500 <strong>Raytheon</strong> employees, leaders,<br />
customers and industry partners to reinforce our<br />
definition of Mission Assurance.<br />
The forum integrated the <strong>Raytheon</strong> Six<br />
Sigma Awards and Excellence in<br />
Operations and Quality (EiOQ) Awards into<br />
the program. These evening events recognized<br />
achievement in productivity, process excellence<br />
and Mission Assurance.<br />
Forum attendees also developed an understanding<br />
of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s relationship with Disney<br />
and the attraction — Sum of all Thrills at<br />
INNOVENTIONS at Epcot ® at the Walt Disney<br />
World ® Resort. As part of the program, attendees<br />
had the opportunity to visit the ride and<br />
experience the thrills first-hand.<br />
Mark Russell, vice president of Engineering,<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> and Mission Assurance, kicked off<br />
the general session with a video highlighting<br />
what Mission Assurance means to our people.<br />
“We deliver customer success every day with<br />
Mission Assurance and by practicing its five core<br />
principles ... These are crucial to ensuring that<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> products, solutions and systems work<br />
as intended — the first time, every time,” said<br />
Russell. “But as you know, it is our people and<br />
the total commitment of all 75,000 of them that<br />
makes us so powerful.”<br />
Keynotes from the Customer Community<br />
and <strong>Raytheon</strong> Leadership<br />
Attendees heard about the importance of<br />
Mission Assurance during keynote addresses<br />
from:<br />
• Bryan O’Connor, chief, Safety and Mission<br />
Assurance, NASA<br />
• Rick Yuse, president, Space and Airborne<br />
Systems (SAS)<br />
• Dave Wajsgras, chief financial officer<br />
• Scott Milligan, SPHR facilitator,<br />
Disney Institute<br />
• General Charles R. Holland, USAF (Ret.)<br />
Breakout Presentations, Panel Discussions<br />
and Exhibits<br />
Participants were able to choose from 10<br />
informative breakout presentations where<br />
they learned about best practices from dayto-day<br />
practitioners of Mission Assurance. An<br />
Engineering vice presidents’ panel, moderated<br />
by Bill Luhrs, allowed attendees to gain a better<br />
understanding of Mission Assurance and what it<br />
means to the work we do every day. The panel<br />
discussed some of the biggest challenges we<br />
face with achieving Mission Assurance, as well<br />
as key commitments needed as a team. Exhibits<br />
with a wealth of information related to Mission<br />
Assurance lined the outside of the general and<br />
breakout session rooms. Displays featuring<br />
project team achievements provided the opportunity<br />
for attendees to ask questions and hear<br />
project highlights. •
Events<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma Awards:<br />
Best in Business and Best in Class<br />
The achievements of <strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma teams across the company were recognized April 26 at<br />
an awards dinner during the <strong>2010</strong> Mission Assurance Forum. <strong>Raytheon</strong> leaders, <strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma<br />
Experts, honorees, customers and guests gathered for the event at Disney’s Contemporary Resort.<br />
Two types of awards were bestowed during the dinner: the <strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma President’s Award<br />
and the <strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma CEO Award. Both, among the company’s highest honors, recognize<br />
projects that have delivered substantial and measurable results and impact for <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s businesses,<br />
customers and suppliers.<br />
Fourteen teams were selected as recipients of the President’s Award, receiving the designation of<br />
“Best in Business.” Among these teams, six were recognized at the end of the night with the prestigious<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma CEO Award — for projects that Chairman and CEO William H. Swanson<br />
selected as “Best in Class” in a specific focus area. The awards-selection criteria included being proactive<br />
and predictive; supporting the front end of business; thinking out of the box to be innovative;<br />
working closely with Supply Chain; and being a catalyst for productivity and growth. •<br />
2009 <strong>Raytheon</strong> Six Sigma Award Winning Teams<br />
IDS UAE Patriot Rolling Wave Improvement Team<br />
Jacqueline Bourgeois, Charles Spengler, Alex Umansky, James Webster, Daniel Zwillinger<br />
IDS Patriot Pure Fleet Eliminate Single Point of Failure Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice<br />
Jo-Ann Basso, Cheryl Drake, James Hackendorf, Daniel Lafratta, David Sauer<br />
IIS Goldfinch Improvement Project Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice<br />
Scott Derflinger, Guy Dubois, Elaine Nantz, Dick Perron, Royal White<br />
IIS Mission Analysis and MSI SE Capability Team<br />
Karen Casey, Rita Hurst, Craig Korth, David Rhodes, Phil Sementilli<br />
NCS P274 Workstation Host Streamlining Team<br />
Capt. Sofiane Abadlia, James Anderson, Larry Hoffsetz, Maj. Amine Lassoued<br />
NCS Engineering Maturing Apple <strong>Technology</strong> Team<br />
Michael Benoit, Steven Collins, Amanda Kirchner, Robert O’Shea, Megan Tremer<br />
NCS Common Crypto Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice<br />
Dick Arend, Larry Finger, John Legowski, Jeff Miller, Rob Norwalk<br />
RMS EKV Organizational Effectiveness Team<br />
Bryan Lovitt, Kevin McCombs, Roya Montakhab, David Mueller, Robert Nussmeier<br />
RMS SM-2 Yield Improvement Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice<br />
Matthew Axford, Michael Beylor, Lew Blum, Kent Bortz, Patricia Moshe<br />
