Technology Today Research Issue 2_2010 - Raytheon

Technology 

Today 

HigHligHting RaytHeon’s tecHnology 

Raytheon Research 

Maintaining our technology edge 

2010 ISSUE 2

A Message From Mark E. Russell 

Do you have an idea for an article? 

We are always looking for ways to connect 

with you — our Engineering, Technology and 

Mission Assurance professionals. If you have an 

article or an idea for an article regarding 

technical achievements, customer solutions, 

relationships, Mission Assurance, etc., send it 

along. If your topic aligns with a future issue of 

Technology Today or is appropriate for an online 

article, we will be happy to consider it and will 

contact you for more information. 

Send your article ideas to techtodayeditor@ 

raytheon.com. 

On the cover: Raytheon BBN Boomerang 

shooter detection system. Photo courtesy 

of Air Force Master Sgt. Andy Dunaway. 

2 2010 ISSUE 2 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY 

Vice President of Engineering, Technology and Mission Assurance 

Fifty years ago, the world changed forever with a research breakthrough leading to the 

first operating laser — a moment in Raytheon’s rich research heritage that transformed 

modern life with countless applications from DVDs to supercomputing. 

Today, research is as vital as ever to delivering new technologies and capabilities to 

our customers. At Raytheon, research begins with a customer focus. What current and 

emerging capabilities do our customers need? Where do technology gaps lie? Then we 

focus our research and technology road maps to address these capabilities needs. 

Raytheon funds and supports research at many different levels. We leverage the domain 

knowledge of Raytheon’s world-class people with investments through program funding, 

contracted research and development, independent research and development, and 

enterprise campaigns. In addition, we tap new external ideas and approaches through 

partnerships, alliances, mergers and acquisitions. 

This Research issue of Technology Today shows how Raytheon is investing at all levels 

of research to provide customers with mission critical capabilities. Articles discuss the 

development of the once theoretical wide bandgap semiconductor gallium nitride, and 

the Morphable Networked Micro-Architecture as the most adaptable processor ever 

built for the U.S. Department of Defense. You will also learn about a new radiation 

detection system for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and how we are using 

virtual-reality technology for battlefield simulation training. 

In this issue’s Leaders Corner, Bill Kiczuk, vice president and chief technology officer, 

focuses on technology and innovation, two cornerstones for Raytheon’s success. Bill 

works with leaders across the businesses to ensure our technology efforts are coordinated 

and integrated for both near term needs as well as for long term capabilities. 

In the Events section we highlight our 2009 Excellence in Engineering and Technology 

Award recipients, our Raytheon Six Sigma President’s Award winners and of those, 

the winners of the CEO Award, plus Raytheon’s 38 newest certified architects. Our 

Raytheon Certified Architect Program has garnered accreditation by the Open Group, 

an international vendor- and technology-neutral consortium. Raytheon is the first in 

the aerospace and defense industry to receive this recognition. 

Best regards, 

Mark E. Russell

View Technology Today online at: 

www.raytheon.com/technology_today/current INSIDE THIS ISSUE 

Technology Today is published 

by the Office of Engineering, 

Technology and Mission Assurance. 

Vice President 

Mark E. Russell 

Edition Editor 

John Zolper 

Managing Editor 

Lee Ann Sousa 

Senior Editors 

Donna Acott 

Tom Georgon 

Eve Hofert 

Art Director 

Debra Graham 

Photography 

Rob Carlson 

Dan Plumpton 

Website Design 

Joe Walch IV 

Publication Distribution 

Dolores Priest 

Contributors 

John Cacciatore 

Kate Emerson 

Feature: Raytheon Research 

Overview: Maintaining Our Technology Edge 4 

COSMOS: Next Generation, High-Performance, Mixed Signal Circuits 7 

Raytheon's Trimode Imager for Nuclear Detection 10 

Advances in Passive Short Wave Infrared Imaging 13 

Adaptive Flight Control Systems 16 

Computational Materials Engineering 18 

GaN Microwave Amplifiers Come of Age 21 

Monarch Meets Demanding, High-Stress Processing Requirements 24 

YAG Solid State Laser Ceramics Breakthroughs 26 

Partnering With Universities for Knowledge Technologies 29 

Small Business Innovation Research 32 

Virtual and Warfighter Training Counter IEDs 35 

Raytheon BBN Technologies 37 

Raytheon Joins DARPA's Focus Center Research Program 39 

Leaders Corner: 

Q&A With Bill Kiczuk 40 

EYE on Technology 

Knowledge Exploitation: Enabling IO 42 

Next Generation RF Systems 43 

Events 

Excellence in Engineering and Technology Awards 46 

2010 Mission Assurance Forum 48 

Raytheon Six Sigma Awards 49 

Excellence in Operations and Quality Awards 50 

People 

Raytheon’s Newest Certified Architects 51 

Special Interest 

Ultrathin Environmental and Electroactive Polymer Coatings 52 

Patents 53 

RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY 2010 ISSUE 2 3

Feature 

Photo courtesy of 

Air Force Master Sgt. Andy Dunaway. 


Raytheon Research Overview 

Maintaining Our Technology Edge 

Technology continues to be a key discriminator for Raytheon in delivering 

value to our customers. Our technology research is done in a highly 

collaborative environment, with ideas coming internally and from partners in 

academia, small businesses, large contractors and national laboratories. In today’s 

global economy, research is no longer solely an internally focused activity, but a 

highly dynamic, collaborative process where good ideas and novel solutions come 

from many sources. The research enables upgrades to existing products as well as 

the demonstration of completely new capabilities. 

Raytheon combines engineering and scientific research — systematic studies 

to generate new knowledge or insights — with an emphasis on innovation. 

Innovation can occur by applying existing knowledge in new ways to deliver novel 

products, methods or services that add value to our customers. Innovation is part 

of Raytheon’s culture of bringing forward new solutions that add value to all 

parts of our business, with research innovation primarily focusing on technology 

development. 

This issue of Technology Today highlights some of Raytheon’s ongoing research 

activities and demonstrates the breadth of our partnerships and research areas. The 

figure on the following page illustrates the sources of new technology ideas and 

technology funding that Raytheon brings to bear to solve customer problems and 

maintain our technology edge. 

Program-Funded Technology Development 

One path for technology funding comes within the context of ongoing acquisition 

programs, whereby our customer reaches out to Raytheon to help develop a key 

technology, often in partnership with subcontractors, to address a program need. 

An example is the work done under our radar, electronic warfare, communications 

and missile programs. We have successfully developed and delivered technologies 

such as advanced signal processing algorithms, new computing architectures, advanced 

monolithic microwave integrate circuits (MMICS), and new waveforms to 

meet the system specifications for the U.S. Missile Defense Agency, Army, Navy, 

Air Force and Intelligence community. 

Contracted Research and Development 

Technology research is also done under Contracted Research and Development 

(CRAD) programs, which align with our core and growth markets. In response to 

customer solicitations, Raytheon forms teams that maximize the value and impact 

of the proposed solution. Depending on the nature of the research, Raytheon may 

be the overall team leader or integrator, a primary subcontractor, or a mission transition 

partner. Often, over the course of a technology research program, the role 

Raytheon takes on evolves to ensure that the developed capability becomes available 

for the end user. Several examples of ongoing CRAD programs are discussed 

in this issue, including Standoff Radiation Detection System (SORDS), Compound 

Semiconductors on Silicon (COSMOS), and Photon Counting Arrays (PCAR). 

The SORDS program is developing a new concept based on a Trimode Imager (TMI) 

for nuclear material detection with a team that brings together a small-company 

expert in nuclear detection (Bubble Technologies, Inc.) with nuclear physicists from 

Los Alamos National Lab; academic experts in imaging and detection from the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Michigan; and the

High 

Degree of Customer Funding 

Low 

Sources of Technology 

Program 

Funding 

Contracted Research & 

Development (CRAD) 

Internal Research & 

Development (IRAD) 

Partnerships & 

Alliances 

Mergers & 

Acquisitions 

systems engineering, design and testing expertise 

of Raytheon. The team is pioneering 

the trimodal imager approach that exploits 

two imaging technologies, along with 

spatial information, to achieve unsurpassed 

effectiveness in detecting nuclear and 

radiological threats while driving down false 

alarm rates. This program is funded by the 

Domestic Nuclear Detection Office of the 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 

The COSMOS program, funded by the 

Defense Advanced Research Projects 

Agency’s (DARPA) Microsystems Technology 

Office, is changing the paradigm of how 

mixed signal circuits (combined analog and 

digital circuits such as analog-to-digital converts) 

are designed and built. The COSMOS 

program is enabling close integration of 

different semiconductor materials within 

the same circuit to allow the designer to 

pick the “best junction for the function,” 

thereby improving circuit dynamic range, 

bandwidth and power performance. 

Raytheon is leading a multidisciplinary 

team to demonstrate manufacturable highperformance, 

mixed-signal circuits. 

The DARPA-funded PCAR program extends 

the capability of infrared (IR) imagers for 

the warfighter by developing detectors 

able to measure single photons in the short 

wave IR (SWIR) band. The SWIR wavelength 

band, nominally from 1 to 3 microns, has 

gone largely unused because of inadequate 

detectors and a lack of understanding of 

the imaging phenomenology in this band. 

The Raytheon PCAR research team has developed 

high speed, high sensitivity SWIR 

sensors, along with low noise readout 

electronics and novel scene integration 

algorithms, to dramatically improve the 

image dynamic range, allowing low-light 

images to be resolved in the same scene as 

a bright object. 

Feature 

Internal Research and Development 

Raytheon maintains an Internal Research 

and Development (IRAD) program that includes 

projects executed within individual 

businesses, as well as cross-company enterprise 

campaigns that are collaborations 

between several Raytheon businesses. 

The portfolio of IRAD projects addresses 

improvement of existing products, as well 

as disruptive new solutions, for our core 

and growth markets. These projects bring 

to bear the full capability of Raytheon’s 

technologies to address the most pressing 

customer needs. Raytheon’s IRAD investment 

is defined by developing technology 

road maps and quantifying the technology 

gaps that need to be addressed to deliver 

capabilities that meet customers’ needs. 

There are two articles in this issue covering 

research primarily funded by IRAD. The first, 

about computational materials, discusses 

leveraging advances in computational 

power and understanding of quantum 

physics to analyze potential replacement 

materials for lead (Pb) in lead/tin solder 

without compromising the electronic integrity 

of the solder. Taking this computational 

approach has allowed a more rapid analysis 

of material combinations than could be 

done experimentally. 

The second featured IRAD program 

describes how Raytheon is pulling from 

university research in adaptive control 

algorithms to develop robust, adaptive 

flight control algorithms that will enable 

higher performance missiles or UAVs. 

IRAD and CRAD Synergies for Longer- 

Term Initiatives 

While the above discussion suggests 

research is done solely under either CRAD 

or IRAD projects, many longer-term, highpayoff 

research efforts span many years and 

benefit from the contributions of multiple 

investments addressing specific aspects of a 

technology. A noteworthy example of this is 

presented in the article on the status of gallium 

nitride (GaN) microwave amplifiers. 

Continued on page 6 


Feature 

Continued from page 5 

For more than 30 years, the wide bandgap 

semiconductor GaN has been theoretically 

identified as ideal for producing high-powered, 

high-frequency transistors. However, 

until the late 1990s, research on GaN was 

largely limited to a few university research 

groups and small companies, because the 

quality of the material was insufficient to 

support high-performance devices. The 

article presents an overview of the history 

of GaN electronics along with current work 

that is preparing to insert GaN MMICs into 

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) systems. 

This research effort began at Raytheon in 

2000 and has benefited from funding from 

multiple agencies — including the Office of 

Naval Research, the Missile Defense Agency 

(formerly the Ballistic Missile Defense 

Organization) and DARPA — as well as significant 

IRAD investments from Raytheon to 

address various aspects of the development. 

Another example of a research effort that 

spanned more than 10 years and required 

several investments is presented in the article 

about the Monarch processor. This effort 

— initially funded under a DoD study for a 

high performance processing system, then 

continued under IRAD investment before 

winning support from DARPA under the 

Polymorphic Computing program — demonstrates 

new records for microprocessor 

performance and computational efficiency. 

As discussed in the article, the Monarch chip 

is now being leveraged for real-time data 

analysis in DARPA’s Seismic and Acoustic 

Vibration Imaging (SAVi) program. 

A third example of the payoff of long-term 

investment is presented in the article about 

recent work on nanoparticle ceramics to 

produce low-loss optical ceramic gain media 

for slab lasers. The current work leverages 

a long history of leading optical materials 

research by this group and will enable more 

efficient, high-power slab lasers. 

Beyond the topics covered in feature articles 

in this issue, Raytheon is also pursuing 

several other longer-term research investments 

in high-power laser technology and 

multifunction radio frequency (RF) systems. 

Under the DARPA-funded Adaptive 

Photonic Phase-Locked Elements (APPLE) 

program, Raytheon is leveraging a long-term 


investment in liquid crystal modulators to 

demonstrate an optical phased array to realize 

an electronically steered, high-power laser 

with adaptive optics for atmospheric correction. 

In the area of multifunction RF systems, 

Raytheon is leveraging long-term investments 

in beamsteering, laser-based frequency 

sources and high-speed sampling to develop 

ultra broadband systems that enable multifunction 

capabilities. This area is discussed 

in more detail in the Eye on Technology 

article “Next-Generation RF Systems.” 

Partnerships and Alliances with 

Universities and Small Businesses 

In all of its research, Raytheon actively partners 

with leading technologists to bring the 

best minds to bear on problems. Raytheon 

has active university research partnerships, 

both through directed research projects and 

through membership in university centers. 

An example of our university partnerships 

is presented in the article about Raytheon’s 

collaborative work in the area of knowledge 

technology, with the University of Texas 

at Dallas and Penn State. The field of data 

analysis has moved from searching data for 

key terms to focusing on approaches that 

extract knowledge — as opposed to data — 

from large, often unrelated databases. 

In this context, knowledge refers to the 

association of multiple elements of a data 

set to develop additional insights into meaning 

that could not be determined when the 

individual data is considered alone. 

Raytheon has also joined the DARPAsponsored 

Focused Research Center 

Program (FCRP), a consortium of six 

research centers and more than 40 universities 

formed to address critical challenges 

in microelectronic technology and applications. 

As a member of the FCRP, Raytheon 

receives royalty-free rights to intellectual 

property generated under the program, gets 

access to top engineering students, and 

gains early insights into emerging research 

areas that impact Raytheon systems. 

Similar to universities, small businesses 

offer a wealth of novel technologies, and 

Raytheon proactively engages with the 

government’s Small Business Innovation 

Research (SBIR) program to find technologies 

that address our customers’ needs. The 

article on the DoD SBIR program highlights 

multiple SBIR success stories for Raytheon. 

Research Overview 

Another example of partnering with a 

small business is shown in the article 

“The Convergence of Virtual Reality and 

Warfighter Training to Counter Improvised 

Explosive Devices.” This article discusses 

research Raytheon has done with Motion 

Reality, Inc., and BreakAway, Ltd., to 

combine motion capture technology, simulation-based 

realism and battlefield domain 

expertise that puts warfighters into a fully 

immersive environment for training before 

they deploy into a war zone. 

Mergers and Acquisitions 

The final method of establishing technology 

capability is to acquire companies that 

are pioneering new fields important to 

Raytheon’s markets. Raytheon uses targeted 

acquisitions to expand our technology 

capabilities in our core and growth markets. 

Examples include acquisitions of several 

cyber technology companies and the recent 

acquisition of BBN Technologies. BBN’s 

diverse portfolio encompasses a range of 

technologies, including advanced networking, 

speech and language technologies, 

information technologies, sensor systems 

and cybersecurity. The history of innovation 

at BBN — from its start as a leader in 

acoustics to seminal work on the Internet 

and language translation — is discussed in 

the article “Raytheon BBN Technologies: 

Persistent Innovation.” A BBN accomplishment 

currently supporting warfighters in 

the field is the sniper detection system, 

Boomerang, shown mounted on the top of 

a vehicle on the cover of this issue. The ultrasensitive 

directional microphones detect the 

shock wave of a flying bullet, even when the 

vehicle is moving, and are used to identify and 

report the position of the shooter. 

Summary 

Raytheon continues to strengthen our 

technology portfolio through leading-edge 

research. The research leverages internal 

expertise and external partnerships with 

the best and brightest through multiple 

mechanisms to bring the finest technology 

forward for our customers. Using this broad 

research approach, Raytheon is maintaining 

its competitive edge as an innovative 

technology provider. • 

John Zolper

COSMOS: A Path to Next-Generation, 

High-Performance, Mixed Signal Circuits 

Raytheon’s research in Compound 

Semiconductor Materials on Silicon 

(COSMOS) will enable a new class of 

high-performance mixed-signal integrated 

circuits (ICs) that enhance the capabilities of 

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) systems 

through direct monolithic integration of 

compound semiconductors — such as gallium 

arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide 

(InP) — and silicon (Si) CMOS on a common, 

low-cost silicon substrate. Using 

COSMOS technology, Raytheon is designing 

and fabricating high-speed, high dynamic 

range, low-power dissipation converter circuits 

(analog to digital converters, or ADCs, 

and digital to analog converters, or DACs) 

with performance that cannot be achieved 

with today’s technology. 

The future of integrated circuits will include 

the integration of high-performance III-V 

electronic and/or opto-electronic devices 

with standard Si CMOS. While traditional 

hybrid approaches — such as wire bonded 

or flip-chip multi-chip assemblies (see 

Figure 1) — may provide short-term solutions, 

the variability, losses and size of the 

interconnects and the limitation in the 

placement of III-V devices relative to CMOS 

transistors limit the performance, utility, 

size and cost benefits of these approaches. 

A more attractive approach is the direct 

integration of Si CMOS and III-V devices 

on a common silicon substrate (Figure 1, 

right). In this way, circuit performance can 

be optimized by the strategic placement of 

high-performance III-V devices adjacent to Si 

CMOS transistors and cells, and the devices 

and subcircuits can be interconnected using 

standard semiconductor on-wafer interconnect 

processes. 

Integrating III-V devices on silicon wafers 

is not new. For example, in the 1980s and 

1990s, there was considerable, although 

unsuccessful, effort to “grow” GaAs devices 

on silicon wafers. So what is new this time? 

TFN Si CMOS TFN III-V TFN 

Multilayer Substrate 

Today’s Hybrid Technology 

“chip and wire” or flip chip 

with thin film networks (TFNs) 

Overcoming Technical Challenges 

Feature 

To address the many technical challenges 

associated with the direct integration of 

silicon CMOS and III-V devices on the same 

wafer, Raytheon assembled a team of internationally 

recognized experts in the fields 

of materials/substrate engineering and 

advanced semiconductor devices. 

The first challenge was the creation of 

a substrate that is compatible with both 

silicon and III-V device materials and fabrication 

processes. To address this challenge, 

Raytheon worked with Eugene Fitzgerald 

of the Materials Science Department of the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 

Revolutionary 

developments 

enable system 

on a chip 


Si Multilayer Interconnect 

Si CMOS III-V Si CMOS 

Si Substrate 

III-V CMOS Integration 

III-V devices embedded in a Si wafer 

using III-V templates and standard 

Si multilayer interconnects and processing 

Figure 1. Traditional hybrid assembly (left) and direct monolithic integration of III-V devices 

and silicon CMOS (right) 


Feature COSMOS 


and Paradigm Research LLC, a world-re- 

nowned expert in semiconductor substrate 

engineering. To facilitate integration of III-V 

devices with silicon CMOS, Fitzgerald devel- 

oped SOLES — silicon on lattice engineered 

substrates. SOLES wafers, a variation of sili- 

con on insulator (SOI) substrates commonly 

used for the fabrication of silicon ICs, allow 

for the fabrication of silicon devices on the 

silicon surfaces and the direct growth and 

fabrication of compound semiconductor 

material (GaAs, InP) devices (high electron 

mobility transistors, or HEMTs, and hetero- 

junction bipolar transistors, or HBTs) on a 

buried template layer (Figure 2). To a silicon 

wafer fab, SOLES look like a standard silicon 

or SOI wafer. The SOLES wafer technology 

was transitioned from MIT to production at 

Soitec in France, the world’s leading sup- 

plier of SOI wafers. 

Si nmos 

III-V Device 

Compound Semiconductor Template Layer 

The second challenge was demonstrating 

that the silicon CMOS fabricated on SOLES 

performed the same as silicon CMOS on 

native silicon substrates. For this task, the 

team selected Raytheon’s 100mm silicon 

fab at Raytheon Systems Limited (RSL) 

in Glenrothes, Scotland. RSL successfully 

modified its 1.2mm production silicon CMOS 

process for compatibility with SOLES with 

no discernable change in transistor proper- 

ties. To further drive cost and performance 

the process is being transitioned to 200mm 

diameter wafers and 180nm CMOS at SVTC 

in San Jose, Calif. 

Silicon 

Si pmos 

SOLES wafer 

Figure 2. Schematic cross section of 

COSMOS technology showing silicon CMOS 

and III-V transistors on a silicon template 

wafers (SOLES) 


Figure 3. SEM image of a completed InP HBT in close proximity to a Si CMOS transistor prior 

to heterogeneous interconnect formation. 

The third challenge was the selective growth 

of III-V devices on SOLES. Raytheon’s 

Advanced Semiconductor Material group, 

leaders in advanced III-V epitaxial growth, 

teamed with IQE in Bethlehem, Pa., the 

world’s leading supplier of III-V epitaxial 

material, to successfully demonstrate the 

growth of both InP HBT and GaAs pHEMT 

epitaxial material on SOLES. Key to this 

success was Raytheon’s and IQE’s pioneer- 

ing work in metamorphic buffer layer 

technology, which enables the growth of 

high-quality semiconductor materials on 

dissimilar substrates. 