RTSC Southwest Asia Market Growth Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice<br />
Angela Anthony, Eugene Beauvais, Kip Matthias, Chase Mohler, Lyle Richardson<br />
RTSC Fuel Drum Caching in the Antarctic Team<br />
Lisa Gacioch, Julie Grundberg, Alex Morris, David Pettengill, William Turnbull<br />
SAS ALR-67 Extended Value Stream Capacity Improvement Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice<br />
Suzanne Brayton, Ian David Brough, Arthur John Fowler, Denise Meredith, John Stephens<br />
SAS B-2 RMP SDD Right Eyes On Target Supplier Improvement Team<br />
Julie Ahamad, Jason Bays, Charnette Humphrey, Denise Meredith, Ben Mitchell<br />
Corporate ACES Team<br />
Manny Barros, Jeffrey Downs, Walter Geary, Joseph Morris, Michael Sirois<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 49
Events<br />
2009 Excellence in Operations and Quality Awards<br />
Disney’s Contemporary Resort in Lake<br />
Buena Vista, Fla., was the setting for the<br />
2009 Excellence in Operations and Quality<br />
(EiOQ) Awards dinner.<br />
One of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s highest honors, the EiOQ<br />
award recognizes those who demonstrate<br />
a constant pursuit of excellence, dedicated<br />
leadership and a commitment to customers<br />
2009 <strong>Raytheon</strong> EiOQ Award Winners<br />
50 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
by providing the best solutions. In all, 19<br />
teams and one individual were honored.<br />
Mark Russell, vice president of <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
Engineering, <strong>Technology</strong> and Mission<br />
Assurance, acknowledged a total of 96<br />
award recipients for their achievements.<br />
Each recipient contributed to <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
growth by helping ensure our customers’<br />
mission success.<br />
Integrated Defense Systems<br />
Core Energy Team Energy Conservation Award<br />
Michael Baginski, David Chamberlain, Tracy Fialli, Kevin Sheehan, Elizabeth Welch<br />
Antenna Element Pull System Team<br />
Carl Carucci, Gary Knox, Cynthia Kyslowsky, Eileen Leung, Yuliya Rovner<br />
Visual Controls Initiative Team<br />
Arun Bhatia, Janet Groebe, Gary Marinelli, Purvesh Thakker, Collin Ward<br />
Intelligence and Information Systems<br />
Mission Experience Library Team AKT Award<br />
Esther Harvey, Craig Korth, Richard Smerker, Robyn Schaub, Frederick Sutton<br />
GPS-OCX Compass Eyes Demonstration Team<br />
Adam Fisher, Michael Highfill, Kent Jones, Sarah Law, Jared Stallings<br />
State College Building Consolidation Team<br />
Tracy Getz, Jason Killam, Jason Moore, Mark Scott, Julie Voorhees<br />
Missile Systems<br />
CMMI® Level 5+ IPPD High-Maturity Implementation Team AKT Award<br />
Debra Herrera, Thomas Lienhard, Stephen Ross, Christopher Sisemore,<br />
Christopher Toal<br />
Predictive Supplier Performance Improvement Process and Tools AKT Award<br />
Carrie Mauck, Kevin McDonald, William Messina, Ted Naone, Edmundo Samaniego<br />
Falcon Dashboard and Scorecard Team<br />
Jesse Crowley, James Irish, Trindy Leforge, Kristyn Stewart, Mark Westergaard<br />
3R Team<br />
Bridget Bonner, Lemond Dixon, Sarah Galbraith, Stephanie Kendrick, Nathan Tenney<br />
Tomahawk Production Acceleration Team<br />
Steven Carstens, Carol Conrad, Jim Healy, Albert Liguori, Paula Wilson<br />
“Tonight’s honorees have demonstrated<br />
leadership, improved performance and provided<br />
Mission Assurance,” said Russell. “It<br />
takes all of us working together, applying<br />
and expanding our domain knowledge, and<br />
being accountable to deliver the solutions<br />
our customers need to complete<br />
their missions.”<br />
Network Centric Systems<br />
ITAS Program Production Challenge Team<br />
Kenneth Cunningham, Douglas Davis, Edmundo Rodriguez, Igor Silver,<br />
Pamela Tignor<br />
RMI Product Improvement Meets Spec Team<br />
Randolph Holtgrefe, Michael Mikasa, Larry Mollett,Gary Sackett, David Stephens<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Systems Limited<br />
Interrogator Radar Systems Process Improvement<br />
Matthew Jupp<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Technical Services<br />
Ideas Are Free Team AKT Award<br />
Normand Dunlap, Michele Orman, Keith Taylor, Michael Terry, Curtis White<br />
Kirkuk ATII Design Team<br />
James Athey, Joseph Champlain, Philip Corrow, Aleksandr Danilenko,<br />
Ed Schlossberg<br />
Space and Airborne Systems<br />
CalTex PRISM Knowledge Sharing Team AKT Award<br />
Cedric Cleveland, Sarah Federick, Barry Jones, Randall Weston, Adrienne Willis<br />
HTM4 Mk 3 Transition to Production Team<br />
Dan Booth, Wayne Bowen, Joshua Lamb, Peter McDowell, Vincent Turner<br />
Ops/SCM Waste Reduction Team<br />
Ruben Carrasco, Sandra Holliday, Kenneth Lannin, Uy Ngu, Doug Toby<br />
Remove and Replace Business Process Improvement Team<br />
Daniel Chavez, Sheryl Kilgore, Christopher Mitchell, Rene Smith, Jesus Subia
The recipients represented all six businesses<br />
as well as <strong>Raytheon</strong> Systems Limited. Five<br />
Accelerating Knowledge Transfer (AKT)<br />
awards were given for projects that extended<br />
improvements across multiple<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> businesses, as well as an award<br />
for energy reduction efforts.<br />
The winning teams were joined by their<br />
guests, customers, members of the<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> leadership team, members of<br />
the ET&MA leadership team, and<br />
Operations and Performance Excellence<br />
Council members.<br />
Message of Commitment Highlighted<br />
Excellence in Operations and Quality is<br />
crucial to enabling Mission Assurance. The<br />
theme of the forum, “The Sum of Our<br />
Commitment,” reminds us that it is part<br />
of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s personal and collective commitment<br />
to ensure no doubt in all of our<br />
products and services.<br />
“Walt Disney had a lot to say about<br />
teamwork and persistence,” said Russell.<br />
“Whatever we accomplish is due to combined<br />
effort. The organization must be<br />
with you, or you don’t get it done.”<br />
The evening concluded with award<br />
recipients coming on stage to receive<br />
recognition and congratulations from<br />
Russell and the business leaders. •<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Recognizes Its Newest<br />
Certified Architects<br />
People<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> honored 38 newly certified architects at a special recognition dinner in held in<br />
April at the Boston Harbor Hotel. The employees were recognized as <strong>Raytheon</strong> Certified<br />
Architects after completing the multiyear <strong>Raytheon</strong> Certified Architect Program (RCAP).<br />
The RCAP program requirements include: training on architecture standards within the<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> Enterprise Architecture Process; external architecture certifications, leadership and<br />
communication skills; architecting practitioner experience; system life-cycle experience; and<br />
contributions to the architecture discipline. Certified architects must also pass an examination<br />
before the <strong>Raytheon</strong> Architecture Review Board.<br />
The program was established in 2004 to ensure <strong>Raytheon</strong> develops architectures that support<br />
customer mission success, facilitate interoperability between highly complex systems<br />
and foster the expertise required for <strong>Raytheon</strong> to excel as a Mission Systems Integrator. As<br />
of April <strong>2010</strong>, <strong>Raytheon</strong> had certified 149 architects across the company — well exceeding<br />
the program’s initial goal of 100.<br />
In February 2009, RCAP achieved accreditation from The Open Group, an international<br />
vendor- and technology-neutral consortium focused on open standards and global interoperability<br />
within and between enterprises. <strong>Raytheon</strong> is the fourth company in the world and<br />
first in the aerospace and defense industry to receive this recognition. •<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> 2009 Certified Architect Graduates<br />
Ken Block IDS Sudbury, Mass.<br />
Stephen Gaul IDS Portsmouth, R.I.<br />
Steven Labitt IDS Sudbury, Mass.<br />
Donald Larson IDS Portsmouth, R.I.<br />
Randy Smith IDS Huntsville, Ala.<br />
Edward Taylor IDS Tewksbury, Mass.<br />
Bruce Bohannan IIS Aurora, Colo.<br />
Gorman Findley IIS State College, Pa.<br />
Mike Forsman IIS Garland, Texas<br />
John Garnett IIS State College, Pa.<br />
Daniel Gleason IIS Aurora, Colo.<br />
Dale Hargrave IIS Aurora, Colo.<br />
Wayne O’Brien IIS Falls Church, Va.<br />
Bob Peterson IT-IIS Garland, Texas<br />
Gary Route IIS Aurora, Colo.<br />
Cary Sutton IIS Omaha, Neb.<br />
David Younkin IIS Aurora, Colo.<br />
Jim Booher NCS Fullerton, Calif.<br />
Mario D’Amico NCS Marlborough, Mass.<br />
Paula Moss NCS Fort Wayne, Ind.<br />
John Schlundt NCS Fort Wayne, Ind.<br />
David Bossert RMS Tucson, Ariz.<br />
Steven Greene RMS Tucson, Ariz.<br />
Louisa Guise RMS Tucson, Ariz.<br />
Dennis Hart RMS Tucson, Ariz.<br />
Andrew Hinsdale RMS Tucson, Ariz.<br />
Jay Stern RMS Tucson, Ariz.<br />
Stephen Thelin RMS Tucson, Ariz.<br />
Thomas Bergman RTSC Indianapolis, Ind.<br />
Timothy Bretz RTSC Indianapolis, Ind.<br />
Todd Patel RTSC Indianapolis, Ind.<br />
Glen Davis SAS Goleta, Calif.<br />
Gary Lindgren SAS El Segundo, Calif.<br />
Jeanette Lurier SAS El Segundo, Calif.<br />
Bruce Munro SAS Plano, Texas<br />
Kevin Sullivan SAS Goleta, Calif.<br />
Michelle White-Heon SAS McKinney, Texas<br />
Brian Wells Corp Waltham, Mass.<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 51
Special Interest<br />
To Preserve and Protect:<br />
Ultrathin Environmental and Electroactive Polymer Coatings<br />
Many <strong>Raytheon</strong> electronic components<br />
and systems must survive<br />
harsh environmental conditions<br />
for long periods. Environmental conditions<br />
such as humidity, bias, temperature<br />
cycling, and ionic contamination can cause<br />
de-lamination and migration of the metallic<br />
interconnects. In an effort to reduce or<br />
eliminate this type of damage, <strong>Raytheon</strong> is<br />
investigating the use of GVD Corporation’s<br />
polytetrafluoroethylene coating (PTFE, also<br />
known as Teflon ® ) as an alternative candidate<br />
for the board-level environmental<br />
protection of active electronically scanned<br />
arrays (AESA).<br />
Conventional Wet Coatings—Challenges<br />
Applications ranging from aerospace structures<br />
to radio frequency (RF) electronics to<br />
microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) require<br />
ultrathin polymer coatings tailored to<br />
meet customer needs. Commonly used wetcoating<br />
methods are often complicated by<br />
the need to blend in and then remove solvents<br />
to ensure proper coating uniformity.<br />
Solvent purchase, processing, extraction,<br />
and disposal add to manufacturing costs<br />
and/or production time.<br />
Coatings with uniform thickness may be difficult<br />
to achieve with many wet processes,<br />
especially when very thin coatings are<br />
needed. Further, solvent-substrate incompatibility<br />
may damage the part being coated<br />
or prevent adequate wetting; the latter also<br />
contributes to poor coating uniformity.<br />
Coating of nano- or micron-scale surface<br />
roughness is required in many emerging<br />
applications (e.g., some flat-screen televisions<br />
have tiny moving mirrors that require<br />
a lubricating coating). But wet processes are<br />
often not adequate to achieve the required<br />
coating coverage, consistency, smoothness<br />
and thickness. Non-uniformity is exacerbated<br />
when the part being coated has a<br />