The final challenge was the fabrication 

of high-performance compound semi- 

conductor devices on SOLES and the 

interconnection of these devices with the 

silicon CMOS transistors. Here the team 

has focused on two complementary device 

technologies — InP HBTs for mixed signal 

VDD 

VBP 

OUTN 

INP 

VBN 

VSS 

Silicon 

PMOS 

M1 M3 

InP 

HBT 

Silicon 

NMOS 

InP HBT BT 

Silicon CMOS 

OUTP 

INN 

HBT 

PMOS NMOS PMOS 

Silicon 

PMOS 

InP HBT 

Silicon CMOS 

applications and GaAs pHEMTs for 

RF applications. 

For the integration of InP HBTs, the team 

leveraged Teledyne Scientific’s (Thousand 

Oaks, Calif.) expertise in InP HBT transis- 

tors and circuits developed under DARPA’s 

TFAST program to fabricate InP directly 

adjacent to Si CMOS transistors (Figure 

3). The InP HBTs on SOLES exhibited per- 

formance that was comparable to InP 

HBTs fabricated on native InP substrates. 

Teledyne’s multilayer interconnect process, 

developed for InP mixed-signal circuits, was 

adapted for the creation of heterogeneous 

interconnects between InP HBTs and silicon 

CMOS with nearly 100 percent yield for 

InP HBT — silicon CMOS spacing as small 

as 2.5mm. The resulting device structure 

and fabrication process are analogous to 

5µm 

a SiGe BiCMOS process where SiGe HBTs 

are replaced with an InP HBTs, but with a 

Silicon 

NMOS 

Silicon 

PMOS 

InP HBT InP HBT 

Figure 4. Schematic (left), layout (center) and optical image (right) of differential amplifier 

with output buffer and bias circuit. The differential amplifier met all of the DARPA COSMOS 

Phase 1 Go/No-Go Metrics with first pass design success.

significant performance advantage due to 

the superior speed, gain and high-frequency 

performance, and higher operating voltage 

of InP HBTs. 

MODULATOR 

CALIBRATION DAC 

1MHz 

Digital 

Companion efforts underway at Raytheon’s 

MMIC foundry in Andover, Mass., have 

demonstrated GaAs pHEMTs on SOLES, with 

performance comparable to GaAs pHEMTs 

fabricated on native GaAs substrates. 

To demonstrate the viability of the COSMOS 

technology, the team successfully designed 

and fabricated a high-speed differential 

amplifier, which consisted of silicon CMOS 

current sources and an InP HBT differential 

pair (Figure 4). The complete circuit (differ- 

ential amplifier with bias circuit and output 

buffer) contained over 100 heterogeneously 

RZCK 

DIGITAL CLOCK 

DAC 

DECODE BUFFER 

DECODE FF/CLK 

DECODE MUX 

INPUT BUFFER 

Figure 5. Layout of a compact, low power dissipation (1.6W) high resolution (13 bit, > 78 dB 

spur free dynamic range digital-to-analog converter designed using COSMOS technology. 

The DAC contains on chip calibration circuitry and consists of > 1000 InP HBTs and >5,000 

silicon NMOS and PMOS transistors. Total chip areas is < 12mm 2 . The DAC is the DARPA 

COSMOS Phase 2 demonstration circuit and is currently being fabricated. 

integrated InP HBTs and silicon CMOS tran- 

sistors. The circuit met all of the DARPA 

COSMOS Phase 1 Go/No-Go Milestones 

with first pass design success. This circuit 

is a building block for a low power dissipa- 

tion (1.6W), high resolution (13 bit, greater 

than 78 dB spur free dynamic range digital- 

to-analog converter (DAC) currently being 

fabricated (Figure 5). The DAC, with its on- 

chip calibration circuitry contains over 6,000 

heterogeneously integrated InP HBT and 

silicon CMOS transistors. 

Addressing Next Steps 

The COSMOS Phase 2 DAC is a building 

block for other types of high-speed, high 

dynamic range, low power dissipation con- 

verter circuits, including ADCs and direct 

digital synthesizers (DDS). The next step is 

Feature 

to integrate these mixed-signal converter 

circuits with radio frequency transistors 

(HEMTs and HBTs) to enable single chip 

digital transceivers and dynamically recon- 

figurable circuits as well as compact circuit 

elements for low-cost panel arrays. 

The new class of high-performance mixed- 

signal circuits enabled by the COSMOS 

technology will provide unprecedented 

performance, and size advantage to current 

and future RF systems, including: compact, 

high dynamic range radars; broadband 

communication systems; multi-beam com- 

munications for comm-on-the-move; 

high-resolution synthetic aperture radars 

(SAR) and inverse SAR; data links; active 

missile seekers; active self-protect systems; 

and multifunction unmanned air vehicle 

sensors. 

While the circuit results presented here are 

for InP HBTs directly integrated onto the 

silicon substrate, the approach is equally 

applicable to other III-V electronic (e.g., 

GaAs pHEMTs or MHEMTs, GaN HEMTs) 

and opto-electronic (e.g., photodiodes, 

lasers - VSCLS) devices and opens the door 

to a new class of highly integrated, high- 

performance, mixed-signal circuits. These 

circuits will enhance the capabilities of 

existing DoD systems, enable new system 

architectures, and facilitate proliferation of 

low-cost sensors and active electronically 

scanned arrays for a wide range of DoD 

and U.S. Department of Homeland 

Security applications. • 

Thomas E Kazior 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

This work is supported in part by the DARPA 

COSMOS Program (Contract Number N00014- 

07-C-0629). The author would like to thank Mark 

Rosker (DARPA) and Harry Dietrich (ONR). 


Feature 

Raytheon’s Trimode Imager for Nuclear Detection: 

Merging Technologies to Defeat Radiological Threats 

Nuclear or radiological terrorism is a 

growing concern for U.S. national 

security, driving a need for high 

performance (high probability of detection 

and low false alarm rate) standoff detectors 

for nuclear material. Under the Standoff 

Radiation Detection System (SORDS) program, 

Raytheon has developed a Trimode 

Imager (TMI) that employs three simultaneous 

modalities — Compton imaging (CI), 

code aperture (CA) imaging, and spatial 

information from a non-imaging shadow 

technology — in a wide field of view system 

to improve system performance, with 

an emphasis on driving down the false 

alarm rate. The research team included 

Raytheon, national labs, small businesses 

and universities. The system was designed 

to detect nuclear or radiological threats by 

enabling the rapid search of urban or suburban 

environments using a mobile threat 

imaging system with unique discrimination 

capabilities. 

Detecting gamma rays from strategic 

nuclear materials or radiological materials 

is very difficult in a complex urban environment 

because of the natural background 

and environmental sources of gamma 

rays. To detect a threat (a point source of 

radiation) in the presence of background 

(a distributed source of radiation) in a large 

field of view requires that the field of view 


be pixilated to achieve a detectable signal 

to noise. To identify a threat and eliminate 

natural sources of radiation requires very 

effective imaging for low and high energy 

gamma rays. The CA imaging capability of 

the TMI is very effective for lower energy 

gamma rays, and the CI capability is very 

effective for higher energy gamma rays. 

Two Technologies Merge for the First Time 

The Raytheon TMI for the first time merges 

these two imaging technologies to achieve 

an unsurpassed effectiveness in defeating 

nuclear and radiological threats. The nonimaging 

shadow technology utilizes the 

Coded Aperture 

Imager 

LANL/BTI 

Compton Imager 

LANL/BTI 

Shadow Imager 

BTI 

Modeling & Sim. 

LANL 

Technical and Program Management 

RTN 

Data 

Acquisition 

System 

BTI 

System Arch. 

RTN 

System Software 

RTN 

Figure 1. Trimode imager system and responsible organizations 

shielding of the detectors by the superstructure 

of the truck and mounting hardware to 

give the operator a rough idea of where in 

the search area an increase in radioactivity 

may be located. 

The development of the Raytheon TMI 

is the result of a collaboration composed 

of Raytheon, Los Alamos National 

Laboratory (LANL), Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology, University of Michigan, and 

Bubble Technologies Inc. (BTI). The major 

components of the TMI are shown with 

their responsible organizations in Figure 1. 

Navigation/Orientation System 

RTN 

Data 

Analysis 

System 

BTI/LANL/RTN 

Technical Advisory Committee 

MIT-UMICH 

Data Visualization 

Software 

RTN 

System Utilities 

RTN 

Digital Camera System 

RTN 

System Transp. 

RTN

The CA and CI designs are being headed 

by LANL and BTI, respectively; the Shadow 

imager is the responsibility of BTI. BTI is 

also leading the development of the data 

acquisition and data analysis systems. Data 

visualization design and development is 

headed by Raytheon. The digital camera system 

design and development is also headed 

by Raytheon. Modeling and simulation of 

the system is headed by LANL, which is also 

in charge of the development of all imaging 

and analysis algorithms and how they 

interact to yield a fused nuclear and visual 

image with alarm protocols suitable for 

display by the data visualization system. BTI 

contributes to this analysis system with the 

isotope identification algorithm. Raytheon 

is responsible for overall system integration, 

with company directorates leading design, 

integration and test efforts associated with 

system architecture, system software, system 

utilities (power, HVAC, lighting, etc.), 

and vehicle transportation. 

How the TMI Works 

Figure 2 shows a rendition of an exploded 

view of the TMI, with the TMI instrument 

package mounted in a panel truck. The cutaway 

shows the two arrays that provide for 

the TMI’s imaging capability. The front array 

of square sodium iodide (NaI) detectors 

serves as the mask for CA imaging and as 

the first scattering center for the Compton 

imaging. The back array of rectangular NaI 

detectors is the location-sensitive plane 

for both the coded and Compton imaging 

modes. The location measurement is accomplished 

using the difference between 

the amplitudes of the signals in the photomultiplier 

tubes on each end of the NaI 

detectors. The energy measurement is accomplished 

from the sum. 

The signals from the photomultiplier tubes 

are collected by a data acquisition system in 

the truck and then time-stamped, digitized 

and labeled with additional orientation and 

position information. These preprocessed 

signals are fed into the data analysis system, 

where the algorithms for constructing the 

cabinet assembly and CI images operate, 

seeking a point source of radiation in the 

moving field of view (FOV) on an eventby-event 

basis. The isotope identification 

detector (ID) algorithms operate in conjunction 

with the imaging algorithms to 

determine if a point source in the FOV is a 

threat and is presented on a display in the 

cab of the truck. 

Feature 

An example of the data visualization system 

is shown in Figure 3 (next page). A 

Cobalt-60 (Co-60) source inside the building 

near the window is detected at 25 meters 

with the TMI traveling at 30 mph. The nuclear 

images from the CA and the CI, shown 

in the upper left of the figure, are fused 

using an algorithm developed specially by 

the Raytheon team to form a combined 

nuclear image shown to the right. 

Simultaneously, range data is used to determine 

that the point source is 25 meters 

from the TMI, which in this example is 

traveling at 30 mph. The combined nuclear 

image is used in the isotope ID algorithm, 

which in this case determines that the point 

source is Co-60. The isotope ID spectrum is 

shown in the figure, along with the color 

code options for display. Co-60 is considered 

a threat. The color-coded crosshair 

labeling this as a threat is overlaid on the 

appropriate digital camera image determined 

from the geolocation and orientation 

data and presented to the TMI operator. 

The TMI user interface adds confidence 

level, geolocation data, and alarm status 

along with system health data. 


Figure 2. Artist rendition of TMI system. CA and CI are housed in the back of a panel truck, along with the data acquisition system (not shown). 

The detection image is color-coded to the nature of the threat, overlaid on a visual image, and presented on a display in the cab. 


Feature Trimode Imager 


Development of a Unique Algorithm 

The TMI team has developed a unique 

algorithm for fusing the two nuclear 

images. This fusion algorithm enables unexpected 

improvement in the performance 

of the TMI instrument for both lower and 

higher energy gammas. 

Conventional wisdom holds that CA imaging 

works well for low-energy gammas, 

whereas Compton imaging works well for 

high-energy gammas. In a conventional 

CA system, the mask elements eventually 

become transparent to higher and higher 

energy gammas, thus defeating the utility 

of the mask. In the TMI active mask system, 

the elements of the mask detect the gammas 

that strike them. If the gammas are of 

low energy, they are stopped in the mask 

element and their energy measured. If the 

gammas are of higher energy they will 

Compton scatter in the first array and be 

stopped in the back array. This enables the 

Compton scattering imager to operate. 

Analysis has revealed a far richer role of 

these two imaging modes, particularly when 

their images are fused to form a common 

nuclear image. 

Equipped with validated simulations of imaging 

in the presence of background, and a 

TMI system and an algorithm for fusing the 

two nuclear images, the receiver operation 

characteristics (ROC) for the active aperture 

system can be evaluated. To calculate the 

ROC, one takes a figure of merit (FOM) 

that reveals the performance of the system 

— the presence of a point source radiation 

peak in the field of view. The operational 

system will have further FOMs such as the 

shape of the peak. This peak finding FOM 

is a starting point. The ROC curves for three 

radiation sources at 100 meters, with the TMI 

moving at 30 mph, are shown in Figure 4. 

The left plot is for Cesium-137 (Cs-137), the 

center plot is for Co-60 and the right plot 

for the H(n,γ) line at 2.23 MeV. All sources 

are 1mCi in strength. For each ROC curve, 

many hundreds of test cases were run with 

backgrounds randomly varied. For each CA 

and CI image, a simple peak finding routine 

searched the FOV, resulting in true positives 

and false positives. The percentage 


Time Stamp [Gamma] 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

0 

CODED APERATURE IMAGE 

COMPTON IMAGE 

COMBINED NUCLEAR IMAGE 

Isotope Identity of Combined Image 

Isotope is Cobalt 60 with an assigned threat color of RED 

intrinsic 

background noise 

algorithmic 

extraction 

process 

(fingerprint) 

Co-60 

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 

Energy [keV] 

Figure 3. Sample data images from the CA and CA for a Co-60 source located within a building. 

The spectra shows the isotope ID spectrum used to determine the source as Co-60. The 

color legend describes the represented radiation source overlaid on the image scene, as explained 

in Figure 2. 

of true positives is plotted vertically and 

the percentage of false positives is plotted 

horizontally. 

Results for the CI images are plotted in red, 

CA results are plotted in blue, and results 

for the fused image are plotted in green. 

A random peak finding result would be 

plotted as a diagonal line from the origin 

to the upper right-hand corner; an ideal 

result would be a step function rising from 

the origin to the upper left-hand corner. In 

the plot for Cs-137, the CI results shown in 

red almost mimic this random result. This 

behavior is not so surprising, given that CI 

is not expected to do very well at lower 

energies. The CA results shown in blue are 

clearly better. However, the surprising thing 

in the research is that even at these lower 

energies, the hybrid image results shown in 

green are better than either imaging mode 

taken alone. 

For higher energy gammas (Co-60), the CI 

and CA have traded roles as the preferred 

approach, as expected, and the hybrid 

image results are almost the ideal step function. 

Moving higher in energy, the results 

for H(n,γ) show the CA performance is 

falling still further behind the CI, while the 

hybrid image results are nearly ideal. These 

results demonstrate analytically, for the first 

time, the superiority of the TMI aperture system 

over CA or CI imaging systems alone. 

This instrument is being developed for 

the Standoff Radiation Detection System 

(SORDS) program being conducted by 

Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) 

of the Department of Homeland 

Security (DHS) under contract HSHQDC- 

08-C-00001. • 

Color Codes: 

Threat – Red 

Suspect – Yellow 

Medical – Blue 

Industrial – Purple 

NORM – Green 

OVERLAY TARGET IDENTIFIED 

RANGE DATA = 25m 

Michael Hynes 

Figure 4. Receiver operating curves showing improved system performance when combining 

the two signals

ENGINEERING PROFILE 

Hector Reyes 

Network Centric 

Systems 

NCS Texas 

Chief Technologist 

Hector Reyes currently 

serves as the 

technical director 

of Engineering and 

chief technologist 

for Network 

Centric Systems 

(NCS) in Texas. 

His primary responsibility is to provide technical 

insight and guidance to the programs in the 

region. As chief technologist, Reyes manages the 

regional technology portfolio and works with 

product line teams to develop integrated technology 

solutions. 

Specifically, Reyes works with NCS product 

lines to develop innovative concepts for sensor 

technologies (including active/passive electrooptical, 

infrared and laser); networked sensors; 

and border and warfighter sighting systems. He 

leads the engineering organization in developing 

a technical vision, product road maps, and 

a plan to transition to an integrated networked 

sensors systems provider for the military and 

civil customers. 

Reyes began his career in a co-op scholarship 

program at Southern Methodist University. 

His first job was weighing parts for the forward 

looking infrared (FLIR) targeting system 

for the F-18 Hornet. “I’ve been working on 

electro-optic systems in roles of increasing 

responsibility ever since,” he said. 

Today, Reyes is convinced he has found his 

ideal position. “Over my career, I’ve been in the 

cockpit of fighters and gunships and in the turret 

of armored vehicles and tanks,” said Reyes. 

“I’ve fired the gun on the Abrams Tank and 

flown anti-tank missiles down range. Today, I 

ensure our warfighter’s needs are being met by 

working to advance our technology. I have my 

dream job.” 

When he’s not working as a leader and mentor 

within Raytheon and the academic community, 

Reyes keeps busy at home where he enjoys 

photography and spending time with his family. 

Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) — the 

spectrum from nominally 1 to 3 

microns in wavelength — has gone 

largely unexploited due to a lack of suitable 

detectors and limited understanding 

of the image phenomenology in this band. 

Due to its shorter wavelength, SWIR offers 

the advantage of higher resolution and 

smaller optical systems than mid-wave and 

long-wave (LW) infrared systems, making 

it attractive for tactical applications. To enable 

the exploitation of the SWIR band, 

Raytheon has been leading in the development 

of new detectors and cameras, as well 

as studying the imaging phenomenology. 

Raytheon has made exciting advances in 

single-photon short-wave infrared detectors 

and imagers that open the door to new 

applications and operational advantages to 

the United States. New systems will leverage 

the key strengths that SWIR sensors 

provide, including: 

• True low-light imaging capability — turns 

night into day 

• Penetration of haze better than visible 

cameras 

Feature 

Counting Photons: 

Advances in Passive Short Wave Infrared Imaging 

• Sharper images than conventional LW 

thermal imagers 

• Observation of covert lasers and beacons 

• Uncooled technology for size, weight and 

power advantages over cryo-cooled systems 

• Spectral phenomenologies that enable 

camouflage exposure, human-flesh detection, 

and the ability to see through 

glass 

• High resolution iris and 3D facial image 

capture for standoff biometrics 

Raytheon continues to be the industry 

leader in delivering technologies to operate 

in new optical wavelength ranges such 

as SWIR; achieving even higher sensitivities 

(down to single photon detection); and 

improving the size, weight and power of 

infrared imagers. Raytheon’s collaboration 

with the Defense Advanced Research 

Projects Agency (DARPA) and U.S. Army 

Night Vision and Electronic Sensors (NVESD) 

researchers has advanced the state of the 

art of SWIR imaging. Research has focused 

on developing SWIR imagers that exploit 

both urban light sources and natural 




Jeff Hoffner 

Space and Airborne 

Systems 

Principal 

Engineering Fellow 

During 37 years with 

Raytheon and its 

legacy companies, Jeff 

Hoffner developed 

extensive experience 

in airborne radar system 

design, analysis, 

and engineering and 

program management. 

He currently works on the Space and 

Airborne Systems Engineering Technical Staff in 

El Segundo, Calif. 

He is responsible for overseeing development of 

advanced air-to-ground radar technology with 

a focus on radar automatic target recognition 

(ATR) discrimination and electronic protection 

and fusion. From 2007 through 2009, he was 

co-lead of the Corporate Enterprise Campaign 

for ATR, which advanced fusion, feature-aided 

track, move-stop-move track, synthetic aperture 

radar ATR, and ground moving target ATR 

technologies. He is also program manager for a 

classified technology program, technical director 

for the Raytheon–Air Force Research Laboratory 

Radar Vision Target Identification program, 

and a Raytheon representative to the Military 

Sensing Symposia Tri-Service Radar Symposium 

steering committee. 

After many years in a leadership role for the 

continued development of air-to-ground radar 

system capability, Hoffner became involved 

in research and development around ATR. In 

1999 he became manager of the AGRI program, 

a radar-based stationary ground target ATR. 

“ATR became one of my key technical interests,” 

he said. “It was natural to join with my 

Raytheon colleague Al Coit in proposing and 

then co-leading the Raytheon ATR Enterprise 

Campaign which has focused on making 

Raytheon’s radar ATR the best in the industry.” 

He said he remains excited about his work 

because, “I am working with the best and the 

brightest from across Raytheon on technologies 

such as ATR and electronic protection — 

very challenging problems that are 

becoming increasingly more critical to our 

customer community.” 


Feature SWIR 


Figure 1. SWIR tactical integrated vacuum packaged assembly, electronics core and field camera 

nightglow. Significant advances have been 

made with higher sensitivities, smaller pixels, 

larger imaging array sizes, and higher 

dynamic range. These advances will deliver 

new capabilities to the warfighter and are 

attracting interest for application to iris 

and 3D facial image capture for standoff 

biometrics. 

SWIR Passive Imagers With Near Single 

Photon Sensitivity 

Working with DARPA and NVESD researchers 

during the last decade, Raytheon has 

played a key role in developing imaging 

technology in the SWIR with near singlephoton 

uncooled imaging capability (see 

Figure 1). This challenges near-infrared image 

intensifiers in night-vision applications. 

Sky nightglow comes from natural chemical 

reactions with oxygen–hydrogen molecules 

in the Earth’s mesosphere (50 to 80 km altitudes) 

resulting in the release of energy in 

the form of photons in the SWIR band. This 

always-present light source is invisible to the 

SWIR sensor with standard dynamic range 

and high-sensitivity 

human eye, yet provides 13 times the light 

available from visible light on a moonless 

night and comes from nearly the entire sky. 