complex topology. In many cases, small<br />
features (microns or below) are obscured<br />
or overcoated when the solvent is driven<br />
off. Further, on drying, the strong liquid surface<br />
tension forces of wet coatings tend to<br />
cause small particles (e.g., carbon nanotubes,<br />
52 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
ceramic fillers) to aggregate, producing incomplete<br />
or uneven coverage. Hence, there is a<br />
great need for an all-dry, low-cost approach to<br />
depositing functional polymer coatings.<br />
GVD Corporation’s Novel, Vapor-<br />
Deposited Coatings<br />
To address this need, GVD Corporation<br />
provides the Exilis line of ultrathin, solvent-free<br />
polymer coatings. Exilis coatings<br />
are based on novel chemical vapor deposition<br />
(CVD) technologies developed at the<br />
Massachusetts Institute of <strong>Technology</strong> by<br />
Prof. Karen Gleason.<br />
These technologies accommodate a wide<br />
range of off-the-shelf monomers and precursors,<br />
and parts being coated need not<br />
have any special surface chemistry. Exilis<br />
coatings can be used in applications requiring<br />
environmental protection (circuit<br />
boards), RF transparency (radomes), optical<br />
transparency (lenses, displays), lubrication<br />
or release (composite molding tools), antistiction<br />
(MEMs), or electrical conductivity<br />
(electromagnetic interference [EMI] shielding,<br />
resistive heating, energy storage).<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong> has applications in almost all of<br />
these areas.<br />
GVD currently produces coatings based<br />
on intrinsically conductive polymers (e.g.,<br />
PEDOT [Polyethylenedioxythiophene], a<br />
polythiophene), silicones, and PTFE. PTFE is<br />
a widely used polymer with unique properties,<br />
including a tendency to repel water,<br />
a non-stick surface that minimizes friction,<br />
and unsurpassed chemical resistance.<br />
Ultrathin, Conformal Coatings<br />
Exilis coating thicknesses in the 25 nanometer<br />
to 10 micron range are typical.<br />
Deposition rates of up to 1 micron/minute<br />
or more are achievable for coatings based<br />
on PTFE, GVD’s most mature product offering.<br />
Exilis PTFE coatings are ready to use<br />
right after deposition; no post-processing<br />
(drying, curing) is required. GVD’s coatings<br />
are highly conformal to simple substrates<br />
and those with complex topologies, including<br />
molds, nanoparticles, foams,<br />
membranes and nanofibers (see figure).<br />
GVD Corporation deposits conformal,<br />
“shrink-wrap” coatings of ultrathin polymers<br />
onto substrates that have complex<br />
topologies. For example, open-cell foam<br />
coated with GVD’s Exilis electrically conductive<br />
polymer is shown here. GVD’s vapor<br />
deposition coating process preserves the<br />
foam’s open-cell structure.<br />
For example, when an Exilis polymer coating<br />
is to be deposited on a porous substrate,<br />
the reactive monomer vapors infiltrate the<br />
substrate’s pores, forming a thin polymer<br />
coating on contact and “shrink-wrapping”<br />
the porous structure. The open porosity<br />
of the substrate is thus preserved. Indeed,<br />
uniform “shrink-wrapping” of geometries<br />
as small as individual carbon nanotubes has<br />
been demonstrated.<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s Potential Use of GVD Coatings<br />
When fully populated, <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s AESA<br />
panel array boards have 128 TR channels.<br />
GVD’s coating process facilitates lower-cost,<br />
near-room-temperature, conformal coating<br />
of the entire panel array board with proper<br />
masking. GVD’s process is so gentle that<br />
even facial tissue can be coated.<br />
Exilis coatings show significant promise in<br />
protecting <strong>Raytheon</strong> components, such as<br />
those in AESAs, that are subjected to harsh<br />
environments. For example, Exilis coatings<br />
may effectively shield circuit boards<br />
from corrosive salt water. These coatings<br />
(1012 – 1013 Ω resistance range) have<br />
survived under physiological saline soak<br />
and DC electrical bias for greater than four<br />
years. No coating cracks, pinholes or other<br />
failure manifestations have developed over<br />
this time period. For AESAs, the GVD coating<br />
can be tailored to provide exceptional<br />
dielectric performance as well as superior<br />
moisture barrier properties. <strong>Raytheon</strong> IDS<br />
is currently verifying the performance GVD<br />
coatings against required metrics. •<br />
Erik S. Handy, Ph.D.,<br />
GVD Corporation, Cambridge, Mass.
U.S. Patents<br />
<strong>Issue</strong>d to <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
At <strong>Raytheon</strong>, we encourage people to work on<br />
technological challenges that keep America<br />
strong and develop innovative commercial<br />
products. Part of that process is identifying and<br />
protecting our intellectual property. Once again,<br />
the U.S. Patent Office has recognized our<br />
engineers and technologists for their contributions<br />
in their fields of interest. We compliment<br />
our inventors who were awarded patents<br />
from January through June <strong>2010</strong>.<br />
PURNACHANDRA R. GOGINENI<br />
MARTIN A. KEBSCHULL<br />
JEFFREY H. KOESSLER<br />
JUAN A. PEREZ<br />
JOHN PARINE<br />
7642492 Single-axis fin deployment system<br />
EMERALD J. ADAIR<br />
GRAY FOWLER<br />
MICHAEL LIGGETT<br />
7642336 Improved phthalonitrile composites<br />
ALEXANDER A. BETIN<br />
KALIN SPARIOSU<br />
7646796 Solid-state suspension laser<br />
ROBERT ADAMS<br />
WILLIAM J. SCHWIND<br />
7645970 Flight control system and method of using<br />
piezoelectric modal sensors to mitigate flexible body dynamics<br />
CHUL J. LEE<br />
SEAN T. PRICE<br />
7646332 Method and apparatus interleaved gridding in<br />