Exploiting nightglow with advanced sensors 

can provide superior range for target identification 

compared to conventional sensors. 

SWIR cameras can also see all common 

laser wavelengths (e.g., laser designators) 

in use today. Adoption of SWIR cameras 

and sensors into fielded systems will enable 

more systems to transition to eye-safe 

lasers. Active and range-gated SWIR sensors 

that take advantage of materials reflectivity 

and contrast provide additional application 

opportunities. Under DARPA’s sponsorship 

of the Multi-spectral Adaptive Networked 

Tactical Imaging System (MANTIS) and 

Photon Counting Arrays (PCAR) programs, 

Raytheon has developed multiple generations 

of SWIR cameras with dramatic 

improvements in sensitivity, resolution, and 

dynamic range — making Raytheon the 

current market leader in large-format and 

high-sensitivity uncooled SWIR focal planes. 

Figure 2. High Medium 


and medium-sensitivity

Technology Leadership 

Combining ultra-low dark-current indium 

gallium arsenide detectors and ultrasensitive 

readout integrated indium gallium 

arsenide (InGaAs) circuits, Raytheon has 

maintained its uncooled (no cryogenic 

cooler) -SWIR technology leadership since 

2004, when the company demonstrated the 

first megapixel (1280x1024) SWIR camera. 

In tests by NVESD and others, Raytheon 

SWIR outperforms third-generation image 

intensifiers and other competition with respect 

to sensitivity and resolution, providing 

superior night vision capability. 

More recently under DARPA’s PCAR program, 

Raytheon invented and demonstrated 

an advanced SWIR sensor design. A remarkable 

feature of this sensor is the inclusion of 

novel high dynamic range circuitry in small 

15×15 µm pixel. The result is a large-format, 

high-density 1280×1024 SWIR focal plane 

array. Dynamic range exceeding 16 bits 

(80,000:1) with less than five electrons read 

noise has been demonstrated with detector 

operation at or near ambient temperatures. 

High dynamic range performance is shown 

in Figure 2 in three representations obtained 

within one frame time and showing the 

resulting instanteous dynamic range image. 

With post processing, these 16-bit total 

dynamic ranges can be directly fed into an 

automated target recognition system, or 

individually contrast-adjusted and mapped 

into a typical 8-bit display. 


and low-sensitivity 

Low Combined 

Feature 

These sensors’ extremely low noise and high 

dynamic range allow recognition of lowcontrast 

targets, without saturation from 

bright sources within the same frame of 

information. This enables operation in both 

urban and rural environments with imaging 

under low levels of ambient illumination, 

while simultaneously seeing around bright 

sources that would otherwise saturate conventional 

high-sensitivity sensors. 

Raytheon’s family of uncooled tactical SWIR 

focal planes and SWIR sensor technologies 

that were developed and matured through 

five years of DARPA programs is now ready 

for transition to production and integration 

into a wide range of applications, including: 

rifle sights, handheld targeting units, 

marine/ship-board surveillance cameras, 

port security systems, unmanned aerial 

vehicles, manned air vehicles, and longrange 

observation and targeting platforms. 

Raytheon’s innovative technology developed 

with support from DARPA has resulted in 

performance superior to conventional night 

vision systems. This has resulted in a compact, 

small-pixel, large-format SWIR camera 

which, within one scene, can operate over 

six orders of magnitude illumination, covering 

conditions ranging from extremely low 

light to full daylight. • 

David Acton 

PCAR SWIR sensor simultaneously imaging 

at high instantaneous dynamic range with 

low noise 


Al Coit 

Missile Systems 

Lead, ATR Enterprise 

Campaign 

Director, Mission 

Systems Solutions 

Al Coit has more than 

20 years experience 

in weapon system 

development, scientific 

research and program 

management. His 

technical background 

includes automatic target 

recognition (ATR) and tracking algorithms, 

infrared systems and laser systems. He led the 

ATR Enterprise Campaign (EC), and is the director 

of Mission System Solutions. Previously, Coit 

served as director of the Signal Processing Center 

in the Engineering functional organization. 

ATR consists of complex signal processing on 

sensors, ground stations and weapons, coupled 

with advanced algorithms to find and track 

objects of interest, and determine if friend, 

neutral or combatant. According to Coit, current 

in-theater experience shows that significant 

challenges remain in this area. “It’s still difficult 

to strike targets that are hiding or using evasive 

tactics. The problem is compounded by adverse 

weather, complex terrain and urban battlefields, 

and asymmetric threats. 

“Developing and demonstrating the next 

generation intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, 

targeting and weapon delivery 

algorithms is critical to growing Raytheon’s market 

share in sensing and effects, and continued 

recognition as a Mission Systems Integrator,” 

Coit noted. “Raytheon has much of the enabling 

technology and domain knowledge to address 

this critical issue for the warfighter. The ATR 

EC leverages expertise from across Raytheon 

to develop near-term technology enablers and 

mid-term disruptive innovations to address the 

difficult challenges of assured identification and 

persistent tracking.” 

In addition to developing next-generation algorithms, 

the ATR EC eliminated duplicate efforts, 

catalogued best practices, conducted progressive 

capability demonstrations, and developed 

cross-domain dominance technologies. The team 

supported a wide range of pursuits and played a 

key role in several critical program wins. 

Raytheon employees can find additional information 

on the ATR EC on Raytheon’s internal 

wiki pages. 


Feature 

Adaptive Flight 

Control Systems 

Delivering more 

robust performance 

The ability of a missile or an unmanned 

aerial vehicle (UAV) to 

complete its mission depends heavily 

on the quality of its flight control system. 

The quality of a traditional flight control 

system is rooted in the validity of the 

mathematical models used in its design, 

the fidelity of the information it receives in 

flight, and the health of its actuation devices. 

When the models are a good match 

to reality and the sensors and actuators are 

functioning as expected, uncertainty in the 

system is low and the vehicle behaves as designed 

and predicted. However, air vehicles 

do not always perform as their models 

would predict — due to battle damage, 

system faults, or aerodynamic uncertainties 

in the design models themselves — and as 

a result system performance degrades and 

mission effectiveness is reduced. However, 

by employing adaptive control algorithms 

that dynamically adjust to the changing 

conditions, performance can be maintained 

in the face of uncertainty. Raytheon has 

integrated adaptive algorithms into our 

missile and UAV flight control systems to 

deliver more robust performance. 

While adaptive flight control has been an 

area of high interest in the controls community, 

it had not previously been applied to 

high performance missile systems or UAVs. 

Raytheon’s Adaptive Air Vehicle Technology 


(AAVT) strategic internal research and 

development effort has, for the first time, 

developed methods to utilize adaptive control 

techniques in Raytheon missile and UAV 

autopilots. By partnering with academic 

researchers to investigate and refine various 

adaptive control methods, the AAVT research 

has been able to develop promising 

algorithms for real-world applications. 

Consistent Performance for Uncertain 

or Degraded Systems 

An adaptive flight control system uses one 

of two methods to maintain a consistent 

level of system performance in the presence 

of uncertainty and faults with minimal degradation. 

In the first, called indirect adaptive 

control, the adaptive controller monitors the 

difference between the measured system 

behavior and the expected system behavior 

in real time, estimates why those differences 

exist, and adjusts key control design parameters 

based on those estimates to regain 

system performance. 

The second method is direct adaptive 

control where the controller uses the perceived 

differences to compute an input 

control signal that directly drives those 

errors to zero without concern of 

why the differences exist. Whichever 

method is employed, the ability of an 

adaptive autopilot to provide consistent 

performance for uncertain or degraded 

systems reduces the need for high fidelity 

models and subsystem performance that 

is normally required for high-performance, 

robust autopilot design. By reducing the 

initial modeling effort and essentially doing 

more with less, adaptive control technology 

allows Raytheon to rapidly develop and 

deploy reliable flight control systems for advanced 

missiles or UAVs at reduced cost. 

Where a traditional flight control system 

would show degraded performance, the 

adaptive flight control systems developed 

maintain an expected level of system performance, 

as measured against a reference 

(nominal behavior) model. Many adaptive 

systems either do not use a reference 

model, or use a simple reference model that 

is not consistent with the system dynamics. 

By adapting to the error between the desired 

response and the measured response of the 

vehicle in real time, the Raytheon adaptive

controller creates an additional 

control signal that is used to 

augment that of a traditional 

robust autopilot. If the system 

dynamics match the representative 

reference model, the 

contribution from the adaptive 

controller will be zero. If, 

however, they do not match, 

the adaptive control signal will 

correct any differences and the 

combined control signal retains 

the desired performance. 

Guidance 

Command 

Taking Algorithms from 

Academia to Missiles and UAVs 

Throughout the lifespan of Raytheon’s 

AAVT research, various adaptive control 

techniques have been investigated. These 

include the neural network-based adaptive 

control developed at the Georgia Institute of 

Technology, L1 adaptive control developed 

at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 

University, the Retrospective Correction 

Filter (RCF) adaptive controller developed 

at the University of Michigan, and others. 

L1 and RCF are direct adaptive control 

algorithms that show many desirable characteristics 

and are the current algorithms 

of choice. Raytheon has partnered with the 

University of Michigan to assist with the 

application and evaluation of the RCF algorithm 

on flight vehicles. 

While the academic research laid a foundation 

for the Raytheon development, a 

primary accomplishment of the AAVT research 

has been to develop the necessary 

modifications to these algorithms to successfully 

use them on missiles and UAVs. For 

example, one of the challenges in designing 

adaptive controllers for agile missiles and 

UAVs is the rapid response requirement, 

which dictates a high rate 

of adaptation in the controller. 

For missiles, system 

dynamics can change very 

quickly, so any adaptive 

action must react very 

rapidly. This typically is 

achieved by using a 

high adaptive gain value, 

but this can lead to high 

frequency control signals 

Closed Loop 

Reference 

Model 

Robust 

Baseline 

Autopilot 

Adaptive 

Flight 

Control 

System 

Σ 

Nonlinear 

Adaptive 

Augmentation 

Desired 

Response 

Actual 

Response 

Adaptive flight control system showing baseline controller augmentation 

which are difficult for actuation systems to 

achieve. This is avoided in the L1 adaptive 

control algorithm through the use of a low 

pass filter on the adaptive control signal and 

a flexible companion model instead of a 

rigid reference model. 

Another challenge is adaptively controlling 

the acceleration of a tail-controlled vehicle, 

where the actuation system is aft of the 

system’s center of gravity. To rotate the 

nose of the vehicle upward to produce a 

desired upward lift force, the control action 

must produce a downward force on 

the tail of the vehicle. This causes an initial 

downward motion to the vehicle center of 

gravity. A standard adaptive controller sees 

this initial ‘wrong-way’ effect and attempts 

to correct for it, resulting in an unstable 

response. One method to eliminate this 

problem is to instead control the angle of 

attack as measured by an air data system, 

Σ 

Tracking 

Error 

Feature 

but most missiles and proposed 

very small UAVs cannot support 

an air data system due 

to weight and size restrictions. 

The Raytheon adaptive controller 

eliminates the wrong-way 

response problem by adapting 

to a careful combination of the 

measured acceleration and the 

measured angular rate, which 

are both available system outputs. 

Overcoming these and 

other challenges to applying 

adaptive control to real-world 

systems have been among the achievements 

of the AAVT research. 

Testing on Raytheon’s Delta Wing Flight 

Control Test Bed 

Because adaptive autopilots must operate 

in real-world systems, the AAVT research 

team developed a process for evaluation 

of algorithms that includes simulation 

and flight test. The algorithms are flown 

on Raytheon’s own Delta Wing advanced 

control system test bed. The Delta Wing 

is a low-cost UAV, developed in-house, 

complete with an internally developed 

avionics suite and processor. This vehicle 

demonstrated Raytheon’s first adaptive 

autopilot flight in 2007, and the team won 

the Raytheon Excellence in Engineering 

Technology award for this accomplishment 

in 2008. 


2007 Raytheon Excellence in Engineering and Technology Award winners: Adaptive Air Vehicle 

Technology IRAD Adaptive Control Development Team holding a Delta Wing UAV. From left: 

Todd Fanciullo, Rob Fuentes, Josh Matthews, Richard Hindman, Yung Lee. 


Feature Adaptive Flight Control 


Much is involved in the implementation 

and evaluation of adaptive autopilot algorithms 

for flight vehicles. After the adaptive 

flight control algorithms are developed 

and verified on simple examples, they are 

applied to a 6 degree-of-freedom (6DOF) 

simulation of the Delta Wing, where they 

are analyzed using Monte Carlo analysis. If 

the algorithm performs well in the 6DOF, 

algorithm performance is then verified 

during flight test of the Delta Wing flight 

control test bed. 

Autopilot 

Guidance 

Commands 

Simulink Adaptive A/P model 

Adaptive 

Autopilot 

Actuators 

Sensors 

RTW 

Embedded Coder 

The adaptive control design process 

including flight testing 

Nonlinear 

Missile 

Dynamics 

Automatic Code Generation 

6-DOF Simulation Tool 

C Code 

Delta Wing Flight Test 

Common Avionics 

A comparison of the pitch channel response 

of the Delta Wing 6DOF simulation 

to a step in the acceleration command 

is shown in the following figure. For this 

simulation, the pitch control authority was 

reduced 70 percent. The green line on the 


AP Z Accel (m/sec 2 ) 

-4 

Command 

-5 

Plant with Adaptive 

Model Response 

-6 

Plant w/o Adaptive 

-7 

-8 

-9 

-10 

-11 

-12 

-13 

-14 

-15 

225 225.5 226 226.5 227 227.5 228 228.5 229 

Time (sec) 

6DOF simulation showing performance recovery 

when 70% of control authority is lost 

plot shows the response of the Delta Wing 

flying with a classical autopilot. The red line 

shows the response of the Delta Wing with 

an adaptive autopilot tracking the desired 

response from a reference model, shown in 

blue. Not only have these algorithms been 

applied to the Delta Wing UAV, they are 

being designed for and will soon be tested 

on the Cobra UAV, Raytheon’s own UAV 

test bed. Application to several advanced 

missiles is currently being pursued. 

Throughout industry and academia, adaptive 

control has been successfully applied 

to slowly varying industrial processes. It has 

also been applied to several aircraft and 

low-performance bombs. Through AAVT, 

Raytheon has pushed the state of the 

art in adaptive control by applying adaptive 

algorithms to advanced air vehicles. 

Our systems are very challenging as they 

require extremely high performance and 

reliability, data sensing is often limited, and 

they may have either stable or unstable 

airframes. Furthermore, future systems are 

being developed that require the airframe 

to drastically morph its shape during flight. 

This poses very costly, if not insurmountable, 

challenges to developing wind tunnel 

models for use in classical flight controller 

design. Additionally, future agile UAVs will 

require a high level of fault tolerance to 

meet airworthiness requirements. This will 

require on-board health monitoring and 

system identification, as well as a flight 

control system that can adapt rapidly to 

the detected changes. Finding solutions to 

these challenges is the future of adaptive 

control technology at Raytheon. • 

D. Brett Ridgely, Rick Hindman 

Computational 

Materials 

Engineering: 

A tool whose 

time has come 

Isaac Newton (1643−1727) and 

Robert Hooke (1635–1703) were 

contemporaries, and their work 

forms the basis of modern engineering. 

Newton’s calculus found 

fertile ground and grew into the 

core computational techniques that 

are the foundation of mechanical 

design. Finite element analysis, for 

example, is a numerical integration 

technique that permits analysis of 

systems that are too difficult to 

solve by other means. Hooke’s law 

of elasticity laid the foundation for 

computing the internal distortions 

of physical objects subjected to 

external stresses and for predicting 

strain induced failures.

Since the time of Newton and Hooke, 

accurate property determination was 

limited to those materials readily 

available for characterization in the laboratory. 

All material properties arise from the 

interaction of electrons with atomic nuclei; 

consequently, the ability to compute 

engineering properties for a given material 

was not possible until the advent of 

quantum physics. 

Atomic interactions are described by quantum 

physics. While writing the equations 

describing atomic interactions is easy, 

solving these equations is not. Systems 

composed of more than two or three atoms 

frequently involve more than 30 electrons. 

This type of problem requires the numerical 

integration techniques spawned by 

Newton’s work. 

A Fistful of Atoms 

Raytheon often uses novel materials in order 

to expand the performance envelope of its 

products, and is currently using computational 

materials engineering (CME) as an aid 

to characterize these novel materials. CME is 

simply the application of advanced computing 

techniques to the solution of quantum 

physics problems involving the mechanical, 

thermal, electrical and optical properties of 

engineering materials. 

Recent advances in computing power have 

increased computer speed and reduced 

computing costs. Now computations are a 

viable alternative to experimentation for 

engineering problems. 

As input, CME needs only the identity and 

geometric arrangement of a small group of 

atoms (less than 100) to predict the total 

energy of that arrangement. Figure 1 is an 

example of the required input. All other 

required parameters are known physical 

constants. 

Comparing the energy of several different 

arrangements leads to amazing insight into 

material properties and material stability. 

Mechanical properties (modulus, strength); 

thermal properties (heat capacity, coefficient 

of thermal expansion); Optical properties 

(index of refraction, spectral absorption); 

and electrical properties (band gap) can all 

be computed by systematically distorting 

the input geometry. 

Because the basic physics and fundamental 

constants are known and the geometry 

is defined, all the input parameters are 

known, making this truly an ab initio, or 

first principles, technique. The results do 

not depend on empirical relationships or 

assumed relationships between input parameters. 

Interpretation of results, however, 

does require a detailed understanding 

of statistical thermodynamics and 

quantum theory. 

Just as finite element analysis (FEA) revolutionized 

mechanical engineering, the 

ability to compute a material’s mechanical 

properties (modulus and strength); optical 

properties (absorption, THz phonon spectra, 

dielectric constant, etc.); and electrical properties 

(band gap, ionization potential, etc.) 

will revolutionize materials engineering. Its 

ability to map out spatial energy fields is 

creating new opportunities to predict kinetic 

phenomena such as diffusion and structural 

relaxation, as well. 

CME is maturing at a rapid rate. It will not 

replace laboratory testing, but can substantially 

reduce the cost of testing by focusing 

testing on critical parameters and providing 

insight to eliminate or suggest new 

materials suitable for a particular application. 

CME can also suggest alternate test 

methods, which may not have been 

previously considered. 

A Fresh Perspective on 

Persistent Problems 

The ability to tailor properties of a given 

material to optimize it for a specific application 

expresses the essence of engineering. 

This technique will quickly be adopted by 

the engineering community as a standard 

tool. This is especially attractive for the 

aerospace industry, where performance 

envelopes can be limited by materials 

problems that evade solution for decades. 

Feature 

Figure 1. Zinc atom (green) in a tin (grey) 

grain boundary. This geometry is used to 

compute the activation energy for diffusion 

of atoms through a low angle grain boundary. 

The grain boundary is a horizontal 

plane containing the zinc atom. 

Getting an alternate perspective on these 

persistent problems is invaluable. 

As an example of the power of CME, we 

apply it to the current industry problem of 

tin whiskers. If lead (Pb) is not added to tin 

(Sn) solder in sufficient quantities, solder 

lines will slowly grow tin whiskers of sufficient 

length to eventually cause shorting 

and component failure. Recent environmental 

restrictions on the use of lead require 

the formulation of new solders and 

whisker inhibitors. 

Figure 1 shows a particular arrangement 

of atoms that represents a zinc atom (Zn) 

moving along a tin grain boundary. A fixed 

atom arrangement is input to the quantum 

computation engine, which uses iteration to 

find the lowest energy arrangement of 



Feature Computational Materials 


Energy / KJ / mol 

electron density around the nuclei. The 

lowest energy state is determined by 

convergence. The result is an approximation 

of the energy of that configuration at 

absolute zero. 

Repeating this same procedure for slight 

variations in geometry shows us the low- 

est energy configuration of atoms. Figure 2 

shows the energy of the entire group of 

atoms as the zinc atom is moved along the 

grain boundary. The height of the curve is 

the activation energy for diffusion of zinc 

through a tin grain boundary. 

Zinc is known to move quickly through tin 

grain boundaries and may promote the 

growth of tin whiskers. Lead is known to 

inhibit the growth of tin whiskers. The 

bulk tin that forms the whiskers is known 

to travel to the whisker root along grain 

boundaries. If we restrict the movement of 

tin through the grain boundary, then we 

should be able to slow or inhibit whisker 

growth. The diffusion activation energy is 

a measure of how difficult it is to move an 

atom from one location to another. A large 

activation energy implies slower transport. 


50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 

Zn 

Pb 

Sn 

-10 

-20 

-30 

Displacement 

Figure 2. Diffusion activation energies of lead (Pb,) tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) atoms moving along 

a Sn grain boundary. 

Figure 2 clearly shows that the activation 

energy for transport of lead and zinc are 

different from each other. The activation 

energy for transport is greater for lead than 

for tin. The activation energy for zinc is 

substantially lower than that of either lead 

or tin. 

We surveyed binary alloys comprised of tin. 

Each alloy combines tin with each element 

in the entire periodic table. Most elements 

have activation energies lower than of tin. 

A few have activation energies greater than 

tin and fewer still have activation energies 

greater than or equal to lead. 

We can now use this knowledge to focus 

experiments on alloys with elements that 

we think will behave, like lead, as whisker 

inhibitors. This effort should reduce the time 

to find a suitable replacement for lead sol- 

ders for electronics, which are the heart of 

many of Raytheon's products. 

Unfortunately, the reliability of tin-lead in 

electronics is not limited to whisker inhibi- 

tion by lead, but relies on the unique 

mechanical and thermal properties of the 

tin–lead alloy. Any viable solder replacement 

should have mechanical thermal properties 

very similar to tin–lead alloys. The computed 

properties of candidate alloys can be 

verified later by testing. 

Raytheon is performing these calculations 

using the MedeA software package, writ- 

ten and distributed by Materials Design, Inc. 

Raytheon has been working with Materials 

Design since 2005, initially to understand 

the capabilities and limits of the tool. More 

recently we have been applying it to a 

diverse range of engineering problems. 

Raytheon and Materials Design are design- 

ing a virtual chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 

chamber, based on the MedeA software, to 

complement the zinc sulfide CVD system 

recently installed at Raytheon in Tucson. 

A Few Atoms More 

Dramatic growth in computing power, and 

insights enabled by quantum theory, now 

makes it possible to apply quantum mechan- 

ics to industrial materials problems. Quantum 

mechanics is as important to materials engi- 

neering as Newtonian statics and dynamics. 

Characterizing the mechanical properties 

of materials is no longer restricted to 

the laboratory. We can now investigate 

new materials, and variations of existing 

materials, outside of the laboratory using 

computational methods. In addition, the 

computational analysis can be used to tailor 

materials to specific needs — engineering of 

materials is no longer science fiction. 

Computational materials engineering has 

shown us what we can obtain from a fist 

full of atoms, can you imagine what we can 

achieve for a few atoms more? • 

D. Brooke Hatfield, Brian J. Zelinski

GaN 

Microwave 

Amplifiers 

Come of Age 

The revolutionary power, efficiency 

and bandwidth performance im- 

provements demonstrated by 

Raytheon’s gallium nitride (GaN) technology 

are now being realized in state-of-the-art 

microwave power amplifiers, enabling 

the next generation of radar systems. 

Raytheon’s large development effort lever- 

aged extensive gallium arsenide (GaAs) 

development experience, strategic partner- 

ships with universities and the government, 

and long-term investment commitments. 

High-power semiconductors play an 

important role in radar performance. In a 

phased array radar, the RF energy is dis- 

tributed to each element, phase shifted 

and then amplified before being radiated. 

The final amplification of the RF signal at 

each element is performed by the power 

amplifier. Traditionally, GaAs has been 

the semiconductor of choice for efficiently 

amplifying this signal, creating the desired 

output power. 

Throughout the 1990s, Raytheon was a 

pioneer in inserting GaAs-based monolithic 

microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) into 

phased array radars. As the performance 

requirements of these military systems have 

increased to meet ever-growing threats, so 

too have the power and efficiency requirements 

on the power amplifiers. Over that 

time, GaAs performance was stretched from 

the unit power density of 0.5 watt per millimeter 

of transistor periphery to 1.5 W/mm 

by increasing the drain voltage from 5V to 

24V. GaN, however, continued to make dramatic 

performance improvements, quickly 

surpassing GaAs capability (see table). 

Today, with Raytheon’s development phase 

nearing completion, the power, efficiency 

and bandwidth performance of GaN-based 

MMICs is unsurpassed — revolutionizing 

the design of radars by creating not only 

higher performance but also lower system 

cost. With over 5 W/mm of power density, 

GaN RF amplifiers can provide more than 5X 

the power per element of GaAs in the same 

Feature 

footprint. Fewer high-power GaN MMICs 

could be used to replace many low-power 

GaAs MMICs, or alternatively, equal-power 

GaN chips can be made dramatically 

smaller. Both approaches reduce overall system 

costs while enabling size-constrained 


Parameter 

Output 

GaAs GaN 

power 

density 

Operating 

0.5–1.5 W/mm 5–7 W/mm 

voltage 

Breakdown 

5–24 V 28–48 V 

voltage 

Maximum 

15–48V >100V 

current 

Thermal 

~ 0.5 A/mm ~1.2 A/mm 

conductivity 

(W/m-K) 

47 ~390 (SiC)* 

* GaN on silicon carbide substrate 

Demonstrated GaAs and GaN microwave 

performance and thermal conductivity 

showing superior GaN results. 


Feature GaN 


systems. The higher drain current that GaN 

offers makes the broadband matching of 

high-power MMICs simpler and more efficient 

than GaAs, while the seven to eight 

times improvement in the thermal conductivity 

enables amplifier cooling. Finally, the 

wide band gap intrinsic to GaN material 

provides large critical breakdown fields and 

voltages, making a more robust amplifier 

and easing system implementation. 

Development History of GaN 

GaN semiconductors were first studied 

more than 30 years ago, and even then 

they were considered ideal for high-power 

microwave devices based on their high 

theoretical breakdown field and high saturated 

electron velocity. But at that time, the 

gallium nitride material quality was 


1st GaN 

LEDs 

1st GaN 

µwave 

Power 

Transistor 

Demo 

1st GaN 

µwave 

Amplifier 

Demo 

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 

insufficient to produce microwave transistors. 

This all began to change in the early 

1990s when researchers used gallium 

nitride to fabricate the world’s first green, 

blue, violet and white light-emitting diodes 

(LEDs). This breakthrough drove forward a 

rapid improvement in GaN material quality. 

Now, these LEDs can be found all around 

us: on traffic lights, scoreboards, billboards 

and flashlights. 

Raytheon 

Fabricates 

its1st GaN 

Transistor 

Another obstacle to the development of 

GaN transistors was the lack of an inexpensive 

substrate material. Traditionally the 

substrate material of the transistor is the 

same material as the transistor itself, but, 

to date, researchers have been unable to 

grow large area GaN substrates. Instead, 

researchers originally turned to growing 

GaN transistors on sapphire substrates, and 

in 1996 demonstrated the first microwave 

GaN power transistors. The sapphire substrates 

are low cost and widely available. 

However, their poor thermal conductivity 

and non-ideal lattice match to GaN limited 

the performance of the transistors. 

Researchers then turned to growing the 

GaN devices on semi-insulating silicon carbide 

(SiC) substrates. Silicon carbide has a 

good lattice match to GaN and is an excellent 

thermal conductor. The only drawback 

was that silicon carbide substrates were only 

available in small sizes (50 mm diameter) 

and were very expensive (100 times the 

price of GaAs) in the late 1990s. The last 10 

years have seen a rapid improvement in the 

size, quality and cost of the silicon carbide 

substrates. Today, Raytheon’s production 

GaN process uses 100 mm (4-inch) diameter 

SiC substrates. 

GaN 

Materials 

Improvement 

WBGS 

Phase 1 

Figure 1. Timeline of GaN Microwave Technology Development 

GaN 

Transistor 

Improvement 

WBGS 

Phase 2 

Raytheon 

GaN in 

Production 

WBGS 

Phase 3 

Raytheon has been researching GaN since 

1999, fabricating its first gallium nitride 

transistors in 2000. MMIC demonstrations 

quickly followed. While the demonstrated 

performance of the GaN transistors was 

excellent, it took a number of years to 

improve the reliability and yield of the 

transistors to the present state, where the 

technology is ready to meet the stringent 

needs of defense systems. This development 

was funded through both Raytheon internal 

research and development investments and 

external government contracts from Ballistic 

Missile Defense Office, Office of Naval 

Research and Defense Advanced Research 

Projects Agency (DARPA). 

As shown in Figure 1, Raytheon’s long-term 

commitment to the development of GaN 

technology began nearly 10 years ago, and 

the company has leveraged its long history 

of GaAs semiconductor work, as well 

as partnerships with industry, university 

and government. Raytheon’s development 

history with GaAs provided the needed infrastructure 

and lessons-learned experience 

to accelerate GaN’s development. This included 

the growth of starting material, the 

modeling of transistors’ RF performance, 

the semiconductor fabrication facility, the 

microwave and module design, and the RF 

testing capabilities. Through early strategic 

partnering with Cree, the University of 

California Santa Barbara and U.S. government 

labs, the team shortened the cycles 

of learning and shared findings to more 

quickly advance the state of GaN transistors. 

Focused Raytheon-funded university 

research at Cornell, Georgia Tech and MIT 

continues to push the performance envelope 

of GaN to higher frequencies.

Raytheon’s focus on early reliability demonstrations 

and transition to 4-inch wafers, to 

leverage the existing manufacturing facility, 

has resulted in industry-leading maturity. 

Raytheon’s 4-inch microwave GaN process 

was moved into a production environment 

two years ago and today is completing final 

production validation. Many hundreds of 

wafers have been processed, resulting in 

increased process maturity and lower system 

insertion costs. The capabilities of this 

process provide not only the performance 

benefits of GaN, but also the assurance of 

supply and the capture of early system insertion 

opportunities. 

The high maturity of Raytheon’s GaN 

technology, signaled with its transition to 

production, has provided Raytheon the 

ability to quickly scale the technology to millimeter-wave 

frequencies (> 30 GHz). With a 

nominal voltage of 20V and similar currents 

levels, millimeter-wave GaN gives the same 

five times performance improvement over 

existing high frequency GaAs technology as 

microwave GaN technology does. 

GaN Amplifiers 

The ability of GaN transistors to operate 

at very high voltage and current enables 

them to produce very high output power, 

high-efficiency amplifiers. To realize these 

high-performance designs requires accurate 

modeling of the transistor’s 

harmonic performance. The 

maturity of Raytheon’s GaN 

technology has enabled us to 

obtain consistent, repeatable performance 

and the models needed to obtain the highefficiency 

amplifiers. We have demonstrated 

amplifiers with record combinations of 

power and efficiency amplifiers at L-band, 

S-band and X-band. The higher voltage 

and load impedance of GaN also makes 

it especially well suited for the broadband 

amplifiers required for future multifunction 

systems. Raytheon has demonstrated high 

power broadband amplifiers with bandwidths 

greater than 4:1. 

Raytheon is also leading the way for 

extending the performance of GaN to 

millimeter-wave frequencies and higher. 

Raytheon has recently demonstrated 

state-of-the-art power performance for 

MMICs operating at 35 GHz and at 95 

GHz. Raytheon’s 95 GHz MMIC work has 

been funded in part by the Joint Non Lethal 

Weapons Directorate to produce a solidstate 

version of the company’s Active 

Denial System. 

Feature 

Fixtured GaN MMIC 

Raytheon’s Active Denial System is designed 

to use millimeter wave technology to repel 

individuals without causing injury 

The high power handling capability of GaN 

transistors also makes it an ideal choice 

for other types of circuits. For example, 

Raytheon has demonstrated GaN low-noise 

amplifiers with record survivability and GaN 

microwave switches with record power 

handling. 

As customer requirements increase beyond 

GaAs capabilities, there has been a strong 

pull to mature GaN for system insertion. In 

collaboration with the government, universities 

and small businesses, Raytheon has 

matured GaN from 2-inch wafers with transistors 

measured with hours of lifetime, to 

4-inch wafers and transistors with the millions 

of hours of reliability today needed to 

transition into U.S. Department of Defense 

system. Ultimately, GaN will become the 

power amplification standard for all new 

radars, communication and weapon systems, 

where cost-effective, high RF power 

is needed. • 

Colin Whelan, Nick Kolias 


Feature 

Mobile SAVi system features a laser vibrometer and processing system. 

Raytheon is bringing two DARPAsponsored 

technologies together to 

meet challenging warfighter needs: 

Monarch, an exceptional processor architecture 

that provides an order of magnitude 

more processing per watt than other computing 

solutions, and SAVi (seismic and 

acoustic vibration imaging), an advanced 

sensor that uses laser vibrometry and a 

number of compute-intensive algorithms 

to detect buried objects such as mines 

and tunnels. 

The direction in U.S. Department of Defense 

(DoD) systems is toward large data volume 

sensors with demanding signal and 

data processing throughput requirements. 

Processors for these systems also need 

outstanding energy efficiency. Even as 

commercial processors have increased in 

processing performance, the amount of 

data provided by the sensor to the front-end 

processor has placed an even greater stress 

on the back-end processor for more performance 

within a stricter power budget. The 

morphable networked micro-architecture 

(Monarch) is a high-performance processing 

chip developed with the goal of providing 

exceptional compute capacity and high data 

bandwidth coupled with state-of-the-art 

power efficiency and full programmability. 


Monarch Meets Demanding, 

High-Stress Processing Requirements 

A chip is typically designed either for frontend 

signal processing or back-end control 

and data processing. The Monarch architecture 

and chip can efficiently do either, or 

both concurrently. It can perform as a single 

system on a chip, supporting single or multiple 

diverse processing functions, resulting 

in a significant reduction in the number of 

processor types required for computing systems, 

or it can perform as an array of chips 

to provide teraflop throughput. 

Development History 

Monarch got its start as the Raytheondeveloped 

High-Performance Processing 

System (HPPS) architecture. HPPS was 

part of a challenge problem from a DoD 

agency to develop a 1-teraflop, 10-watt 

architecture for 2010. In 1999, Raytheon 

received a seedling contract and assembled 

a small team to study this. Out of that 

work and follow-on internal research and 

development investment came the core of 

Monarch, the dataflow-based field programmable 

computing array (FPCA). This 

approach was further developed in Phase I 

of a new Defense Advanced Research 

Projects Agency (DARPA) Information 

Processing Technology Office program: 

Polymorphic Computing Architecture (PCA). 

The goal of the PCA program was to 

develop adaptive, high-performance 

processing architectures that can be optimized 

to mission requirements across DoD 

applications — whether in response to 

changes from mission to mission or to the 

dynamic evolution of in-mission processing 

requirements. A team from the Information 

Sciences Institute of the University of 

Southern California (USC/ISI), led by 

John Granacki, was developing the Data 

IntensiVe Architecture (DIVA). Raytheon 

became part of the USC/ISI team and the 

two elements — DIVA and HPPS — were 

combined to create Monarch. 

By Phase III of PCA, Raytheon became 

the prime contractor and the team grew 

to include Exogi, Mercury Computers, IBM 

and Georgia Tech. The chip was fabricated 

by IBM using their Cu08 (90nm) CMOS 

ASIC process. 

The 

Raytheon-led 

team enjoyed 

first-spin 

success in 

developing 

this complex 

Monarch 

chip.

Architecture 

The Monarch chip includes six reduced 

instruction set computer (RISC) processors, 

12 megabytes of on-chip dynamic random 

access memory (DRAM), two DDR2 ports, 

two serial RapidIO ports, 16 2.6-gigabyte 

per second streaming I/O ports, and the 

FPCA, a reconfigurable computing array. 

The Monarch chips can boot from a single 

commercial flash memory part, providing a 

highly embeddable system-on-a-chip processing 

solution. Monarch can also be used 

as a tiled array of processing chips to build 

a multi-teraflop computer, again with no 

glue parts required, thus achieving excellent 

size, weight, energy, performance and time 

values and enabling embedded systems that 

demand high performance computing for 

complex algorithms. 

The FPCA is key to the Monarch chip’s 

high performance and efficiency. The FPCA 

contains 96 multiplier-ALUs, 124 dual-port 

memories, 248 address generators, and 20 

direct memory access (DMA) engines all connected 

through a rich, dynamically switched 

interconnect. The architecture of the FPCA 

has been optimized for signal processing 

algorithms, for example, fast Fourier transforms 

and finite impulse response filters, 

using 16- and 32-bit integer and 32-bit 

IEEE floating point data. The FPCA uses a 

dataflow processing paradigm that supports 

streaming data with hardware support for 

dataflow synchronization, and uses a novel 

distributed programming paradigm. Monarch 

also supports threaded style execution 

through six independent RISC processors. 

The processors may also be configured to 

operate on 256-bit wide word or or on single 

instruction, multiple data operations. Many 

of the on-chip data paths and memories are 

256 bits wide for high bandwidth; others are 

32 bits wide to match common data needs. 

Total on-chip memory bandwidth is 390 gigabytes 

per second, enabling the sustained 

throughput of 64 gigaflops. 

For power efficiency, Monarch substantially 

differs from nearly all conventional 

digital signal processors or RISC processors. 

Conventional architectures use DMA to place 

data into memory, pull it out for computing, 

put it back into memory and then 

FLASH 

EDRAM 

RISC 

EDRAM 

RISC 

EDRAM 

RISC 

DRAM 

I/F 

use DMA to send it to the output devices. 

Monarch data paths support direct execution 

of dataflow graphs — streaming data through 

the processor from input devices through 

computing elements, to output devices 

with no need to store the data in memory. 

Streaming execution without using memories 

saves all the energy consumed storing and 

retrieving data multiple times into memory. 

Memory is used only when the algorithm 

requires time alignment or for saving state. 

The Monarch programming environment 

is a combination of industry standard 

languages (C/C++) and machine-specific 

dataflow language. The RISC compiler 

provides auto vectorization when developing 

code for the wide word processor and 

scalar code. The dataflow assembler is the 

primary path for programming the FPCA. 

Math libraries can be used for both the 

threaded and dataflow streaming portions 

of the machine to reduce programmer work 

load. There are simulators, debuggers, and 

a real-time executive for the machine. The 

maturities of the tools vary but are sufficient 

for developing application code. 

Monarch Advantages 

Monarch provides high signal processing 

throughput in a power-efficient balanced 

FPCA 

RIO RIO 

DRAM 

I/F 

An overview of the Monarch architecture. Monarch incorporates 6 RISC processors, 

12 megabytes on-chip DRAM, 12 arithmetic clusters, and 31 memory clusters 

Feature 

EDRAM 

RISC 

EDRAM 

RISC 

EDRAM 

RISC 

architecture. Monarch can perform as a 

single system on a chip or as an array of 

chips to provide teraflop throughput. Tests 

have shown that Monarch can sustain 64 

gigaflops of throughput via the FPCA while 

consuming less than 20 watts of power. The 

achievement of 3 gigaflops of throughput 

per watt in the current generation results 

in one of the most efficient processors 

available. 

Dataflow processing is the key to Monarch’s 

power efficiency. Dataflow is rooted in an 

early 1900s technology process: the 

assembly line. 

Standard general purpose processors can be 

viewed as a single-worker with a long “todo” 

list to complete a job. A lot of time and 

energy is wasted checking what needs to be 

done next (instruction fetching). 

The FPCA processor is an entire shop full of 

specialized workers. Each worker is provided 

only a short list of operations to do. Upon 

completion, the incremental product is sent 

down the line, and the worker receives the 

next piece to perform the same operations 

on the line. The operations are nearly always 



Feature 


the same, with only limited flexibility (i.e., a 

painter can be told to paint it green instead of 

blue, but never to weld). FCPA processors have 

extremely high throughput at the cost of lower 

overall flexibility. Dataflow architecture also 

eases programming workload. 

Programming Monarch’s FPCA requires the 

mindset of an industrial engineer as much as a 

software engineer to: 

• Decompose a task into individually 

workable units 

• Effectively utilize workers 

• Balance the workload 

• Optimally route between workers 

System Impact 

DARPA’s SAVi program is an example of the 

trend toward large data volume sensors with 

demanding requirements, with a sensor capable 

of producing 1 to 2 gigasamples per 

second of data and needing hundreds of gigaflops 

of compute power. 

SAVi uses laser Doppler vibrometry to detect 

mines and tunnels in real time, from a mobile 

platform. SAVi induces ground-surface vibrations 

by applying an acoustic stimulus for land 

mines and improvised explosive devices and 

a seismic stimulus for tunnels. Laser Doppler 

vibrometry allows for non-contact vibration 

measurements of a surface by detecting the 

Doppler shift of a laser beam frequency to derive 

the vibration velocity over time for a target. 

The Monarch implementation will replace the 

original SAVi processing approach that was 

estimated to take 96 conventional commercial 

processors with 16 Monarch chips. The SAVi 

program will utilize quad-chip boards developed 

by Mercury Federal Systems for Raytheon 

in a four-board chassis configuration to fulfill 

SAVi system processing requirements. 

Raytheon is proud of this innovative processor. 

We plan to continue providing similar creative 

solutions to stay at the forefront of information 

systems and computing technologies to 

meet the future needs of our customer’s radar, 

electro-optical, missile, communications, and 

signal intelligence systems. • 

Kenneth Prager 


YAG Solid State 

Laser Ceramics 

Breakthroughs at Raytheon 

Raytheon has long been a leader in 

optical materials research and development, 

with multiple patents 

involving multi-spectral zinc sulfide (ZnS), 

Raytran zinc selenide, and aluminum 

oxynitride (ALON), just to name a few. 

More recently, the focus has shifted to 

next-generation optical materials that 

will enable further system capabilities 

and higher performance. For example, as 

missile domes and windows and as laser 

gain media. Yttrium aluminum garnet 

(Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , or YAG) is a laser gain host 

material widely used for solid state lasers. 

When doped with rare earth elements 

such as neodymium (Nd), ytterbium 

(Yb) or erbium (Er), and pumped with 

light from an external source, energy 

is transferred to these atoms and then 

released to emit laser light at a different 

wavelength. While single crystals have 

traditionally been used, polycrystalline or 

ceramic YAG is gaining momentum as 

preferred for high-power solid state lasers 

because of several advantages and capabilities 

afforded by ceramics. 

Why Ceramics? 

As the size and design complexity 

requirements become more stringent 

for high-power solid state laser systems, 

optically transparent ceramic laser gain 

materials are replacing single crystals. 

Most single crystal YAG is grown according 

to the Czochralski method, in which 

a seed crystal is slowly pulled and rotated 

inside an Iridium crucible with molten 

YAG to form a crystal boule. Large crystals 

are difficult to fabricate because the 

growing process introduces significant 

stress and other index distortions. Due to 

the mass, the maximum size of the boule 

without fracture is also limited. 

Ceramics offer competitive advantages in 

overcoming these shortcomings. Ceramic 

material can be fabricated faster and in 

larger sizes with more uniform optical 

properties and doping. Ceramic parts can 

be made as large as the size of the furnace 

hot zone, eliminating the need for 

optical diffusion bonding as commonly 

practiced with single crystal material. 

Ceramic YAG can also be doped at higher 

concentrations than single crystal in many 

cases. The complex, net shape capability 

also contributes to the cost competitiveness 

of ceramic materials. Ceramic 

material can be produced in several days 

with the appropriate furnace, while growing 

a crystal boule requires several weeks 

and expensive iridium crucibles at very 

high temperatures. Ceramic sintering 

temperatures are well below the melting 

temperatures required for single crystals. 