distributed multiple computing for real-time rcs prediction<br />
LACY G. COOK<br />
ANDREW LEWANSKI<br />
SUSAN B. SPENCER<br />
7648249 Beam-steering apparatus having five degrees of<br />
freedom of line-of-sight steering<br />
BRIAN J. HARKINS<br />
CHUL J. LEE<br />
7652620 RCS sinature generation for closely spaced multiple<br />
objects using n-point models<br />
DANIEL T. MCGRATH<br />
7652631 Ultra-wideband antenna array with additional<br />
low-frequency resonance<br />
BRIEN ROSS<br />
KEVIN WAGNER<br />
7652818 Optical sight having an unpowered reticle<br />
illumination source<br />
CONRAD STENTON<br />
7651237 Improved reticle illumination<br />
MORRIS ROBITAILLE<br />
7650711 Rifle scope with textured profile<br />
ROBERT E. LEONI<br />
7657189 Optical link<br />
TROY ROCKWOOD<br />
TAMER ELBATT<br />
JIJUN YIN<br />
7656801 Jamming of network traffic in connection-based<br />
networks<br />
PATRICK T. HANZLICK<br />
JOSHUA J. LANGE<br />
7665691 Aerial vehicle launching system and method<br />
JAMES CLINGENPEEL<br />
7661036 Cache for collecting events on a monitored computer<br />
QUENTEN E. DUDEN<br />
7661628 Catalyzed decomposing structural payload foam<br />
MARK A. GLOUDEMANS; WILLIAM COLEMAN JR.;<br />
JAYANTI PATEL; BROR PETERSON; WILLIAM MOS-<br />
LEY JR.<br />
7664472 Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of a signal<br />
KAMAL TABATABAIE<br />
7662698 Transistor having field plate<br />
ROBERT W. BYREN<br />
7663090 Automatic avalanche photodiode bias setting system<br />
based on unity-gain noise measurement<br />
MICHAEL G. ADLERSTEIN<br />
7664196 Frequency agile phased locked loop<br />
RICHARD J. LETT<br />
GREGORY L. RENNO<br />
THOMAS N. TERWIEL<br />
7669081 System and methods for scheduling, processing, and<br />
monitoring tasks<br />
EMMET ANDERSON<br />
DAVID G. ANTHONY<br />
DANIEL W. BRUNTON<br />
DAVID G. GARRETT<br />
DANIEL C. HARRISON<br />
JIM R. HICKS<br />
DAVID J. KNAPP<br />
JAMES P. MILLS<br />
FRANK E. SMITH III<br />
WAYNE L. SUNNE<br />
7667190 Optical fiber assembly wrapped across gimbal axes<br />
ROBERT J. DELACK<br />
KEVIN J. KRESSNER<br />
7665998 Radio frequency connector<br />
DEVON G. CROWE<br />
7667850 Imaging system with low coherence light source<br />
JOHN P. BETTENCOURT<br />
ALAN J. BIELUNIS<br />
KATHERINE J. HERRICK<br />
7670045 Microstrip power sensor<br />
JOSEPH M. CROWDER<br />
PATRICIA S. DUPUIS<br />
MICHAEL C. FALLICA<br />
JOHN B. FRANCIS<br />
JOSEPH LICCIARDELLO<br />
ANGELO M. PUZELLA<br />
7671696 Radio frequency interconnect circuits and techniques<br />
JOHN CARCONE<br />
7671783 Radar reflector<br />
JAMES A. PRUETT<br />
FRANK L. SHACKLEE<br />
7671801 Armor for an electronically scanned array<br />
ALEXANDER A. BETIN<br />
RICHARD GENTILMAN<br />
PATRICK HOGAN<br />
MICHAEL USHINSKY<br />
7675952 Articulated glaze cladding for laser crystal components<br />
and method of encapsulation<br />
THOMAS K. DOUGHERTY<br />
JOHN J. DRAB<br />
STEPHEN A. GABELICH<br />
GREGORY D. TRACY<br />
TRICIA VEEDER<br />
7675066 Erase-on-demand memory cell<br />
BILLIE G. HENDRY<br />
STEVEN MATTHEWS<br />
ROBERT D. STULTZ<br />
7675958 Intra-cavity non-degenerate laguerre mode generator<br />
OLIVER HUBBARD<br />
JIAN WANG<br />
7675458 Dual beam radar system<br />
RANDY W. HILL<br />
PAUL A. MEREMS<br />
7677491 Methods and apparatus for airborne systems<br />
MICHAEL A. GRITZ<br />
RAFAEL HERNANDEZ<br />
WILLIAM H. WELLMAN<br />
7679057 Antenna-coupled-into-rectifier infrared sensor elements<br />
and infrared sensors<br />
STEPHEN JACOBSEN<br />
DAVID MARCEAU<br />
DAVID MARKUS<br />
SHAYNE ZURN<br />
7680377 Ultra-high density connector<br />
THOMAS K. DOUGHERTY<br />
JOHN J. DRAB<br />
SOLOMON O. ROBINSON<br />
DANIEL SIEVENPIPER<br />
7683854 Tunable impedance surface and method for fabricating a<br />
tunable impedance surface<br />
ROBERT J. CODA<br />
CHRISTOPHER A. LEDDY<br />
JOHNNY Y. LEE<br />
STEPHEN R. NASH<br />
7683945 Responsivity correction for electro-optical images<br />
ANDREW B. FACCIANO<br />
ROBERT T. MOORE<br />
GREGG J. HLAVACEK<br />
CRAIG SEASLY<br />
7681834 Composite missile nose cone<br />
JOHN A. COGLIANDRO<br />
HENRY FITZSIMMONS<br />
7681776 Methods and apparatus for efficiently generating profiles<br />
for circuit board work/rework<br />
PATRICK M. KILGORE<br />
7684634 System and method for adaptive non-uniformity compensation<br />
for a focal plane array<br />
ROBERT C. HON<br />
MICHAEL H. KIEFFER<br />
CARL KIRKCONNELL<br />
THOMAS H. POLLACK<br />
7684955 Noncontinuous resonant position feedback system<br />
MIRON CATOIU<br />
7683734 Rf re-entrant combiner<br />
KEVIN W. CHEN<br />
GRAY FOWLER<br />
ERIC KRUMIN<br />
MICHAEL M. LIGGETT<br />
RICHARD M. WEBER<br />
7686248 System and method for internal passive cooling<br />
of composite structures<br />
HANSFORD CUTLIP<br />
NELSON WALLACE<br />
7688438 Scanning solar diffuser relative reflectance monitor<br />
JAMES M. IRION II<br />
ROBERT S. ISOM<br />
7688265 Dual polarized low profile antenna<br />
MARK A. HARRIS<br />
7686255 Space vehicle having a payload-centric configuration<br />
ROBERT CAVALLERI<br />
THOMAS A. OLDEN<br />
7685940 Pellet propellant and composite propellant rocket motor<br />
GERALD L. EHLERS<br />
CHARLES LEPPLE<br />
AARON WATTS<br />
7693313 Personal authentication device<br />
VICTOR JARINOV<br />
MICHAEL THORPE<br />
7692858 Method and apparatus for internally zeroing a sight<br />
SHAHROKH HASHEMI-YEGANEH<br />
RICHARD A. MONTGOMERY<br />
CLIFTON QUAN<br />
DAVID E. ROBERTS<br />
7692508 Spring loaded microwave interconnector<br />
ROBERT B. HALLOCK<br />
KAMAL TABATABAIE<br />
7692222 Atomic layer deposition in the formation of gate<br />
structures for III-V semiconductor<br />
SCOTT R. CHEYNE<br />
JEFFREY PAQUETTE<br />
7690924 An electrical connector to connect circuit cards<br />
SCOTT R. CHEYNE<br />
JEFFREY PAQUETTE<br />
JOHN D. WALKER<br />
DIMITRY ZARKH<br />
7704083 Busbar connector<br />
MATTHEW H. BOSSE<br />
NICCOLO A. GARBARINO<br />
RANAPRATAP LAVU<br />
JOHN MICHEL<br />
MICHAEL P. PEYTON<br />
JOSE J. SOTO<br />
7698148 Web-based risk management tool and method<br />
ERIC P. LAM<br />
CHRISTOPHER A. LEDDY<br />
STEPHEN R. NASH<br />
7697073 Image processing system with horizontal line registration<br />
for improved imaging with scene motion<br />
DAVID B. HATFIELD<br />
RENEE M. RODGERS<br />
TERRY M. SANDERSON<br />
7694578 Method of evaluating materials using curvature<br />
DANIEL J. MOSIER<br />
7697646 Discrete state-space filter and method for processing<br />
asynchronously sampled data<br />
PAUL CRETE<br />
7696460 Frequency adjusting arrangement<br />
RANDY C. BARNHART<br />
CRAIG S. KLOOSTERMAN<br />
MELINDA C. MILANI<br />
DONALD V. SCHNAIDT<br />
STEVEN TALCOTT<br />
7701891 Data handling in a distributed communication network<br />
DELMAR L. BARKER<br />
HARRY SCHMITT<br />
NITESH N. SHAH<br />
DONALD E. WAAGEN<br />
7701381 System and method of orbital angular momentum (OAM)<br />
diverse signal processing using classical beams<br />
RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 53
ISTVAN RODRIGUEZ<br />
ROBERT A. LINDQUIST JR.<br />
7701308 Radio frequency modulator<br />
LACY G. COOK<br />
7703932 All-reflective, wide-field-of-view, inverse-telephoto<br />
optical system with external posterior aperture stop and long<br />
back focal length<br />
DEVON G. CROWE<br />
7705971 System and method for determining crosswinds<br />
JAMES BALLEW<br />
SHANNON DAVIDSON<br />
7711977 System and method for detecting and managing HPC<br />
node failure<br />
KUO-LIANG CHIOU<br />
CARROLL CHIOU<br />
KEVIN E. RUDOLPH<br />
7711476 Aided ins/gps/sar navigation with other platforms<br />
PETER LUKENS<br />
7707871 Leak detection system with controlled<br />
differential pressure<br />
DAVID BURKS<br />
THOMAS E. FETSKO<br />
RICHARD GENTILMAN<br />
MARLENE PLATERO<br />
DERRICK J. ROCKOSI<br />
CHRISTOPHER K. SOLECKI<br />
7710347 Methods and apparatus for high performance<br />
structures<br />
RALPH HUDSON<br />
JOHN P. KILKELLY<br />
JON H. SHERMAN<br />
HELEN L. SUN<br />
7714768 Non-statistical method for compressing<br />
and decompressing complex SAR data<br />
KENNETH W. BROWN<br />
7715091 Spatially-fed high-power amplifier with shaped reflectors<br />
THOMAS G. LAVEDAS<br />
7714791 Antenna with improved illumination efficiency<br />
RICHARD M. LLOYD<br />
7717042 Munition<br />
PATRICK M. BROGAN<br />
FRANK COSTANZO<br />
WILLIAM J. MARSHALL<br />
DINO ROBERTI<br />
7719926 Slotted cylinder acoustic transducer<br />
ROBERT H. BUCKLEY<br />
WILLIE NG<br />
DAVID PERSECHINI<br />
7725043 System and method for reducing interferometric<br />
distortion and relative intensity noise in directly modulated<br />
fiber optic links<br />
LAWRENCE SCHWARTZ<br />
7725259 Trajectory estimation system for an orbiting satellite<br />
JEFFREY M. PETERSON<br />
ERIC SCHULTE<br />
7723815 Wafer bonded composite structure for thermally<br />
matching a readout circuit and an infrared detector<br />
chip both during and after hybridization<br />
DELMAR L. BARKER<br />
WILLIAM R. OWENS<br />
ABRAM YOUNG<br />
7724420 Frequency modulation structure and method utilizing<br />
frozen shockwave<br />
WON CHON<br />
GHARIB GHARIBJANIANS<br />
NICK J. ROSIK<br />
DEAN W. SCHOETTLER<br />
GREGORY SURBECK<br />
7724061 Active clamp circuit for electronic components<br />
TIMOTHY E. ADAMS<br />
JERRY M. GRIMM<br />
CHRISTOPHER MOSHENROSE<br />
JAMES A. PRUETT<br />
7724176 Articulated synthetic aperture radar antenna<br />
RICHARD M. LLOYD<br />
7726244 Mine counter measure system<br />
MARLIN SMITH JR.<br />
7729667 System and method for intermodulation distortion<br />
cancellation<br />
ERWIN M. DE SA<br />
JUSTIN DYSTER<br />
MARVIN D. EBBERT<br />
RODNEY H. KREBS<br />
7728264 Precision targeting<br />
KAICHIANG CHANG<br />
YUCHOI F. LOK<br />
7728764 Sidelobe blanking characterizer<br />
54 <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY<br />
RUDY A. EISENTRAUT<br />
EDGAR R. MELKERS<br />
7728266 Exhaust assembly for mass ejection drive system<br />
JAMIE CLARK<br />
TERRY M. SANDERSON<br />
7728267 Methods and apparatus for adjustable surfaces<br />
MICHAEL GUBALA<br />
KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN<br />
ROBERT A. ROSEN<br />
7728756 Wide area high resolution sar from a moving<br />
and hovering helicopter<br />
KAICHIANG CHANG<br />
WILIAM KENNEDY<br />
7728769 Adaptive processing method of clutter rejection in a<br />
phased array beam pattern<br />
CONRAD STENTON<br />
7728988 Method and apparatus for testing conic optical surfaces<br />
KENNETH W. BROWN<br />
REID F. LOWELL<br />
ALAN RATTRAY<br />
A-LAN V. REYNOLDS<br />
7730819 Weapon having lethal and non-lethal<br />
directed-energy portions<br />
EMERALD J. ADAIR<br />
JUDITH K. CLARK<br />
GRAY FOWLER<br />
MICHAEL LIGGETT<br />
7732030 Method and apparatus for preform consistency<br />
JAYSON KAHLE BOPP<br />
JOSEPH C. DENO<br />
PAUL JONES<br />
JAMES LEECH<br />
7732772 System and method for detecting explosive materials<br />
RAYMOND C. LANING<br />
STEVEN J. MANSON<br />
7733339 Automated translation of high order complex geometry<br />
from a CAD model into a surface based combinatorial geometry<br />
format<br />
JAMES H. DUPONT<br />
RICHARD D. LOEHR<br />
WILLIAM N. PATTERSON<br />
7730838 Buoyancy dissipator and method to deter an errant<br />
vessel<br />
ARNOLD W. NOVICK<br />
7738319 Determining angles of arrival using multipaths<br />
ALEXANDER A. BETIN<br />
KALIN SPARIOSU<br />
7742512 Scalable laser with robust phase locking<br />
ELI BROOKNER<br />
JIAN WANG<br />
7741992 A moving target detector for radar systems<br />
JOSEPH R. ELLSWORTH<br />
MICHAEL P. MARTINEZ<br />
TEPHEN J. PEREIRA<br />
7742307 High performance power device<br />
GABRIEL D. COMI<br />
KELLY L. PETERMAN<br />
7747569 Systems, methods, and language for selection<br />