Ceramic processing is also amenable for 

producing complex monolithic structures 

in which graded doping profiles and dopant 

type can be tailored. Ceramic laser 

gain material has already demonstrated 

equivalent or superior performance to 

single crystal. In fact, all of the properties 

critical to the laser performance — such 

as propagation loss, thermal birefringence, 

dopant absorption and emission 

characteristics, and refractive index — 

have been proven identical to those of 

single crystal laser media.

Fabrication of Laser Ceramics 

Optical ceramic YAG materials are fabricated 

from a starting nanopowder material 

which is consolidated into a desired shape 

and then heat-treated at temperatures well 

below the melting point for pore removal 

and densification. The fabrication process 

flowchart is shown in Figure 1. 

Powder 

Characterization 

Sinter 

Hot Isostatic Pressing 

Deagglomeration 

Powder 

Compaction 

Optical Finishing and 

Characterization 

Figure 1. Optical laser ceramic YAG fabrication 

process flow 

The extensive powder characterization step 

is critical in understanding and predicting 

how the powder will behave during 

consolidation and densification. It is also 

a screening method to evaluate chemical 

and crystalline phase purity information of 

the powder to see if it will produce optically 

superior ceramic. The average particle 

size of the YAG powder is in the nanometer 

range, which makes them prone to 

Next-generation Feature optical 

materials enabling 

higher performance 

agglomeration due to their large surface 

area (see Figure 2). A deagglomeration step 

is therefore necessary to break up the powder 

aggregates before consolidating it into 

a green body. This step allows for uniform 

pore distribution and optimal green density, 

both of which aid in uniform sintering. 

The green ceramic body is fabricated using 

the uniaxial and isostatic pressing apparatus 

on the die filled powder. As seen in 

Figure 3, the green body has approximately 

50 percent porosity contained within, 

which renders the sample opaque. 

Sintering followed by hot isostatic pressing 

(HIP) is the method of densification for optical 

ceramic YAG fabrication at Raytheon. 

Following sintering, the ceramic still has 

some residual porosity left in the part. The 

HIP takes these remaining pores out of the 

ceramic by using both temperature and 

pressure. The resulting ceramic is optically 

transparent if the starting powder was 

of high chemical and phase purity. The 

sample then needs to be polished on major 

faces before it can be further analyzed for 

optical transmission, absorption, lasing 

characterization, and other microstructural 

examination. State-of-the-art ceramic 


Figure 2. Nanopowder (left) to green ceramic (middle) to optical ceramic YAG (right) 


Jean Huie 

Imholt 

Integrated 

Defense 

Systems 

Principal 

Multi- 

Disciplined 

Engineer 

Since joining 

Raytheon six 

years ago, 

Principal 

Multi- 

Disciplined 

Engineer Jean Imholt has been working on the 

development of optical ceramic YAG (yttrium 

aluminum garnet) material for application in 

high-power solid state lasers and infrared transparent 

windows. 

Imholt has also led numerous internal research 

and development projects around nanomaterials, 

including nanocomposites for thermal and EMI 

applications and the alternate environmental 

barrier coating for panel arrays. She recently 

supported the AN/TPY-2 Radar Sub-Systems 

integrated product team to mitigate obsolescence 

and refresh/redesign a high-speed 

recorder system. 

As a graduate student in chemical engineering, 

Imholt worked on synthesis, processing, and 

characterization of various nanomaterials spanning 

from carbon nanotubes, quantum dots and 

nanoparticles. Before Raytheon, she worked at 

a small nanotech company developing nanocomposite 

coatings. “With this background, my 

transition into the Materials Engineering group 

at Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems seemed 

almost natural,” Imholt said. “IDS’ Advanced 

Materials group is a world-class technology 

leader in advanced materials development. When 

working in the lab, it felt like I was back in graduate 

school, only all of the equipment actually 

worked as it should!” 

Imholt had never worked with ceramic materials 

before joining Raytheon, but she believes her 

background helped her meet this new challenge. 

“My family moved to the U.S. from South Korea 

when I was 15, and I did not speak the language 

or understand the culture.” She credits strong 

personal discipline and work ethic for helping 

her meet the challenge, graduating at the top of 

her high school class and summa cum laude from 

the University of Pittsburgh. “My philosophy is 

that hard work always pays off.” 


Feature YAG Ceramics 


Green body 

processing ensures refractive index and dopant 

uniformity of the final ceramic as well as 

complete elimination of porosity and controlled 

grain growth. 

It is critical that the starting nanopowder is 

the highest quality possible in terms of its 

chemical purity, sinterability, and stoichiometry. 

If the powder contains chemical 

impurities, especially those that absorb 

around the wavelengths of interest for the 

application, not only will they degrade the 

laser power output, they also will contribute 

to significant heating of the laser gain 

medium. Another source of loss in laser 

ceramic YAG comes from scattering. Scatter 

centers can originate from poor sinterability 

and off-stoichiometry of the starting powder. 

Sinterability attributes to the affinity of 

the powder to coalesce and form ceramic 

and effectively diffuse and eliminate pores 

along the grain boundaries, while undergoing 

heat treatment. Pores that remain in 

the final ceramic, whose refractive index 

is hugely different from that of YAG, act 

as scatter centers. Stoichiometry refers to 

the molar or atomic ratio of the YAG compound, 

Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , or more specifically, 3 to 

5 molar ratio of yttrium to aluminum. When 

the YAG powder composition deviates from 

this stoichiometric ratio by more than 1 part 

in 1,000, the ceramics will contain second 

phase inclusions that have different indices 

of refraction than YAG and also cause optical 

scatter. Because the high-quality starting 

nanopowder is exceptionally critical to the 

overall optical properties of the final ceramic 

(the other factor being the optimum 

ceramic processing technique), Raytheon 

has established strategic relationships with 

several nanopowder suppliers. 


Sintered ceramic HIPed ceramic 

Porosity ~ 50% Porosity � 5% Porosity ~ 0% 

Figure 3. Depiction of ceramic microstructure as it undergoes densification process 

Raytheon Ceramic YAG 

The most basic differences between single 

crystal and ceramic material are the presence 

of grain boundaries and the random 

orientation of individual grains in ceramics. 

Figure 4 shows the scanning electron 

micrograph of Raytheon laser ceramic YAG. 

Cyrstallographically, YAG is a cubic material 

and therefore optically isotropic. The average 

grain size of Raytheon ceramic YAG is 

less than 1.5 microns — particles coalesce 

and the grains grow during densification. 

Fracture strength of polycrystalline ceramic 

materials tends to be greater than the corresponding 

single crystal, primarily because 

the residual flaw size scales with grain size. 

The ring-on-ring biaxial flexure fracture 

strength test was carried out on 25 mm 

diameter disk samples of Raytheon ceramic 

YAG and the result was compared against 

that of single crystal YAG samples. Fracture 

toughness was also measured by Vickers 

indentation method. As can be seen from 

Table 1, Raytheon ceramic materials are as 

much as 50 percent stronger than the single 

crystal samples and the fracture toughness 

proved to be exceptionally higher — 100 

percent increase over single crystal. 

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph 

showing Raytheon ceramic YAG 

microstruture 

This research has established Raytheon as 

the leading domestic source of optically 

transparent laser ceramic YAG with quality 

that matches the lasing performance 

of the leading international supplier. The 

material quality has been verified through 

optical transmission and direct laser efficiency 

comparisons of Raytheon’s ceramic 

Nd:YAG and that from the other leading 

supplier. Specifically, the slope efficiency, 

which is the key measure of lasing performance, 

was measured as 54 percent for 

Raytheon’s material and 52 percent for the 

other supplier. 

Single Raytheon 

Crystal YAG Ceramic YAG 

Fracture 

Strength 

(MPa) 

Fracture 

252 336 

Toughness 

MPa/m 

1.0 2.0 

1/2 ) 

Table 1. Comparison of fracture strength and 

fracture toughness of single crystal YAG and 

Raytheon ceramic YAG. 

This accomplishment was made possible 

through 30-plus years of experience in the 

development of optical ceramic materials 

at Raytheon. In addition to this significant 

milestone, Raytheon has also demonstrated 

appreciable lasing in Yb- and Er-doped 

ceramic YAG materials. Scale up was demonstrated 

with Nd:YAG and Yb:YAG in 

dimensions of 90 mm diameter by 5 mm 

thickness and 125 x 35 x 2.5 mm, respectively. 

Ceramic laser gain materials are a 

key enabler in advancing the next generation 

of high-power solid state lasers. 

Raytheon’s goal is to become the domestic 

supplier of high-quality laser ceramics to 

all bona fide high-power solid state laser 

system developers. • 

Jean Huie Imholt; Richard Gentilman

Raytheon Partners With Universities 

for Knowledge Technologies 

The intelligence community has cried out, and Raytheon has listened. 

According to Lt. Gen. David A. 

Deptula, Air Force deputy chief of 

staff for intelligence, surveillance 

and reconnaissance, “We’re going 

to find ourselves in the not too 

distant future swimming in sensors 

and drowning in data.” 1 

To address this issue, Raytheon has conducted 

significant research and matured 

techniques to work at higher orders of cognitive 

function in the progression from data 

to information to knowledge, as depicted in 

Figure 1. Part of that investment has focused 

at the knowledge level, where algorithms 

are developed to extract actionable information, 

or knowledge, from large seas of data 

and tie together pieces of knowledge from 

different sources to increase its value. 

Raytheon’s investigation of the marketplace 

has found a lack of existing tools and techniques 

for manipulating knowledge, so the 

company has focused its research and 

development on that level and higher. 

This article highlights three collaborative 

partnerships that Raytheon has with universities 

to address sharing knowledge, using 

knowledge tools alongside existing information 

tools, and merging knowledge from 

different sources. 

Geographic Semantic Schema Matching 

Integrating information has proven to 

be a difficult problem over the last few 

decades. Researchers at the University of 

Texas at Dallas, led by Dr. Latifur Khan and 

Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, have developed 

a method for integrating different 

geospatial resources that is applicable to 

combining information from, for example, 

Google Maps and MapQuest tools. The 

method, called GSim, is a two-part process, 

and it is intended to ultimately work with 

little or no human intervention. 

The first part of GSim compares data between 

systems using details about their 

geographic information. To give an example 

Customer Environment 

Definitions Examples p 

Domain 

Applications 

Intelligence 

Concepts/ 

Ontology 

Facts/Entities 

Bits/Bytes/ 

Files/Streams 

Electrical 

Impulses 

Knowledge 

Information 

Physical Environment 

Figure 1. Actionable intelligence 

reference model 

...101101001110... 

1 Magnuson, Stew. “Military ‘Swimming In Sensors and Drowning in Data.’” National Defense: January 2010. http:// 

www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2010/January/Pages/Military‘SwimmingInSensorsandDrowninginData’.aspx 

Data 

Signal 

Feature 

of how many geographic locations share the 

same name, the instance value “Victoria” 

(depicted in Figure 2) may be a city, a 

county, a lake or various other features. 

After comparing enough details between 

the two geographic sources, the approach 

develops statistics indicating which feature 

types (e.g., city, county, road, etc.) most 

closely match among the data sources. 

At this point, the set of possible matches 

is too great and still confused. The second 

part of the algorithm reduces the potential 

matches by confirming which feature types 

have similar meanings by looking at how 

well the two features align on the planet or 

estimating how alike the feature names are 

Victoria 

Anacortes 

1/3 

1/3 

1/3 

1 


City 

State 

Feature 

County 

1/2 

1/2 

Figure 2. Even within a single geographic 

source, an identifier like Victoria or Clinton 

may appear many times, causing great difficulty 

in matching across multiple sources. 

RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY 2010 ISSUE 2 29 

1 

Clinton 

Edmonds

Feature Universities 


by using the Google Maps distance calculator, 

which finds frequent occurrences of 

the feature names using standard Google 

search and determines how often the 

potentially matching terms from the two 

sources appear on the same pages. 

The GSim algorithm was compared with 

a method for semantic similarity measurements 

that uses substrings of Length 2 

known as 2-grams. The results over two distinct 

sets of geographic databases showed 

that GSim performed 25 to 50 percent better 

in both precision and recall. 

Bridging Knowledge and Information 

Technologies 

As knowledge technologies grow in popularity, 

there is still a need to work with 

pre-existing tools and environments. RDF-todatabase 

(R2D) allows knowledge engineers 

to use new storage approaches, specifically 

resource description framework (RDF), with 

existing relational database visualization 

and analytic tools like Crystal Reports ® and 

Business Objects ® . 

R2D was devised at the University of Texas 

at Dallas under the guidance of Dr. Latifur 

Khan and Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham. It addresses 

the problem by providing a bridge 

between the two approaches to storage. 

rdfs:class 

rdf type 

Person 

rdf type 

Description URI/Emp A Department 

Name 

Salary 

Phone Projects 

Address 

 

 

First 

Middle 

 

 

 

Last 

Cell 

Cell 

 

Work 

Project Project 

Project 

R2D 

 

 

 


As shown in Figure 3, the graph-oriented 

(i.e., links and nodes) structures of RDF are 

presented in relational database form to the 

existing tools. This is accomplished without 

converting any data to relational table form. 

Rather, all queries in relational table form 

(e.g., SQL) are converted on the fly into an 

RDF form (e.g., SPARQL), and then results 

are converted on the fly into the necessary 

relational table presentation. 

The performance impact of R2D was measured 

to be a negligible addition to query 

time of the knowledge store while enabling 

the user to leverage the data table for further 

analysis. 

Random Forest Disambiguation 

Determining which names in multiple 

datasets actually refer to the same person 

is very challenging and is of high importance 

to the intelligence community. For 

example, when “John Smith” appears 

multiple times in a data set, how do we 

determine if this always refers to the same 

person? Solving this problem includes using 

all the information available in each data 

source like address, job title, list of friends, 

and correspondences. Dr. C. Lee Giles at 

the Pennsylvania State University has developed 

a method for this problem and 

deployed it as part of managing the scientific 

literature library CiteSeer, hosted by 

 

Fields 

File Edit Field 

X 

Special Fields 

All Database Fields 

Department 

Department_Description 

Department_Location 

Department_Name 

Department_PK 

Employee 

Employee_Address 

Employee_Department 

Employee Description 

Employee_PK 

Employee_Salary 

Name_First 

Name_Last 

Name_Middle 

Phone 

Employee_PK 

Phone_Type 

Phone_Value 

Project 

Project_Duration 

Project_Name 

Project_PK 

Project_StartDate 

Projects 

Employee_PK 

Project_PK 

Figure 3. R2D converts semantic representations into relational database table hierarchies 

Penn State’s College of Information Sciences 

and Technology. 

The approach, named Random Forest, requires 

enough known truth samples to train 

it before being used, like other machine 

learning algorithms. The Random Forest approach 

uses decision-tree learning as part of 

the algorithm. The decision-tree approach 

takes a set of data and subdivides the data 

using features such as how closely related 

two names are, based on additional attributes, 

so that leaves of the tree represent 

whether or not two names are considered 

to represent the same person. The Random 

Forest algorithm first modifies this approach 

by using a random selection of a subset 

of features for the splitting criteria at each 

node in the tree, instead of optimally select- 

Figure 4. Depiction of a Random Forest of 

Training Sets 

ing from the full feature set. Once the forest 

is built, as depicted in Figure 4, it simply 

counts the majority votes (i.e., match/nomatch) 

of the trees in the forest. 

The Random Forest approach was compared 

to the popular support vector machine classifier 

using the Medline literature database 

maintained by the U.S. National Library of 

Medicine, which has more than 18 million 

articles. The results show Random Forest to 

be two to three percentage points better 

than support vector machines in accuracy, 

and always much faster to train. This represents 

significant improvement, especially 

when dealing with extremely large data sets.

Summary 

Thus far, our contributions to technologies 

for application and integration of 

knowledge technologies include: 

• Automated matching of geographic 

schema 

• Bridging of knowledge stores to existing 

database exploitation tools 

• Disambiguation of human identities 

across multiple sources 

Raytheon will continue to mature these 

technologies to address the intelligence 

needs of our nation. • 

Authors: Steven Seida; BJ Simpson 

Contributors: Jeffrey Partyka, 

Sunitha Sririam, 

Dr. Latifur Khan, 

Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, 

Dr. C. Lee Giles 


BJ Simpson 

Intelligence 

and 

Information 

Systems 

Senior 

Principal 

Software 

Engineer 

BJ Simpson 

has spent more 

than 30 years 

as a technology 

leader 

and innovator 

at Raytheon 

Intelligence and Information Systems and its 

legacy companies. Currently a senior principal 

software engineer at IIS, he is the principal 

investigator for the newly formed Informatics 

Some of Raytheon’s 100+ University Partnerships and Projects 

Full-Motion Video-Based Control Research Texas A&M 

Formal Verification Methods for Security Verification University of Texas, Austin 

Semantic-Based Knowledge Extraction UMass - Amherst 

Folding MEMS IMU UC Irvine 

Advanced RF Image Formation and ATR Ohio State University 

Modeling and Prediction of Battery Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Nodes University of Arizona 

Energy Security Microgrid Configuration Study New Mexico State University 

Synthetic Aperture Radar Automatic Target Recognition (SAR ATR) Cal Poly SLO 

Distributed Radar for Weather Detection - Waveforms University of Melbourne 

Distributed Radar for Weather Detection - Testbed University of Adelaide 

Rapid Grinding and Polishing of SiC and Glass Ceramic Substrates University of Arizona 

Novel Passive and Active Mid-IR Fibers for IRCM Applications Clemson University 

Low Loss, High Strength Fibers from Improved Chalcogenide Glasses Clemson University 

AlGaN/GaN Nanowire Transistors for Low Noise and W-band Applications MIT 

Radar Signal Processing Cal Poly Pomona 

Silicon Compatible Processing of III-V Devices University of Glasgow 

3-D Modeling of Semi-Guiding Fiber University of Rochester 

Enhancing Modeling and Simulation Reuse 

Low Defect Density Substrate Technology for Heterogeneopus Integration 

Old Dominion University 

of III-V Devices and Si CMOS MIT 

Increasing the Self-Focusing Threshold in High-Peak-Power Fiber Lasers Cornell University 

Development of Titanium Foil Reinforced High Temperature Composite GS Fuselage UCLA 

Meta and Nano Materials Research UMass-Lowell 

Partnership for Cyber Policy Research 

High Mechanical Performance and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 

Georgetown University 

Shielded Multifunctional Composites Florida State University 

MBE-Grown, IV-VI Nano-Based, Ultra Thermoelectric Coolers University of Oklahoma 

Electrowetting Display Research University of Cincinnati 

and Knowledge Analytics Technology Center, 

which allows him to direct application of knowledge 

discovery and management technologies 

toward our customers’ ever-changing problems. 

“I have always had an interest in following new 

technology, and do a lot of reading and research 

on my own time,” Simpson said. “What excites 

me most in my job is the ability to continually 

work with cutting-edge technology, and to collaborate 

with technical experts across Raytheon, 

academia and commercial companies.” 

Simpson was first drawn into these current areas 

of interest in the early days of the World Wide 

Web, when he was part of a proposal demonstration. 

Following that effort and working for 

programs that allowed him to apply these new 

techniques, he was assigned to develop advanced 

concepts and identify emerging technologies for 

insertion into programs. This path now allows 

him to continually investigate and apply new 

technology in Raytheon and customer-funded 

research, proposals and ongoing programs. 

There are several challenges to working with 

emerging technologies, according to Simpson. 

One involves balancing near-term business 

demands with longer term technology development 

to prepare for the future. “With the 

current pace of change in technology, new 

concepts and technologies emerge seemingly 

daily,” Simpson said. “We need to balance that 

with maintaining ongoing communications with 

commercial vendors and universities as well as 

our internal business development and program 

customers.” 

Simpson received a bachelor’s degree in computer 

science from The Pennsylvania State 

University. 


Feature 

Small Business Innovation Research 

The U.S. federal government’s Small 

Business Innovation Research (SBIR) 

program represents a significant 

opportunity for Raytheon to work with 

small businesses to develop technologies 

for the customer, fill technology needs and 

gaps, and create competitive discriminators 

for Raytheon. 

Congress established the SBIR program in 

1982 to more effectively meet the nation’s 

research and development needs by investing 

in small businesses to develop innovative 

technologies. The U.S. high-tech small business 

base, composed of more than 450,000 

engineers and scientists, represents a major 

technology and business growth engine 

for the U.S. and a resource that Raytheon 

continues to effectively utilize. In so doing, 

we can provide more cost-effective weapon 

systems to the warfighter. 

In fiscal year 2008 the government invested 

$2.5 billion in the SBIR program. Figure 1 

shows the breakdown of the SBIR budget 

for FY08. This article discusses the latest 

advances in the SBIR program and how 

Raytheon is proactively engaging with small 

businesses and government customers to 

help increase the overall success of the 

SBIR program. 

For most of the past 10 years, Raytheon has 

been actively involved in leveraging technology 

developed by small businesses via the 


U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) SBIR and 

Small-business Technology Transfer (STTR) 

programs. Raytheon program managers 

work closely with their government counterparts 

to recommend ways of effectively 

using the SBIR Program to satisfy our shared 

program needs. 

The formal SBIR program consists of three 

phases, as depicted in Figure 2. Phases I 

and II are formally funded from the 

congressionally mandated SBIR program. 

Federal agencies allocate 2.5 percent of 

their research, development, test and evaluation 

budget to the SBIR program and an 

additional 0.3 percent to the STTR 

NASA 

$115M 

5% 

DOE 

$115M 

5% 

NIH 

$651M 

28.1% 

NSF 

$97M 

4.2% 

DHS 

$19M 

0.8% 

DoD 

$1.272B 

54.9% 

$2.315 Billion 

U.S. Total Federal SBIR/STTR FY2008 

Figure 1. SBIR funding 

Other 

$46M 

2% 

program. Phase III, referred to as both 

“commercialization” and “transition to 

production,” is funded utilizing 

non-SBIR money. 