and retrieval of information from databases<br />
JAYSON KAHLE BOPP<br />
MARTIN G. FIX<br />
7746639 F-16 avionics processor packaging<br />
International<br />
Patents <strong>Issue</strong>d to <strong>Raytheon</strong><br />
Titles are those on the U.S.-filed patents; actual titles on<br />
foreign counterparts are sometimes modified and not<br />
recorded. While we strive to list current international<br />
patents, many foreign patents issue much later than<br />
corresponding U.S. patents and may not yet be reflected.<br />
AUSTRALIA<br />
ELI BROOKNER<br />
2004282851 Efficient technique for estimating elevation angle<br />
when using a broad beam for search in a radar<br />
RICHARD LAPALME<br />
2003238262 Method and apparatus for intelligent information<br />
retrieval<br />
ELI BROOKNER<br />
DAVID MANOOGIAN<br />
FRITZ STEUDEL<br />
2004282856 Multiple radar combining for increased range, radar<br />
sensitivity and angle accuracy<br />
RICHARD T. KARON<br />
MICHAEL E. LEVESQUE<br />
2005326810 Event alert system and method (robust system architecture<br />
for sensors on dedicated and on-dedicated platforms)"<br />
BORIS S. JACOBSON<br />
2006232963 Integrated smart power switch<br />
CLIFTON QUAN<br />
STEPHEN SCHILLER<br />
YANMIN ZHANG<br />
2006255759 Attenuator circuit comprising a plurality of quarter<br />
wave transformers and lump element resistors<br />
JOHN CANGEME<br />
GERALD M. PITSTICK<br />
DAVID MANOOGIAN<br />
2006270435 A method of generating accurate estimates of azimuth<br />
and elevation angles of a target for a phased-phased array<br />
rotating radar<br />
ROBERT ALLISON<br />
RON K. NAKAHIRA<br />
JOON PARK<br />
BRIAN H. TRAN<br />
2006205200 Micro-electrical-mechanical device and method of<br />
making same<br />
KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN<br />
ROBERT A. ROSEN<br />
2006249603 Variable inclination array antenna<br />
WENDY CONNOR<br />
2006255733 Top loaded disk monopole antenna<br />
KWANG CHO<br />
LEO H. HUI<br />
2006330076 Efficient autofocus method for swath SAR<br />
REZA TAYRANI<br />
2006269627 Two stage microwave Class E power amplifier<br />
MICHAEL BRENNAN<br />
BENJAMIN DOLGIN<br />
LUIS GIRALDO<br />
JOHN HILL III<br />
DAVID KOCH<br />
JORAM SHENHAR<br />
2004267467 Drilling apparatus, method, and system<br />
AUSTRALIA, CHINA<br />
QUENTEN E. DUDEN<br />
2005332059 Catalyzed decomposing structural payload foam<br />
AUSTRALIA, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, UK<br />
QUENTEN E. DUDEN<br />
ALLAN T. MENSE<br />
2005333599 Catalyzed decomposing foam for encapsulating<br />
space-based kinetic objects<br />
AUSTRALIA, FRANCE, SPAIN, UK<br />
JAMES HOLDERLE<br />
JAMES A. KEEBAUGH<br />
JEFFREY W. LEWELLEN<br />
2005327114 Determining a predicted performance of a<br />
navigation system<br />
AUSTRALIA, JAPAN<br />
TAMRAT AKALE<br />
EDUARDO D. BARRIENTOS JR.<br />
MICHAEL T. CRNKOVICH<br />
LAWRENCE DALCONZO<br />
DAVID J. DRAPEAU<br />
CHRISTOPHER A. MOYE<br />
2006292765 Compact multilayer circuit<br />
AUSTRIA, CZECH REPUBLIC, FRANCE, GERMANY,<br />
ITALY, UK<br />
RUDY A. EISENTRAUT<br />
MARTIN A. KEBSCHULL<br />
JOHN PARINE<br />
1485668 Missile having deployment mechanism for stowable fins<br />
CANADA<br />
STEVEN R. GONCALO<br />
YUCHOI F. LOK<br />
2452635 Precision approach radar system having computer<br />
generated pilot instructions<br />
PAUL M. INGRAM JR.<br />
ARCHIE MUSE<br />
2416266 Sensitivity of iterative spectrally smooth temperature/<br />
emissivity separation to instrument noise<br />
RICHARD M. LLOYD<br />
2597527 Warhead with aligned projectiles<br />
VINH ADAMS<br />
WESLEY DWELLY<br />
2561391 Versatile attenuator<br />
WILLIAM AUTERY<br />
JAMES HUDGENS<br />
JOHN M. TROMBETTA<br />
GREGORY TYBER<br />
2419987 Method of making chalcogenide glass
CHINA<br />
STEPHEN HERSHEY<br />
WILLIAM SU<br />
zl200480017652.0 Distributed dynamic channel selection in a<br />
communication network<br />
DELMAR L. BARKER<br />
WILLIAM R. OWENS<br />
ROSS D. ROSENWALD<br />
NITESH SHAH<br />
HAO XIN<br />
zl200680001822.5 Dynamic control of planck radiation in<br />
photonic crystals<br />
DENMARK, FRANCE, GERMANY, NETHERLANDS,<br />
SINGAPORE, SPAIN, SWEDEN, UK<br />
ROBERT ALLISON<br />
JAR J. LEE<br />
ROBERT LOO<br />
BRIAN PIERCE<br />
CLIFTON QUAN<br />
JAMES SCHAFFNER<br />
1597797 Low cost 2-D electronically scanned array with compact<br />
CTS feed and MEMs phase shifters<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, UK<br />
ROBERT ADAMS<br />
VINH ADAMS<br />
WESLEY DWELLY<br />
1896869 Radar system and method for reducing clutter in<br />
a high-clutter environment<br />
JOHN P. BETTENCOURT<br />
ALAN J. BIELUNIS<br />
KATHERINE J. HERRICK<br />
1756593 Microstrip power sensor<br />
SHARON A. ELSWORTH<br />
MARVIN I. FREDBERG<br />
WILLIAM H. FOSSEY JR.<br />
1595023 High strength, long durability strutural fabric/seam<br />
system<br />
NORMAN A. LUQUE<br />
782496 Apparatus and methods for split-feed coupled-ring<br />
resonator-pair elliptic-function filters<br />
JOSEPH M. CROWDER<br />
PATRICIA S. DUPUIS<br />
MICHAEL C. FALLICA<br />
ANGELO M. PUZELLA<br />
1520455 Multilayer stripline radio frequency circuits<br />
and interconnection methods<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, UK<br />
ROBERT W. BYREN<br />
1517158 Synthetic aperture ladar system and method<br />
using real-time holography<br />
TIMOTHY D. SMITH<br />
NINA L. STEWART<br />
1911226 Dynamic system and method of establishing<br />
communication with objects<br />
STAN W. LIVINGSTON<br />
470609 Solid state transmitter circuit<br />
DAVID D. CROUCH<br />
WILLIAM E. DOLASH<br />
436856 Reflecting surfaces having geometries independent of<br />
geometries of wavefronts reflected therefrom<br />
FRITZ STEUDEL<br />
159635 Radar system having spoofer, blanker and canceller<br />
JAMES HENDERSON<br />
MICHAEL M. LIGGETT<br />
JOSEPH TEPERA<br />
1196735 Ramming brake for gun-launched projectiles<br />