Figure 2 shows a number of entry points 

where Raytheon becomes actively involved 

with a small business during SBIR development. 

While we have typically become 

involved in Phases I or II, we are increasingly 

focusing on being more proactive by working 

with our customers and small businesses 

in defining solicitation topics to satisfy our 

program and technology roadmap needs. 

This earlier involvement is referred to as 

“Phase 0.” 

DARPA 

$72M 

5.7% 

MDA 

$137M 

10.8% 

OSD 

$64M 

5% Other 

$32M 

2.5% 

Air Force 

$370M 

29.1% 

Army 

$303M 

23.8% 

Navy 

$294M 

23.1% 

$1.272 Billion 

DoD SBIR/STTR FY2008

A collaborative 

path for developing 

needed technologies 

Since the year 2000, a number of government 

initiatives have been instituted to 

increase the effectiveness of the program, 

especially within DoD. 

• The Navy Transition Assistance Program 

helps small businesses transition their 

technology to engineering and manufacturing 

development and production. 

• “Program Manager/PEO Pull” emphasizes 

the importance of having government 

program managers involved early in the 

process to establish a need and verify 

commitment. 

• “Primes’ Initiative” proactively involves 

the prime contractor community. 

• Presidential Executive Order 13329, 

“Encouraging Innovation in 

Manufacturing,” defines duties of the 

agencies and departments that participate 

in the SBIR and STTR programs. 

PROACTIVE REACTIVE 

• Development of integrated program and 

technology road maps/plans between the 

prime contractors, their customers and 

small business partners. 

• The Commercialization Pilot Program 

(CPP) more rapidly transitions SBIR 

Phase II technologies into production 

Leveraging SBIR technologies is one important 

way that Raytheon fills technology 

gaps identified in the technology planning 

process. The company’s successes in transitioning 

technology from small businesses 

into programs of record came through persistence 

and strong partnerships with both 

the end customer and the small business. 

Raytheon has numerous success stories of 

transitioning benefits derived from SBIRdeveloped 

technologies into our products 

PHASE 0 1 Solicitation PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III 

Develop solicitation 

ideas and work with 

PEOs and SBs to: 

– Align strategies 

– Develop road maps 

– Shape technology 

Entry point 

Figure 2. SBIR Phase 0 through III 

Upfront engagement 

Shift from reactive to proactive 

2 Proposal 

3 Announcement 

4 Award 

SIBR Dollars 

~6 mo.,$75-100K ~18-24 mo.,$750K-$1M 

Non-SIBR Dollars 

Program Dependent 

Transition to SDD 

or production via prime 

Entry point Entry point Entry point Entry point Entry point 

Feature 

where our entry into the SBIR process varied 

from proactively entering into Phase 0 collaboration 

to partnering well into Phase III. 

The following sampling of success stories 

shows the diversity of approaches for participating 

in the SBIR/STTR programs. 

Vanguard Composites: During development 

and qualification of Exoatmospheric 

Kill Vehicle (EKV), Raytheon needed a 

metal flange to meet design requirements. 

Vanguard Composites developed an 

advanced composite material replacement 

part with U.S. Missile Defense Agency 

(MDA) SBIR funding. The part met the 

demanding design requirements, and 

Raytheon and Vanguard entered into a 

Phase III contract, which enabled qualification 

and transition to production of the 

metal flange to meet EKV’s deployment 

schedule. The SBIR-developed hardware is 

on all delivered production units. 

Versatron: A control actuator system was 

developed by Raytheon partner Versatron 

(now a part of General Dynamics) for gun- 



Feature SBIR 


launched projectiles under Navy Phase I 

and II SBIR awards beginning in the late 

1990s. Versatron’s design provided enabling 

technology for precision-guided projectiles. 

This technology has been used on nearly all 

guided projectiles developed over the past 

ten years, and contributes to the precision 

guidance capability for the U.S. Army’s 

Excalibur guided projectile. 

San Diego Composites: San Diego 

Composites worked with Raytheon to 

develop an innovative replacement design 

for an expensive mechanical structure 

using a low-cost material approach, initially 

funded under internal research and devel- 

opment funding, followed by MDA and 

Navy SBIR funding. The result: Component 

cost was reduced by more than one-third. 


KaZaK Composites: Raytheon was involved 

in the Phase II development and test of 

armor protection for ship applications 

with KaZaK Composites. This new high- 

performance material provides Phase III 

cost savings to the U.S. Navy and is now 

part of a significant contract award for the 

Zumwalt DDG-1000 Destroyer program. 

Beacon: Raytheon has actively worked with 

Beacon Interactive Systems on various 

Phase II SBIR projects, culminating in a 

Phase III transition of Beacon’s IMAPS 

maintenance software to the Zumwalt 

DDG-1000 Destroyer Program. Leveraging 

this successful SBIR-developed capability, 

U.S. Fleet Forces Command is currently in 

the process of transitioning IMAPS to every 

ship in the fleet. 

Iris Technology Corporation: In a collabora- 

tion that began in Phase I, Iris Technology 

Corporation designed and built a next- 

generation cryo-cooler motor drive. Their 

concept improved system efficiency, electro- 

magnetic interference performance, power 

capacity, vibration and temperature control, 

and radiation hardness. This SBIR-developed 

technology helped Raytheon secure a new 

program win; the technology will be further 

matured as a part of this program. 

BSEI: BSEI was developing target acquisi- 

tion algorithms for foliage penetration. 

Raytheon supported BSEI’s effort by de- 

veloping a small airborne radar system for 

this application. Raytheon received Phase 

III funding through an indefinite-delivery, 

indefinite-quantity contract to build the 

radar system and test BSEI’s target recogni- 

tion algorithms, with BSEI participating as 

a subcontractor. We are currently pursuing 

funding via the CPP initiative to transition 

the complete system into production for 

drug enforcement missions, and evaluat- 

ing expansion of this capability for DoD 

applications. 

DSI: Raytheon’s AMRAAM Program defined 

a Phase 0 information technology topic for 

supply chain management risk-mitigation 

planning and implementation. Phase I 

and II SBIR awards were made to DSI by the 

Air Force. Early in the process, Raytheon 

awarded a Phase III contract to DSI to begin 

integration of the software into our man- 

agement information and control systems. 

We are currently working with multiple 

programs across the business unit to pursue 

implementation funding to transition this 

unique capability into broader use. 

These examples of Raytheon SBIR suc- 

cess stories represent only a sampling of 

how we have successfully partnered with 

small businesses and government through 

the SBIR program to close technology 

gaps. Raytheon continues to welcome op- 

portunities to establish new partnerships 

with additional small businesses, includ- 

ing veteran-owned, disadvantaged and 

Mentor–Protégé participating businesses. • 

John P. Waszczak

Expect the unexpected. Thanks to 

Raytheon’s IED Reality Training (IRT) 

technology, U.S. warfighters assigned 

with countering IEDs will be prepared to 

do just that. IRT is a result of Raytheon’s 

research to combine motion capture 

technology, simulation-based realism and 

battlefield domain expertise that puts 

warfighters into a fully immersive environment 

before they deploy into a war zone. 

By merging the technologies found in motion 

picture animation with immersive 

simulations, the Raytheon IRT Team can 

create virtual experiences that replicate 

the sights, sounds and stresses of the 

battlefield. And they can do it just about 

anywhere. IRT can be installed in any large 

interior space, such as dining facilities, 

warehouses, aircraft hangers, and even 

expandable truck-hauled trailers. 

“It is a great rehearsal for pre-deployment 

and home-station training,” said John 

Baggott, a former soldier and trainer who 

is now with Raytheon Technical Services 

Company LLC. Baggott set the program 

in motion in April 2008. “It gets warfighters 

familiar with the specific environment 

they’re going in to, and it provides them 

with the visual cues they’ll need to react to 

in that environment. Most importantly, as 

the IED threat changes, this technology can 

be quickly modified to replicate a new threat, 

a new environment, or a new enemy.” 

Able to function around the clock, this technology 

is cost-effective and provides a much 

greater training capacity than what is currently 

available to warfighters, Baggott said. 

Virtual Realistic Battlefield 

Conceptually, the IRT is a safe, effective 

training solution for countering IEDs, 

one of the military’s deadliest problems. 

Structurally, it consists of a large frame 

with a bank of mounted cameras. These 

cameras provide the visualization that goes 

into the head-mounted displays worn by the 

warfighters. For added realism, the training 

exercises also allow the warfighters to use 

their very own communications equipment 

and weapons, once they’re connected 

with lasers. 

With the head set on and the gaming 

animation activated, the trainees feel like 

they’re in a war zone, with all of its unpredictable 

stimuli — even though they may 

physically be standing in a warehouse in 

Florida. Depending on the configuration, 

individuals or entire platoons can be simultaneously 

trained in this realistic virtual 

battlefield. As such, it is an ideal environment 

to teach the skills required to interact 

as part of a team. 

This highly portable and fully immersive 

platform uses commercial-off-the-shelf 

(COTS) technology that can be integrated 

and fielded in less than seven months. 

Evolving Threat, Evolving Technology 

To be effective, IED defeat training must not 

only integrate the actual fielded equipment 

the warfighters use in combat, it must also 

update current threat employment tactics, 

techniques and procedures. In other words, 

as the real-world IED environment changes, 

so too must the gaming technology acti- 

vated in the IRT. 

For example, the IRT might incorporate 

either a command-detonated IED or 

pressure-detonated IED into the simula- 

tion, depending on the trend in the region. 

If it is command-detonated, the training 

focuses on the electronic pulses between 

the command detonation and the IED. If it 

is pressure-activated, then it focuses on the 

pressure of the movement on the ground. 

By simply changing the cue of the training, 

it forces the warfighters to change how 

they would perform in a given environment 

based on the threat. 

Feature 

The Convergence of Virtual Reality and Warfighter 

Training to Counter Improvised Explosive Devices 



Feature 

Continnued from page 35 

The technology can also be ratcheted 

up based on the training level of the 

warfighter. If it’s the first time a trainee is 

going through the IRT, for instance, the 

environment might be open and friendly 

with non-combatants. As their training 

progresses, hostile combatants and other 

artificial intelligence (AI) characters can be 

integrated into the gaming environment. 

In all cases, the characters will react positively 

or negatively — in real time — based 

on the trainee’s actions. 


Award-Winning Animation and 

Simulation Partners 

Raytheon’s IRT solution combines patented 

technologies from a pair of award-winning 

partners: Motion Reality, Inc. (MRI) and 

BreakAway, Ltd. 

MRI has been a pioneer in the area of 3D 

real-time engineering analysis and computer 

graphics animation of human motion 

since 1984. During this time, MRI has been 

recognized with numerous international accolades 

for its ability to accurately capture a 

subject’s 3D motion and display any biomechanical 

data associated with that motion. 

Raytheon’s IRT solution uses the MRIdeveloped 

Virtual Tactical Training 

Simulation System (VIRTSIM), which provides 

real-time soldier simulation animation, 

and gives the individual combatant mobility 

and full-body interaction with the simulation. 

With VIRTSIM, the warfighter visualizes 

himself within his surroundings through 

a wireless stereo head-mounted display. 

VIRTSIM scenarios are reconfigurable and 

create strikingly accurate battlespace environments, 

making them far more effective 

than canned video displays projected on a 

wall or CD-ROM-based training on a PC. 

VIRTSIM trainees move, shoot, and interact 

inside a 3D virtual battlespace, during which 

they are stressed both physically and cognitively. 

Stress is achieved by employing audio 

and visually accurate stimuli commonly 

associated with a war zone. For example, AI 

characters (non-combatants and combatants) 

are mixed into scenarios and react appropriately 

to all trainee real-time actions and 

activities based on movements stocked in a 

motion library. The motions of all characters 

are created using Academy Award ® -winning 

motion capture technology to deliver unmatched 

realism. In fact, AI characters are 

capable of speaking in any language, and 

are capable of facial expressions. 

BreakAway is a leading developer of 

entertainment games and game-based 

technology for modeling, simulation, training 

and visualization. By applying the tools 

and technology of the gaming industry to 

the creation of military training, BreakAway 

makes it possible to achieve the promise of 

deployable, immersive, interactive training. 

The BreakAway technology integrated into 

Raytheon’s IRT is mōsbē, a custom simulation 

development platform built from PC 

game technology. The mōsbē platform can 

represent large virtual worlds in 2D and 3D. 

mōsbē employs statistical, effects-based 

models of civilian and military vehicles, 

weapon systems and sensors to simulate 

actions and the resulting effects of symmetric 

and asymmetric combat. 

Derived from strategy game technology 

for mission planning, mōsbē is optimized 

to replicate IED combat scenarios of up 

to 2,500 entities, and allows the training 

audience to focus on decision making, leadership, 

and the command and control of 

tactical operations. 

Within IRT, VIRTSIM and mōsbē are 

connected in a federation to allow a 

coordinated training experience. Federating 

the systems provides each end user with a 

tailored training experience: Individuals and 

squads receive the immersive hands-on IED 

training they need, and company staffs have 

a command-centric interaction with the 

tactical operations. 

On the Forefront 

Simulation and virtual training have proven 

to be a safe and effective way to train military 

personnel — warfighters and staff — in 

a wide range of activities. 

“IRT is cost effective, easily transportable, 

quickly configured, and, most importantly, 

can be tailored to the needs of its training 

audience,” Baggott said. “If a unit has 

been alerted for movement to Kabul this 

technology can be adapted to replicate the 

environment and the combat conditions our 

warfighters must succeed in.” 

For these reasons, the military simulation and 

virtual training market has seen dramatic 

growth in the last decade and is expected 

to grow steadily in the years ahead. And 

Raytheon, with its IRT technology, stands on 

the forefront of this emerging market. • 

Contributor: John Baggott

Raytheon BBN Technologies: Persistent Innovation 

More than 60 years ago, two 

Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology (MIT) acoustics professors 

set up a small, architectural acoustics 

consulting firm in Cambridge, Mass. The 

modest firm’s first commission was an auspicious 

one: design the acoustics for the 

United Nations facilities being built in New 

York City. Requests for consulting work on 

lesser auditoriums followed and the firm 

— called Bolt Beranek and Newman — developed 

a reputation for excellent acoustics. 

Soon the National Advisory Committee for 

Aeronautics (forerunner of NASA) called 

on the firm for urgent help. The noise and 

vibration from a newly deployed jet engine 

were a major nuisance, and calls were 

lighting up switchboards in police and fire 

stations and local government offices. It had 

to be fixed. Seven months later, neighbors 

could not tell when the engine was running, 

and Bolt Beranek and Newman’s reputation 

for acoustic excellence spread. 

Leo Beranek believed that every new 

hire should enhance the firm’s capabilities. 

Because it was so close to Harvard 

University and The Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology, BBN was able to recruit 

employees from the brightest, best-trained 

scientists and engineers, and BBN became 

known as “Cambridge’s third university.” 

The caliber of BBN’s staff, combined with 

its reputation for tackling tough, interesting 

problems, made it the place where smart 

people chose to work. One of the bright 

new employees, J.C.R. Licklider, recommended 

that BBN buy a computer — an 

unusual acquisition in 1958 — but Beranek 

agreed. It was a momentous decision, paving 

the way for BBN’s technology diversity 

and networking expertise. 

Enabling the Internet 

When the Advanced Research Projects 

Agency sent out the request for proposals 

for the ARPANET in the early 1960s, notable 

players in the communications industry 

were skeptical that such a network could 

work. They were even more surprised that 

the significant contract went to a small 

firm in Cambridge rather than to one of 

the communications giants. The notion of 

breaking messages into small packets and 

reassembling them at their destination was 

revolutionary, but with the implementation 

of the first four nodes of the ARPANET, BBN 

proved that not only could it be done, the 

Feature 

idea could also be applied to high-speed 

networks transmitting messages across 

varied routes to dispersed destinations. This 

is the breakthrough idea that enabled the 

Internet as we know it. 

BBN founder Leo Beranek 



Feature BBN Technologies 


Other networking breakthroughs followed 

in rapid succession. During the next decade, 

one of BBN’s scientists, Ray Tomlinson, 

invented network e-mail and established 

the @ sign protocol, creating the digital 

icon for our age. At the same time, BBN 

was already anticipating the security requirements 

of the network technology on 

the horizon and demonstrated the first 

secure traffic sent over a packet-switched 

network and deployed the first IP-based 

network encryption. Other BBN networking 

scientists developed the first routers, and 

demonstrated packet broadcast satellite 

communications over the Atlantic Ocean. 

Now BBN is known for deploying the first 

quantum-encrypted network, advanced 

software in support of the widebandnetwork 

waveform, directional-antenna 

networking technologies and security for 

critical networks, as well as for world-class 

expertise in very large ad hoc wireless 

networks. 

Pioneering Speech and 

Language Processing 

At the same time as the networking pioneers 

were making early advances, other 

BBN scientists were tackling tough language-processing 

problems and performing 

pioneering research in automatic speech 

recognition. By the mid-1980s, BBN had 

developed Byblos, a high-performance, 

continuous speech recognition system. 

Since then, BBN has had many firsts in 

speech and language processing, including 

the first demonstration of real-time, 

large-vocabulary, speaker-independent continuous 

speech recognition on commercial 

off-the-shelf hardware. Current research 

programs continue to advance the state of 

speech recognition technology and deliver 

significant improvements in recognition 

accuracy for speech in different environments 

and in multiple languages, including 

English, Arabic, Mandarin and Spanish. 

Because BBN’s natural language processing 

technologies can locate, identify, and organize 

information from a variety of sources 

and in multiple languages, they have 

enabled successful products such as 


The BBN Broadcast Monitoring System creates a continuous, searchable archive of international 

television and radio broadcasts. The audio stream is automatically transcribed by BBN’s Audio 

Monitoring Component and translated into English with technology from Language Weaver in 

real time. 

the BBN multimedia monitoring system that 

transcribes and translates foreign Web and 

broadcast news in real time, giving U.S. 

analysts an immediate awareness of the 

events and attitudes influencing our world. 

Continuing Acoustics Leadership 

Even as the staff explored new technology 

areas, BBN maintained a leadership position 

in acoustics, frequently combining that 

knowledge with networking expertise

to develop sophisticated sensor systems. 

BBN’s acoustic expertise contributed to our 

nation’s undetectable submarines; now it is 

saving lives in Iraq and Afghanistan though 

the Boomerang shooter detection system 

(see cover photo). 

In addition to continued work in networking 

and speech, BBN is applying its data 

mining expertise to healthcare to predict 

outcomes and spot early warnings of 

disease outbreaks. BBN physicists are developing 

next generation communication, 

sensing, transaction, and computation 

systems using quantum and optical 

techniques. 

As part of Raytheon, BBN looks forward 

to transitioning advanced research in all 

these areas more quickly to the field to 

give our government customers every 

technological advantage. • 

Joyce Kuzmin 

Boomerang 

wearable 

detection 

system 

Raytheon Joins DARPA’s 

Focus Center Research Program 

Feature 

As discussed in several of the articles in this issue, Raytheon is a leader in advanced photonic 

and electronic component technologies that enable new system capabilities. To 

ensure we continue to maintain this technological edge, Raytheon recently joined the 

Focus Center Research Program (FCRP), a major pre-competitive research consortium 

jointly sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the 

Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA). 

As depicted in the figure below, the FCRP consists of six university research centers that 

address all aspects of modern semiconductor materials, devices, circuits, systems and 

applications. The six centers encompass 43 universities and more than 230 faculty members. 

Raytheon joined the FCRP in 2009 as the first representative from the aerospace 

and defense industry. As a member of the FCRP, Raytheon receives royalty-free rights 

to intellectual property generated under the program, gets access to top engineering 

students, and gains early insights into emerging research areas that impact Raytheon 

systems. Raytheon expects to leverage this program to maintain its technology and 

innovation leadership in the aerospace and defense industry. • 

Gigascale Systems 

Research Center 

• Heterogeneous design 

• Soft systems 

• 15 Universities - Princeton (Lead), 

Carnegie Mellon, Columbia, 

Georgia Tech, Harvard. MIT, Stanford, 

UCB, UCLA, UCSB, UCSD, UIUC, 

U. Mass, U. Michigan, U. Penn 

Center for Circuit & 

Systems Solutions 

• Analog/mixed signal 

• Heterogeneous circuits 

• Post-CMOS circuits 

• 13 Universities - 

Carnegie Mellon (Lead), Caltech, 

Columbia, Cornell, MIT, Stanford, 

Texas A&M, UCB, UCLA, UCSD, UIUC, 

U. Michigan, UT Dallas 

Functional Engineered 

Nano-Architectonics 

• Post-CMOS research in nano 

materials/devices 

• 14 Universities - UCLA (Lead), 

Caltech, Columbia, MIT, NC State, 

Northwestern, Purdue, Stanford,UCB, 

UCSB, U. Mass, UC Riverside, UCS, Yale 

Multi-scale 

Systems Multiscale Systems Center 

• Distr. Sense and Control 

• Large & small scale sytems 

Microsystems 

• 10 Universities - UC Berkeley (Lead), 

Caltech, NC State, Rice, Stanford, UCSD 

UIUC, U. Maryland, U. Michigan, USC 

Design 

Hardware/ 

Software 

Platform/ 

Achitecture 

Circuits 

Devices/ 

Interconnect 

Structures 

Materials 

Physics 

Interconnect Focus Center 

• Nano wires 

• Expanded optoelectronics 

• Power 

• Thermal 

• Networking 

• 13 Universities - Georgia Tech (Lead), 

Arizona State, Caltech, Columbia, 

Dartmouth, MIT, RPI, Stanford, 

SUNY Albany, UCB, UCSC, 

U. Florida, UC Riverside, 

Materials, Structures & Devices 

• Ultimate-scale CMOS structures 

• Post-CMOS materials 

• 15 Universities - MIT (Lead), 

Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Penn State, 

Purdue, Stanford, SUNY Albany, 

UCB, UCSD, UIUC, U. Mass, U. Penn, 

UT Austin, UT Dallas 

Focus Center Research Program’s six centers and their university partners 


LEADERS CORNER 

Technology Today recently spoke 

with Kiczuk about his background, 

his responsibilities as CTO, how 

Raytheon’s technology strategy is developed, 

and the roles of research and 

innovation in technology strategy. 

TT: What are your duties as CTO? 

BK: I focus on technology and innovation 

— two cornerstones to Raytheon’s success 

that I am passionate about. I ensure 

Raytheon has an integrated technology 

portfolio that will help us win programs 

near term while positioning the company 

for longer term success. I work with the 

technical directors across the company to 

coordinate technology for our broad range 

of development efforts and we work to 

maintain a long-term strategic technical 

vision for the company. 

I lead Raytheon’s technology leadership 

team, which is responsible for developing 

and executing an integrated technology 

and research strategy. 


Bill Kiczuk 

Vice President, Chief Technology Officer 

Bill Kiczuk is vice president and chief technology officer for Raytheon 

Company. He oversees the development and execution of the integrated 

technology and research vision and strategy for the entire company. 

Kiczuk chairs the company’s technology leadership team, which 

oversees Raytheon’s collective research collaboration and technology 

opportunities. He also represents the company on outside councils 

regarding technology and the defense industry. From 2003–2010, 

he was technical director and director of Strategic Architectures for 

Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems. A 29-year Raytheon veteran, 

Kiczuk has held a variety of engineering, management and technical 

leadership positions. 

TT: What are your initial goals for 

this position? 

BK: We need to strengthen collaboration 

across the company and ensure we 

are integrating our capabilities to provide 

solutions for our customers. We’re doing 

well in this area, but it requires continuous 

focus to ensure we don’t miss opportunities. 

Ultimately, we want to reach a level 

of proactive technology management and 

optimization, where we have a comprehensive 

integrated technology strategy 

that aligns with our business plans and 

ensures our goals are met. 

Key to our integrated technology strategy 

is having an external focus. This not only 

strengthens our technology fabric but also 

incorporates a partnership component 

with our customers, universities and other 

technology sources. 

In the end, it’s about ensuring that we 

think strategically and execute tactically. 

TT: How is the company’s technology 

strategy set? 

BK: We analyze inputs from many perspectives 

and integrate them to form the 

technology strategy. From our customers, 

we seek to understand their needs today 

and in the future. Business development 

and program management leadership help 

us apply a business filter to determine market 

priorities, which technologies in those 

markets will be differentiators and how 

the technologies might evolve to impact 

our business plans. 

We also look for true game-changing technologies 

that could revolutionize the way 

we view a market and impact our business 

plans. We develop an understanding of 

our internal capabilities along with what 

is externally available, identify key milestones 

for each technology and potential 

sources of technology and create a plan 

that addresses how we will mature the key 

technologies. We monitor our progress 

and make appropriate adjustments.

TT: What role does research play in 

Raytheon’s technology strategy? 

BK: Research plays a significant role in 

thinking and planning strategically. We 

need to begin identifying and working on 

technologies, now, that may not find their 

way into systems for the next five or 

10 years. Many of the technologies we 

start today may not ever mature or prove 

viable in the long run. So it’s important 

that we cast a wide net, looking at many 

alternatives, but do it in a low-risk, 

affordable manner. 

This is where we rely more on partnerships 

and consortiums. Partnerships — whether 

with universities, government or industry — 

enable Raytheon to access a much broader 

range of ideas and technologies. In many 

cases, we can add value through complementary 

capabilities or technologies. In all 

cases, we gain valuable insight that helps 

us to understand the state of the art and 

plan for integration of new technologies 

into our products. 

TT: Innovation … How do we knit together 

our people and processes to effectively 

capture it? And/or how do we nurture it? 

BK: It’s critical for Raytheon to maintain its 

innovative culture. This is key to our identity, 

and it’s an enabler for where we want 

to go. From an enterprise perspective, we 

sponsor numerous initiatives ranging from 

the Raytheon Innovation Challenge to the 

IDEA program. We also encourage businessspecific 

initiatives like the Bike Shop in 

Missile Systems and the Office of 

Innovation in Space and Airborne Systems. 

Each initiative encourages innovation in its 

own way, and they have been successful. 

From a corporate perspective, it’s important 

that we encourage these approaches 

while not trying to homogenize to a onesize-fits-all 

approach. These business-specific 

approaches result in diversity of thought 

and unique ideas that we need to cultivate. 

TT: You’ve worked in many parts of the 

company with varying cultures. What have 

you taken away from each place? 

BK: I started with Texas Instruments 

Defense Systems and Electronics Group 

in Dallas, and worked the last six years in 

Integrated Defense Systems, after moving to 

New England. In between, I’ve worked with 

other parts of Raytheon through the years 

on missile systems, avionics, and ground 

systems. This has given me the opportunity 

to see firsthand what makes Raytheon a 

great technology-driven company. Across 

the company, we have a culture of innovation 

and continuous improvement that 

constantly generates new ideas and challenges 

the status quo. We complement this 

with a strong engineering discipline that 

pays attention to details and delivers results 

for our customers. 

Recently I had the opportunity to escort a 

reporter who has done a series of articles 

on aerospace and defense companies, 

including many of our peers. His insight was 

interesting. He conveyed that what stood 

out about Raytheon was the pervasiveness 

of our innovative engineering culture. We 

don’t need to set up special standalone 

organizations to be innovative or to engineer 

high tech products. We do these things 

every day, everywhere. Most importantly, 

we work together to get things done. 

That being said, our company is multinational 

and distributed around the U.S. and 

the world. We do have local cultures, local 

strengths, and unique capabilities across 

the company. This is a good thing; it puts 

a local face on Raytheon and enables us to 

make a difference in communities and work 

more effectively with universities. This gives 

us the diversity in thought and practice we 

need to be strong. 

TT: Having a master’s degree in systems 

engineering and having led IDS’ Strategic 

Architecture Directorate, what are your 

thoughts on these two disciplines? 

BK: I view systems engineering and 

systems architecting as tightly coupled 

disciplines. Systems engineering decomposes 

specific mission needs into a set of 

systems requirements that we then design 

and test to. It provides traceability from 

key performance parameters to design 

features and tests. Systems architecting 

provides for a standard set of solutions 

to a broad range of problems. It also 

provides the ability to explicitly deal with 

ambiguities and unknowns within a well 

defined standard framework. 

Integrating these practices enables 

interoperability and affordability through 

re-use and planned evolution. 

TT: You’ve won some of Raytheon’s 

highest awards during your career. What’s 

your formula for success? 

BK: I’ve been fortunate enough to work 

with a lot of good people on challenging 

projects that I really enjoyed. If you 

are surrounded by good people, and you 

are willing to listen, learn, and contribute 

wherever needed, things generally work 

out for the better. Most important, I 

think, is that in whatever position I held, I 

wanted to make a difference, so I worked 

with the people around me to make 

things successful. • 


onTechnology 

Knowledge Exploitation: 

Connecting the Dots to Enable Information Operations 

Information Operations (IO). 

IO is the integrated use of electronic 

warfare, computer network operations, 

psychological operations, military deception 

and operations security. 1 

IO creates huge amounts of disparate data, 

each piece of which, by itself, may not be 

particularly meaningful. These data must 

be parsed, understood, fused and analyzed 

before a picture that can be acted upon 

can emerge from the disconnected dots. 

Currently, the military can process only 20 

percent of the available sensor data. 2 To realize 

the potential of emerging IO technologies, 

significant improvements in data processing 

and analysis are needed. Knowledge exploitation 

(Kx) is an emerging Raytheon capability 

that addresses these issues. 

Knowledge Exploitation 

Kx integrates elements of four complementary 

technologies: knowledge management 

(KM), information fusion (IF), knowledge 

discovery (KD) and semantic processing. 

Knowledge management addresses the effective 

organization and retrieval of source 

material and data streams. Information 

fusion melds related data to eliminate 

redundancy, reduce uncertainty, provide 

situation awareness, and enable effective 

decision-making and resource allocation. 

Knowledge discovery techniques find nonobvious 

relationships, patterns and trends 

Controlled 

by 

Controlling 

Device 

Has 

Location 

Country 

Exfiltration Malware 

Exploits 

OS 

Is a Exfiltrates 

Malware 

Has 

OS 

Deployed 

on 

Target Device 

Used 

By 

User 

Has 

User 

Data 

User Data 

Figure 1. A partial concept map of the IO 

domain showing terms and relationships 


buried within the mounds of data; and 

semantic processing establishes the meaning 

of data. 3 This article shows how these 

knowledge exploitation technologies can 

be integrated to help “connect the dots” to 

enable IO, with a specific emphasis on semantic 

processing and knowledge discovery. 

Semantic Processing and 

Knowledge Discovery 

IO involves diverse entities such as people, 

computers, networks, software, infrastructure 

and organizations as well as more 

abstract concepts such as effects, vulnerabilities 

and cultural biases. Unlike relational 

databases (RDBs), which are very good for 

storing many instances of similar, wellstructured 

data, semantic processing easily 

captures and manipulates many diverse 

concepts and how they relate to each other. 

Semantic processing is thus well suited to 

represent and manipulate the concepts in 

the IO domain. 

The starting point for capturing knowledge 

in a semantic system is to describe the 

framework of the problem domain; in our 

case, IO. The framework is captured in a 

knowledge model 4 that consists of three 

parts: concepts, relationships and rules. The 

concepts and relationships 5 can be represented 

together as a concept map such as 

that in Figure 1, which depicts a part of the 

IO domain. Here concepts are represented 

as nodes of a graph and their relationships 

as annotated edges. 

Knowledge extractors are used to convert 

information from data sources to specific 

Exploits 

MS Windows 2000 

Version 2.0 

Has 

OS 

Information Systems and Computing 

BScope.Trojan.Palevo.1 

Deployed On 

192.168.1.178 

Used 

By 

Defense 

Contractor 

Has 

User Data 

Figure 2. Concept map of asserted facts for the IO Domain 

instances of the defined concepts and relationships 

in the knowledge model. These 

facts are called assertions. Knowledge extractors 

can operate on sensor data, RDBs, 

Web pages or unstructured text, and they 

allow us to capture a rich set of assertions 

about the IO domain. 

Each assertion specifies a relationship between 

two entities — the subject entity 

and the object entity — which are specific 

instances of the concepts in the knowledge 

model. An assertion can be thought of 

as the node – edge – node construct of a 

graph corresponding to the subject – relationship 

– object data pattern. For example, 

the graph of Figure 2 would be constructed 

from independent observations and would 

consist of specific instances of the concepts 

defined in Figure 1. 

Constructing this graph from individual assertions 

requires us to recognize when two 

instances of an entity, possibly reported by 

different sources, represent the same entity. 

This process, which links individual assertions 

together, is a specific form of information 

fusion 6 called object refinement. Object refinement 

can be implemented by the third 

element of the knowledge model, rules. 

Rules can also be used to infer additional 

facts and patterns in the graph and can 

identify situations that need to be acted 

upon. For example, appropriate rules applied 

to the above graph would reasonably 

generate an alert that country ZZZ could be 

exfiltrating sensitive defense information. 

Exfiltrates 

Document 

1 

Controlled by 

293.219.245.212 

Has 

Location 

Country 

ZZZ

Because we are representing knowledge in 

the form of a graph, we can employ graph 

algorithms, in addition to rules, to discover 

patterns and relationships of interest. 

Many important non-obvious relationships 

often appear as multi-hop links chained 

through several nodes in the graph. Graph 

algorithms can be used to discover these 

graph paths and assert the non-obvious 

relationships between nodes. Our Raytheon 

IIS partners are developing special-purpose 

high-speed graph processes that will enable 

us to efficiently implement knowledgediscovery 

algorithms on huge graphs. 

In addition to the graph representation 

of knowledge, it is also common 

to capture assertions as triples in the 

form subject – relationship – object. The 

Resource Description Framework (RDF), 7 

Web Ontology Language (OWL), 8 and the 

Semantic Protocol and RDF Query Language 

(SPARQL) are semantic Web standards that 

can be used to express a knowledge model 

as triples, enable reasoning to be performed 

by commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) 

reasoning engines, and provide a query/rule 

language for the model. These standards 

enable inferences and rule-based reasoning 

to be done, complementing graph exploitation 

algorithms to discover and infer new 

knowledge. 

RDF triples and knowledge graphs are 

different approaches to knowledge representation. 

Knowledge discovery can 

be done using the representation most 

likely to perform best for a particular 

problem. Current COTS RDF triple stores 

have limited storage capacity and reasoning 

performance. Dedicated, high-speed 

graph processors, such as those under 

development by Raytheon, will provide 

the high-speed reasoning, on huge data 

stores, required to address the IO and similar 

problems. • 

Author: Jean Greenawalt 

Contributors: Don Kretz, Jim Jacobs, John 

Montgomery, John Moon, Tom Chung 

1 Joint Publication 3-13, Information Operations, 13 February 2006. 

2 Al Shaffer, principal deputy director, Defense Research and Engineering. 

3 Semantic processing also establishes common shared meaning, which enables interoperability. 

4 One common form of a knowledge model, called an ontology, uses formal description logic to 

express the semantics of a term. 

5 In general, concepts can have attributes. For example, if the concept is a person, it is useful 

to capture attributes such a name, address, and date of birth. In many applications, it is also 

important to assign attributes to edges, such as the time an observation is valid. 

6 Object refinement recognizes when two or more nodes represent the same entity and combines 

them, eliminating duplicates and reducing uncertainty. Object refinement is also called 

Level 1 fusion in the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) fusion framework. This is the most 

widely accepted model of information fusion. See Revisiting the JDL Data Fusion Model II, 

James Llinas, Christopher Bowman, Galina Rogova, Alan Steinberg, Ed Waltz and Frank White, 

2004, for a discussion of the JDL model and refinements. 

7 See http://www.w3.org/RDF for an overview of RDF. 

8 See http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features for an overview of OWL. 

onTechnology 

Next Generation RF Systems: 

Multifunction Designs to Meet 

Future Warfighter Needs 

To control the evolving battlespace, our 

customers increasingly require systems that 

sense more phenomena; transfer the results 

of the sensing to the decision maker more 

quickly; provide electronic protection; and 

do all this without adding cost, weight or 

power. These factors are driving future 

system designs that must incorporate 

multiple functions. 

Raytheon has a long tradition of providing 

the absolute best in sensor and communication 

systems. These systems, however, were 

optimized for one or two functions, and 

their host platforms were optimized for a 

limited set of missions. The changing nature 

of defense acquisition in the 21st century is 

placing different demands on weapons systems, 

requiring that they support a broad 

Multifunction RF 

set of missions. To meet this requirement, 

platforms must have a broader range of 

sensors and greater communications connectivity. 

Because weight, power, cooling 

and cost constraints prohibit carrying a full 

suite of optimized, federated systems, an 

urgent need has emerged for a new generation 

of radio frequency (RF) systems that 

can support multiple functions. 

Raytheon is already meeting customers’ 

needs for multi-functionality with systems 

like the AN/APG-79 airborne Active 

Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar 

for the Navy’s F/A-18 aircraft, and the SPY-3 

shipboard AESA for the Navy's Zumwaltclass 

destroyer. We are therefore well 

positioned to meet this challenge. 

SPY-3 


AN/APG-79 


Multifunction RF (continued) 


6.875 

7.025 

7.075 

7.125 

MOBILE FIXED 

FIXED 

SATELLITE (E-S) 

MOBILE FIXED SAT (E-S) FIXED 

MOBILE 

FIXED 

7.19 

7.235 

7.25 

7.30 

7.45 

7.55 

7.75 

7.90 

FIXED 

FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (E-S) 

FIXED 

FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE 

SATELLITE (S-E) Fixed 

FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED Mobile Satellite (S-E) 

FIXED 

MET. 

Mobile 

SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED Satellite (S-E) 

FIXED 

Mobile 

SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED 

Satellite (S-E) 

FIXED 

FIXED 

MOBILE 

SATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE (E-S) Fixed 

FIXED EARTH EXPL. 

SATELLITE (E-S) 

FIXED Mobile 

SATELLITE(S-E) 

Satellite (E-S) 

EARTH EXPL. 

FIXED 

MET. Mobile 

SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE 

SAT. (S-E) 

Satellite (E-S) 

(E-S) 

(E-S) (no airborne) 

EARTH EXPL. FIXED 

Mobile Satellite 

SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE FIXED 

(E-S) 

(E-S)(no airborne) 

FIXED 

SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) 

(deep space only) 

SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) 

FIXED 

One needs to look no further than the FCC 

frequency allocation chart, Figure 1 (next 

page), to appreciate the diversity of RF functions 

that exist within a limited frequency 

range. These functions can be classified into 

groups as passive sensing, active sensing 

and communications. Each group places 

similar but different requirements on RF 

performance. Key performance characteristics 

common to all three groups include 

tunable frequency range, instantaneous 

bandwidth, dynamic range, effective radiated 

power, modulation diversity and linear 

transmit operation. Raytheon’s next generation 

of systems must provide a balanced 

combination of these capabilities to enable 

multifunction operation. 

Passive sensing functions include radar 

warning, electronic support measures and 

signals intelligence, plus others. These systems 

require sensitivity over a wide tunable 

frequency range to detect signals of interest; 

wide instantaneous bandwidth to capture 

wide-band signals; and large 

dynamic range to detect weak and 

strong signals. 

Active sensing functions include radar and 

jamming, plus others. Radar systems require 

a wide tunable frequency range to operate 

without interference (and comply with international 

frequency allocation standards), 

wide instantaneous bandwidth to provide 

high-resolution target identification, large 

dynamic range to detect targets in the 


8.025 

8.175 

8.215 

8.4 

8.45 

8.5 

9.0 

9.2 

9.3 

9.5 

RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation 

AERONAUTICAL 

RADIONAVIGATION 

Radiolocation 

MARITIME 


Radiolocation 


Meteorological 

Aids 

Radiolocation 


10.0 

10.45 

10.5 

10.55 

10.6 

10.68 

Radiolocation Amateur 

Amateur 

Amateur 

Satellite 

RADIOLOCATION 

FIXED 

EARTH EXPL. RADIO 

SAT. (Passive) ASTRONOMY 

FIXED 

SPACE 

EARTH EXPL. 

RESEARCH (Passive) SATELLITE (Passive) 

RADIO- 

LOCATION 

Radiolocation 

SPACE RESEARCH 

(Passive) 

RADIO 

ASTRONOMY 

10.7 

FIXED 

SATELLITE 

(S-E) 

FIXED 

FIXED 

SATELLITE 

(S-E) 

Mobile ** 

presence of clutter (and interference), effective 

radiated power to meet the range 

requirement, and programmable waveform 

modulations tailored to the target 

characteristics being sensed to maximize 

target detection. Jamming systems are also 

designed for a wide tunable frequency 

range, but to interfere with targeted systems. 

Jamming also requires adjustable 

instantaneous bandwidth and waveform 

modulations to optimize the effect on threat 

systems, and sufficient effective radiated 

power to neutralize the threat system. 

Communications systems include a variety 

of one- and two-way links for networking 

and sharing information. These systems require 

frequency agility for spread-spectrum 

waveforms to operate in authorized communications 

bands, instantaneous bandwidth 

and programmable modulations to satisfy 

waveform requirements, sufficient dynamic 

range to receive signals in the presence of 

strong interference, and sufficient power to 

complete the link and achieve the required 

availability. In addition, communications 

systems have two unique requirements that 

are more stringent than those of other radio 

frequency capabilities. The first mandates 

isolation between transmit and receive 

during simultaneous transmit-receive (full 

duplex) operation. This is facilitated by having 

orthogonally polarized transmit and 

receive antennas or having separate transmit 

and receive frequency band allocations. The 

second requirement is for high-efficiency, 

11.7 

12.2 

F I X E D 

BROADCASTING 

SATELLITE 

FIXED 

SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE 

FIXED 

12.75 

SPACE 

FIXED 

RESEARCH (S-E) SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED 

(Deep Space) (E-S) 

13.25 

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. Space Research (E-S) 

13.4 

Standard 

RADIO- 

Radio- 

Freq. and 

LOCATION 

location 

Time Signal RADIO- FIXED Radio- 13.75 

Satellite (E-S) LOCATION SAT.(E-S) location 14.0 

Space RADIO 

FIXED Land Mobile 

Research NAVIGATION SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S) 

14.2 

F I X E D Land Mobile 

Mobile** SATELLITE (E-S) Satellite (E-S) 

FIXED Land Mobile 14.4 

Fixed Mobile SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S) 14.47 

Fixed Mobile FX SAT.(E-S) L M Sat(E-S) 

14.5 

FIXED 

Mobile Space Research 

14.7145 

MOBILE 

Fixed 

Space Research 

15.1365 

FIXED 

Mobile Space Research 

15.35 

RADIO ASTRONOMY 

SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPL. SAT. 

(Passive) 

(Passive) 

15.4 

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 

15.43 

AERO RADIONAV FIXED SAT (E-S) 

15.63 

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 

15.7 

RADIOLOCATION 

Radiolocation 

16.6 

RADIOLOCATION Space Res.(act.) Radiolocation 

17.1 


17.2 

Earth Expl Sat Space Res. RADIOLOC. Radioloc. 

17.3 

BCST SAT. FX SAT (E-S) Radiolocation 

17.7 

FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) F I X E D 

17.8 

Figure 1. Communications, surveillance and radar functions are present within the tunable range of a Strawman 7-17 GHz multifunction radio 

frequency system. 

12.7 

Space 

Research 

linear transmit operation, which is used 

to support the communications waveform 

modulations. 