LACY G. COOK<br />
ROGER WITHRINGTON<br />
1488272 Method and laser beam directing system with rotatable<br />
diffraction gratings<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SPAIN, SWEDEN, UK<br />
BORIS S. JACOBSON<br />
JOHN MCGINTY<br />
PAUL C. THOMAS<br />
1774635 Method and apparatus for a power system<br />
phased array radar<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, SWEDEN<br />
GERALD COX<br />
MARK S. HAUHE<br />
STAN W. LIVINGSTON<br />
CLIFTON QUAN<br />
ANITA L. REINEHR<br />
COLLEEN TALLMAN<br />
YANMIN ZHANG<br />
1749330 Radiator structures<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SINGAPORE, SPAIN, UK<br />
DAVID D. HESTON<br />
JOHN G. HESTON<br />
THOMAS L. MIDDLEBROOK<br />
1886406 Power absorber system and method<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, NETHERLANDS, UK<br />
FERNANDO BELTRAN<br />
JOHN J. HANLIN<br />
RICHARD H. HOLDEN<br />
1354370 Radio frequency antenna feed structures having a coaxial<br />
waveguide and asymmetric septum<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN, UK<br />
GARY ALLEY<br />
1287611 Amplifier circuit<br />
FRANCE, GERMANY, SWITZERLAND<br />
JOHN ARCHER<br />
UKROY P. MCMAHON<br />
203432 Arc-fault detecting circuit breaker system<br />
GERMANY, SWEDEN, UK<br />
REGINA ESTKOWSKI<br />
PETER TINKER<br />
602005019034.1-08 System and method for adaptive<br />
path planning<br />
HUNGARY<br />
WILLIAM T. STIFFLER<br />
E007461 Programmable cockpit upgrade system<br />
ISRAEL<br />
RICHARD HODGES<br />
JAMES M. IRION II<br />
NICHOLAS SCHUNEMAN<br />
160680 Balun and groundplanes for decade band tapered slot<br />
antenna and method of making same<br />
ALAN L. KOVACS<br />
MATTHEW PETER<br />
KURT S. KETOLA<br />
JACQUES LINDER<br />
156227 Multilayer thin film hydrogen getter<br />
STEVE E. HUETTNER<br />
STEVEN C. REIN<br />
DOUG BAKER<br />
165380 Accurate range calibration architecture<br />
PETER V. MESSINA<br />
164199 Figure eight hysteresis control method and<br />
follow-up system<br />
ISRAEL, SOUTH KOREA<br />
DIPANKAR CHANDRA<br />
ATHANASIOS SYLLAIOS<br />
161696 Sensor for detecting small concentrations of a target matter<br />
JAPAN<br />
RODERICK BERGSTEDT<br />
LEE A. MCMILLAN<br />
ROBERT STREETER<br />
4512304 Microelectromechanical micro-relay with liquid<br />
metal contacts<br />
ANTHONY S. CARRARA<br />
PAUL A. DANELLO<br />
JOSEPH MIRABILE<br />
4477040 Wedgelock system<br />
FERNANDO BELTRAN<br />
JOSEPH P. BIONDI<br />
RONNI J. CAVENER<br />
ROBERT CUMMINGS<br />
JAMES MCGUINNIS<br />
THOMAS V. SIKINA<br />
KEITH D. TROTT<br />
ERDEN YURTERI<br />
4440266 Wideband phased array radiator<br />
KURT S. KETOLA<br />
ALAN L. KOVACS<br />
JACQUES LINDER<br />
MATTHEW PETER<br />
4436249 Dielectric interconnect frame incorporating EMI shield<br />
and hydrogen absorber for tile T/R modules<br />
MARY ONEILL<br />
4481812 Method for protecting an aircraft against a threat that<br />
utilizes an infrared sensor<br />
KENNETH A. ESSENWANGER<br />
4445010 Compact balun for rejecting common mode<br />
electromagnetic fields<br />
YONAS NEBIYELOUL-KIFL<br />
WALTER G. WOODINGTON<br />
4447455 Automotive side object detection sensor blockage<br />
detection system and related techniques<br />
WILLIAM H. FOSSEY JR.<br />
SHARON A. ELSWORTH<br />
4510820 High strength fabric structure and seam therfor with<br />
uniform thickness and a method of making same<br />
PHILLIP ROSENGARD<br />
4473733 Method and system for encapsulating variable-size packets<br />
JONATHAN LYNCH<br />
4499728 Monolithic array amplifier with periodic bias-line<br />
bypassing structure and method<br />
PHILLIP ROSENGARD<br />
4523596 Encapsulating packets into a frame for a network<br />
JON N. LEONARD<br />
JAMES SMALL<br />
4490433 Mass spectrometer for entrained particles, and method<br />
for measuring masses of the particles<br />
ANDREW B. FACCIANO<br />
ROBERT T. MOORE<br />
JAMES E. PARRY<br />
JOHN T. WHITE<br />
4444964 Missile with multiple nosecones<br />
SHANNON DAVIDSON<br />
4451806 On-demand instantiation in a high performance computer<br />
(HPC) system<br />
KELLY MCHENRY<br />
4497780 Projectile for the destruction of large explosive targets<br />
GERALD COX<br />
DOUGLAS A. HUBBARD<br />
TIMOTHY D. KEESEY<br />
CLIFTON QUAN<br />
DAVID E. ROBERTS<br />
CHRIS E. SCHUTZENBERGER<br />
RAYMOND TUGWELL<br />
4435459 Vertical interconnect between coaxial or GCPW circuits<br />
and airline via compressible center conductors<br />
RICHARD O’SHEA<br />
4463860 Flexible optical RF receiver<br />
TOM BROEKAERT<br />
4422914 Method and system for quantizing an analog signal<br />
utilizing a clocked resonant tunneling diode pair<br />
LLOYD LINDER<br />
4468358 Mixed technology MEMs/BICMOS LC bandpass sigmadelta<br />
for direct RF sampling<br />
SINGAPORE<br />
STEVEN G. BUCZEK<br />
STUART COPPEDGE<br />
ALEC EKMEKJI<br />
SHAHROKH HASHEMI-YEGANEH<br />
WILLIAM MILROY<br />
132849 True-time-delay feed network for CTS array<br />
JONATHAN D. GORDON<br />
REZA TAYRANI<br />
132485 Broadband microwave amplifier<br />
SOUTH KOREA<br />
PHILLIP ROSENGARD<br />
10-0946446 Compressing cell headers for data communication<br />
YUEH-CHI CHANG<br />
MARIO DAMICO<br />
BRIAN D. LAMONT<br />
ANGELO M. PUZELLA<br />
THOMAS SMITH<br />
NORVAL WARDLE<br />
10-0953233 Extendable spar buoy for sea-based<br />
communication system<br />
UK<br />
STAN SZAPIEL<br />
BRIEN ROSS<br />
2440013 Multi-magnification viewing and aiming scope<br />
<strong>Raytheon</strong>’s Intellectual Property is valuable. If you become<br />
aware of any entity that may be using any of <strong>Raytheon</strong>’s<br />
proprietary inventions, patents, trademarks, software, data or<br />
designs, or would like to license any of the foregoing, please<br />
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RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY <strong>2010</strong> ISSUE 2 55
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