Raytheon is already delivering many multifunction 

RF systems. Limitations of today’s 

technologies often require compromises 

in the functionality and performance of 

secondary RF functions. Raytheon is working 

on technologies to eliminate those 

compromises. Two breakthrough technologies 

include Ultra-Wideband (UWB) 

Samplers and Ultra-Short Pulse Laser-Based 

Frequency Sources. The UWB sampler 

enables the instantaneous bandwidth and 

dynamic range to be tuned to the function 

via software. The Laser-Based frequency 

source provides an ultra-pure, ultra-stable 

reference for waveform synthesis and coordination. 

Raytheon’s future systems are 

being designed with the architecture and 

technologies to give the best in multifunction 

capability. 

Our customers need the next generation 

of radio frequency systems to support 

passive sensing, active sensing and communications; 

with the minimum number of 

apertures and back-end electronics units; 

and at an affordable price. By considering 

the customer’s needs up front, Raytheon 

will provide RF systems that meet all of the 

performance needs of the warfighter, and 

do so affordably. • 

Eric Boe

www.MathMovesU.com 

© 2010 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. 

“Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company. 

MathMovesU is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company. 

MATHCOUNTS is a registered trademark of the MATHCOUNTS Foundation. 

Supporting Math and Science Education 

When can long division lead to lunar 

exploration? When MathMovesU ® 

. 

Raytheon believes when students are engaged and inspired by math and science, 

anything is possible. That’s why we created the MathMovesU ® 

national initiative. 

It takes math and science to fun, exciting and innovative places: like having kids 

engineer their own thrills through a new Raytheon experience at INNOVENTIONS at Epcot ® 

at the Walt 

Disney World ® 

Resort; compete with peers in the Raytheon MATHCOUNTS ® 

National Competition; use math 

to talk football with the New England Patriots; or explore a range of interactive activities on www.mathmovesu.com. It’s all 

part of our mission to inspire today’s students to be tomorrow’s leaders.

Events 

2009 Excellence in 

Engineering and Technology Awards 

The Raytheon Excellence in Engineering and Technology (EiET) Awards took place at The Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in 

Washington, D.C., in March. The awards are Raytheon’s highest technical honor. They recognize individuals and teams whose innovations, 

processes or products have or will have a substantial impact on the company’s success, and the success of Raytheon customers. 

The award recipients comprised 17 team and five individual examples of excellence, hailing from every business — including four “One 

Company” awards and an Information Technology award. In all, 97 people were honored. 

Retired Gen. John R. Dailey, director of the National Air and Space Museum, kicked off the program by welcoming the nearly 200 attendees 

to the museum. He also commented on the shared goals of Raytheon and the museum to inspire a new generation toward careers in science, 

technology, engineering and math. 

In his opening remarks, Mark E. Russell, Raytheon vice president of corporate Engineering, Technology and Mission Assurance, thanked and 

congratulated the evening’s award recipients. “You are our modern-day innovators; you add to our company’s history of innovation; and 

you make me proud to be a Raytheon engineer.” 

After dinner, Raytheon Chairman and CEO William H. Swanson congratulated the honorees for their tremendous efforts on behalf of 

Raytheon and its customers. Swanson was joined on stage by Russell and business leadership as master of ceremonies Mike Doble, Raytheon 

director of Strategic Communications, read the award citations and called each honoree up to be personally congratulated. 

Raytheon congratulates all recipients of the 2009 Excellence in Engineering and Technology Awards. 

2009 Raytheon Excellence in Engineering and Technology Award Winners 

ONE COMPANY AWARDS 

Advanced Technology Program Team 

John Abraham (RMS), G. C. Fisher (SAS), Kenneth Gautreau (RMS), 

James Jennings (SAS), Leonard (Lee) Leonard (SAS), Cesar Melendez (RMS), 

Daniel Urbanski (RMS), 

For working across business and geographical boundaries to develop 

next-generation hardware and execute comprehensive integration and 

test plans. 

Mini-RF Design Team 

David Baker (RMS), Mark Brackenbury (SAS), David Canich (RMS), Larry Lai 

(SAS), Kwan Ying Muramoto (SAS), Richard Taylor (RMS), Allen Wang (SAS) 

For leading the effort to design, build, test and deliver two space 

payloads within 30 months of the contract award. 


Radar and Sensing Enterprise Campaign Team 

Harry Birrell (NCS), Matthew Lambert (IDS), Thomas Miller (SAS), 

Alan Moore (NCS), John Olsen (NCS), Angelo Puzella (IDS), 

James Roche (IDS), Michael Sarcione (IDS) 

For developing and demonstrating a set of common sensing 

technologies to grow Raytheon’s competitive position in core radio 

frequency sensing markets. 

RayShield Team 

Jeff Brown (Corp.), Randy Jennings (IIS), Jesse Lee (IIS), Monty McDougal (IIS), 

Matthew Richard (Corp.), Michael Simms (IIS), William Sterns (IIS) 

For developing an industry-leading solution that will be enormously 

important to Raytheon and its customers in the area of information 

security.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 

Raytheon Computer Emergency Response Team (RayCERT) 

Joseph Bell, Joshua Douglas, Christina Fowler, Joshua Ray, Peter Tran 

For developing an innovative, industry-leading approach to minimize 

the risk and impact of cyberattackers on providers of national critical 

infrastructure. 

INTEGRATED DEFENSE SYSTEMS 

Individual Award 

Michael Borkowski 

For developing revolutionary architectures leading to a family of GaN 

MMIC module solutions that maximize the radiated energy while 

minimizing the size and cost of the system. 

Battlespace Command and Control Center Range Operations 

(BC3-RO) Integration Team 

Robert Harris, Brian Keeton, Steven Lee, Boris Rasputnis, Scott Summers 

For developing a solution that solidifies Raytheon Solipsys as the 

leading provider of range command and control (C2) solutions. 

Nanocomposite Optical Ceramic (NCOC) Team 

Richard Gentilman, Todd Gattuso, Christopher Nordahl, Stephanie Silberstein, 

Brian Zelinski (RMS) 

For demonstrating the first major breakthrough in mid-wave infrared 

(MWIR) missile dome and window materials in more than 30 years. 

INTELLIGENCE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 


Clayton Davis 

For developing and executing a means to accurately geo-locate and 

navigate in underground environments for long time periods using 

magnetic signals. 

Crew Communications Team 

Leonard DiBacco, Ronald Harvey, Raymond (Al) Magon, John Masiyowski, 

Michael McCann 

For developing a multiple security level, net-centric real-time voice 

communication system designed to support Intelligence, Surveillance 

and Reconnaissance missions. 

NETWORK CENTRIC SYSTEMS 


Thomas Young 

For being the key technical innovator for Network Centric Systems’ new 

software-defined radio mobile communications capability. 

Close Combat Tactical Radar Product Line Design Team 

John Carpenter, Thomas Leise, Patric McGuire, John Reed, David Steinbauer 

For designing a product hardware, firmware and software architecture 

that exhibits architectural robustness in terms of scalability, testability 

and reusability. 

DragonFire MXF-4039 Radio Team 

Mark Gloudemans, Alan Ly, David Mizicko, David Mussmann, Tyler Ulinskas 

For developing and implementing RAYMANET®, the technology 

solution that led directly to the DragonFire contract to supply radios 

to key customers. 

Events 

RAYTHEON MISSILE SYSTEMS 


Don E. Wilson 

For being one of Raytheon’s leaders in the areas of software engineering 

and processing technologies. 

EKV Guidance, Navigation and Control Team 

Michael Barker, David Cohen, Daniel Heacock, James Lewis, Alexander Murphy 

For developing an approach that fuses Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle 

(EKV) sensors to improve the hit-to-kill capability of Missile Defense 

ground-based interceptors. 

SM-3 Encryption Design Team 

Andrew Fullerton, William Geller, Kari Lynn Hanson, Datasha Holland, Erik Larson 

For completing an NSA certification within two years, allowing the 

Standard Missile-3 (SM-3) Block IB to meet a tight testing schedule. 

RAYTHEON SYSTEMS LIMITED 

ASTOR Design Authority Transition Team 

John Christopher Coady, Barry Martin Lowe, Colin Tebb 

For achieving U.K.-approved Design Authority status for RSL for the 

Airborne Stand-Off Radar system, including the Sentinel aircraft. 

RAYTHEON TECHNICAL SERVICES COMPANY 

K3 Surveillance Effort Team 

Ronald Brown, Lisa Eagleson-Roever, Douglas Jankovich, Robert Perisho, Dan Surber 

For providing a comprehensive surveillance solution within six months 

to the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA). 

SPACE AND AIRBORNE SYSTEMS 


Howard Nussbaum 

For developing an architecture for the AN/APG-79 radar receiver/exciter 

(REX) subsystem and the receiver/exciter integrated development 

environment (RIDE). 

AAS Development Team 

David Fittz, Lori Hecker, Charles Livingston, Peter Mahre, William Weaver 

For leading the technical concept design for a low-risk, innovative 

solution to the U.S. Navy’s next-generation advanced airborne sensor. 

ARTEMIS Responsive Space Team 

Christopher Chovit, Dave Makowski, Michael Menendez, Robert Patterson, John Silny 

For quickly and cost-effectively building an advanced hyperspectral 

imaging space payload. 

Secure Scalable Processor Team 

Drew Davidoff, Lisa Go, Steven Kirsch, Esther Lee, Spencer White 

For developing an advanced capability in airborne processing by 

implementing an open, yet secure architecture while achieving high 

performance in a constrained volume. 


Events 


2010 Mission Assurance Forum 

The Sum of Our Commitment 

The fifth Raytheon Mission Assurance 

Forum was held April 26–28 in Lake Buena 

Vista, Fla., at Disney’s Contemporary Resort. 

Organized around the theme “The Sum of Our 

Commitment,” the forum brought together 

more than 500 Raytheon employees, leaders, 

customers and industry partners to reinforce our 

definition of Mission Assurance. 

The forum integrated the Raytheon Six 

Sigma Awards and Excellence in 

Operations and Quality (EiOQ) Awards into 

the program. These evening events recognized 

achievement in productivity, process excellence 

and Mission Assurance. 

Forum attendees also developed an understanding 

of Raytheon’s relationship with Disney 

and the attraction — Sum of all Thrills at 

INNOVENTIONS at Epcot ® at the Walt Disney 

World ® Resort. As part of the program, attendees 

had the opportunity to visit the ride and 

experience the thrills first-hand. 

Mark Russell, vice president of Engineering, 

Technology and Mission Assurance, kicked off 

the general session with a video highlighting 

what Mission Assurance means to our people. 

“We deliver customer success every day with 

Mission Assurance and by practicing its five core 

principles ... These are crucial to ensuring that 

Raytheon products, solutions and systems work 

as intended — the first time, every time,” said 

Russell. “But as you know, it is our people and 

the total commitment of all 75,000 of them that 

makes us so powerful.” 

Keynotes from the Customer Community 

and Raytheon Leadership 

Attendees heard about the importance of 

Mission Assurance during keynote addresses 

from: 

• Bryan O’Connor, chief, Safety and Mission 

Assurance, NASA 

• Rick Yuse, president, Space and Airborne 

Systems (SAS) 

• Dave Wajsgras, chief financial officer 

• Scott Milligan, SPHR facilitator, 

Disney Institute 

• General Charles R. Holland, USAF (Ret.) 

Breakout Presentations, Panel Discussions 

and Exhibits 

Participants were able to choose from 10 

informative breakout presentations where 

they learned about best practices from dayto-day 

practitioners of Mission Assurance. An 

Engineering vice presidents’ panel, moderated 

by Bill Luhrs, allowed attendees to gain a better 

understanding of Mission Assurance and what it 

means to the work we do every day. The panel 

discussed some of the biggest challenges we 

face with achieving Mission Assurance, as well 

as key commitments needed as a team. Exhibits 

with a wealth of information related to Mission 

Assurance lined the outside of the general and 

breakout session rooms. Displays featuring 

project team achievements provided the opportunity 

for attendees to ask questions and hear 

project highlights. •

Events 

Raytheon Six Sigma Awards: 

Best in Business and Best in Class 

The achievements of Raytheon Six Sigma teams across the company were recognized April 26 at 

an awards dinner during the 2010 Mission Assurance Forum. Raytheon leaders, Raytheon Six Sigma 

Experts, honorees, customers and guests gathered for the event at Disney’s Contemporary Resort. 

Two types of awards were bestowed during the dinner: the Raytheon Six Sigma President’s Award 

and the Raytheon Six Sigma CEO Award. Both, among the company’s highest honors, recognize 

projects that have delivered substantial and measurable results and impact for Raytheon’s businesses, 

customers and suppliers. 

Fourteen teams were selected as recipients of the President’s Award, receiving the designation of 

“Best in Business.” Among these teams, six were recognized at the end of the night with the prestigious 

Raytheon Six Sigma CEO Award — for projects that Chairman and CEO William H. Swanson 

selected as “Best in Class” in a specific focus area. The awards-selection criteria included being proactive 

and predictive; supporting the front end of business; thinking out of the box to be innovative; 

working closely with Supply Chain; and being a catalyst for productivity and growth. • 

2009 Raytheon Six Sigma Award Winning Teams 

IDS UAE Patriot Rolling Wave Improvement Team 

Jacqueline Bourgeois, Charles Spengler, Alex Umansky, James Webster, Daniel Zwillinger 

IDS Patriot Pure Fleet Eliminate Single Point of Failure Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice 

Jo-Ann Basso, Cheryl Drake, James Hackendorf, Daniel Lafratta, David Sauer 

IIS Goldfinch Improvement Project Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice 

Scott Derflinger, Guy Dubois, Elaine Nantz, Dick Perron, Royal White 

IIS Mission Analysis and MSI SE Capability Team 

Karen Casey, Rita Hurst, Craig Korth, David Rhodes, Phil Sementilli 

NCS P274 Workstation Host Streamlining Team 

Capt. Sofiane Abadlia, James Anderson, Larry Hoffsetz, Maj. Amine Lassoued 

NCS Engineering Maturing Apple Technology Team 

Michael Benoit, Steven Collins, Amanda Kirchner, Robert O’Shea, Megan Tremer 

NCS Common Crypto Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice 

Dick Arend, Larry Finger, John Legowski, Jeff Miller, Rob Norwalk 

RMS EKV Organizational Effectiveness Team 

Bryan Lovitt, Kevin McCombs, Roya Montakhab, David Mueller, Robert Nussmeier 

RMS SM-2 Yield Improvement Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice 

Matthew Axford, Michael Beylor, Lew Blum, Kent Bortz, Patricia Moshe 

RTSC Southwest Asia Market Growth Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice 

Angela Anthony, Eugene Beauvais, Kip Matthias, Chase Mohler, Lyle Richardson 

RTSC Fuel Drum Caching in the Antarctic Team 

Lisa Gacioch, Julie Grundberg, Alex Morris, David Pettengill, William Turnbull 

SAS ALR-67 Extended Value Stream Capacity Improvement Team CEO Award Winner: CEO‘s Choice 

Suzanne Brayton, Ian David Brough, Arthur John Fowler, Denise Meredith, John Stephens 

SAS B-2 RMP SDD Right Eyes On Target Supplier Improvement Team 

Julie Ahamad, Jason Bays, Charnette Humphrey, Denise Meredith, Ben Mitchell 

Corporate ACES Team 

Manny Barros, Jeffrey Downs, Walter Geary, Joseph Morris, Michael Sirois 


Events 

2009 Excellence in Operations and Quality Awards 

Disney’s Contemporary Resort in Lake 

Buena Vista, Fla., was the setting for the 

2009 Excellence in Operations and Quality 

(EiOQ) Awards dinner. 

One of Raytheon’s highest honors, the EiOQ 

award recognizes those who demonstrate 

a constant pursuit of excellence, dedicated 

leadership and a commitment to customers 

2009 Raytheon EiOQ Award Winners 


by providing the best solutions. In all, 19 

teams and one individual were honored. 

Mark Russell, vice president of Raytheon 

Engineering, Technology and Mission 

Assurance, acknowledged a total of 96 

award recipients for their achievements. 

Each recipient contributed to Raytheon’s 

growth by helping ensure our customers’ 

mission success. 

Integrated Defense Systems 

Core Energy Team Energy Conservation Award 

Michael Baginski, David Chamberlain, Tracy Fialli, Kevin Sheehan, Elizabeth Welch 

Antenna Element Pull System Team 

Carl Carucci, Gary Knox, Cynthia Kyslowsky, Eileen Leung, Yuliya Rovner 

Visual Controls Initiative Team 

Arun Bhatia, Janet Groebe, Gary Marinelli, Purvesh Thakker, Collin Ward 

Intelligence and Information Systems 

Mission Experience Library Team AKT Award 

Esther Harvey, Craig Korth, Richard Smerker, Robyn Schaub, Frederick Sutton 

GPS-OCX Compass Eyes Demonstration Team 

Adam Fisher, Michael Highfill, Kent Jones, Sarah Law, Jared Stallings 

State College Building Consolidation Team 

Tracy Getz, Jason Killam, Jason Moore, Mark Scott, Julie Voorhees 

Missile Systems 

CMMI® Level 5+ IPPD High-Maturity Implementation Team AKT Award 

Debra Herrera, Thomas Lienhard, Stephen Ross, Christopher Sisemore, 

Christopher Toal 

Predictive Supplier Performance Improvement Process and Tools AKT Award 

Carrie Mauck, Kevin McDonald, William Messina, Ted Naone, Edmundo Samaniego 

Falcon Dashboard and Scorecard Team 

Jesse Crowley, James Irish, Trindy Leforge, Kristyn Stewart, Mark Westergaard 

3R Team 

Bridget Bonner, Lemond Dixon, Sarah Galbraith, Stephanie Kendrick, Nathan Tenney 

Tomahawk Production Acceleration Team 

Steven Carstens, Carol Conrad, Jim Healy, Albert Liguori, Paula Wilson 

“Tonight’s honorees have demonstrated 

leadership, improved performance and provided 

Mission Assurance,” said Russell. “It 

takes all of us working together, applying 

and expanding our domain knowledge, and 

being accountable to deliver the solutions 

our customers need to complete 

their missions.” 

Network Centric Systems 

ITAS Program Production Challenge Team 

Kenneth Cunningham, Douglas Davis, Edmundo Rodriguez, Igor Silver, 

Pamela Tignor 

RMI Product Improvement Meets Spec Team 

Randolph Holtgrefe, Michael Mikasa, Larry Mollett,Gary Sackett, David Stephens 

Raytheon Systems Limited 

Interrogator Radar Systems Process Improvement 

Matthew Jupp 

Raytheon Technical Services 

Ideas Are Free Team AKT Award 

Normand Dunlap, Michele Orman, Keith Taylor, Michael Terry, Curtis White 

Kirkuk ATII Design Team 

James Athey, Joseph Champlain, Philip Corrow, Aleksandr Danilenko, 

Ed Schlossberg 

Space and Airborne Systems 

CalTex PRISM Knowledge Sharing Team AKT Award 

Cedric Cleveland, Sarah Federick, Barry Jones, Randall Weston, Adrienne Willis 

HTM4 Mk 3 Transition to Production Team 

Dan Booth, Wayne Bowen, Joshua Lamb, Peter McDowell, Vincent Turner 

Ops/SCM Waste Reduction Team 

Ruben Carrasco, Sandra Holliday, Kenneth Lannin, Uy Ngu, Doug Toby 

Remove and Replace Business Process Improvement Team 

Daniel Chavez, Sheryl Kilgore, Christopher Mitchell, Rene Smith, Jesus Subia

The recipients represented all six businesses 

as well as Raytheon Systems Limited. Five 

Accelerating Knowledge Transfer (AKT) 

awards were given for projects that extended 

improvements across multiple 

Raytheon businesses, as well as an award 

for energy reduction efforts. 

The winning teams were joined by their 

guests, customers, members of the 

Raytheon leadership team, members of 

the ET&MA leadership team, and 

Operations and Performance Excellence 

Council members. 

Message of Commitment Highlighted 

Excellence in Operations and Quality is 

crucial to enabling Mission Assurance. The 

theme of the forum, “The Sum of Our 

Commitment,” reminds us that it is part 

of Raytheon’s personal and collective commitment 

to ensure no doubt in all of our 

products and services. 

“Walt Disney had a lot to say about 

teamwork and persistence,” said Russell. 

“Whatever we accomplish is due to combined 

effort. The organization must be 

with you, or you don’t get it done.” 

The evening concluded with award 

recipients coming on stage to receive 

recognition and congratulations from 

Russell and the business leaders. • 

Raytheon Recognizes Its Newest 

Certified Architects 

People 

Raytheon honored 38 newly certified architects at a special recognition dinner in held in 

April at the Boston Harbor Hotel. The employees were recognized as Raytheon Certified 

Architects after completing the multiyear Raytheon Certified Architect Program (RCAP). 

The RCAP program requirements include: training on architecture standards within the 

Raytheon Enterprise Architecture Process; external architecture certifications, leadership and 

communication skills; architecting practitioner experience; system life-cycle experience; and 

contributions to the architecture discipline. Certified architects must also pass an examination 

before the Raytheon Architecture Review Board. 

The program was established in 2004 to ensure Raytheon develops architectures that support 

customer mission success, facilitate interoperability between highly complex systems 

and foster the expertise required for Raytheon to excel as a Mission Systems Integrator. As 

of April 2010, Raytheon had certified 149 architects across the company — well exceeding 

the program’s initial goal of 100. 

In February 2009, RCAP achieved accreditation from The Open Group, an international 

vendor- and technology-neutral consortium focused on open standards and global interoperability 

within and between enterprises. Raytheon is the fourth company in the world and 

first in the aerospace and defense industry to receive this recognition. • 

Raytheon 2009 Certified Architect Graduates 

Ken Block IDS Sudbury, Mass. 

Stephen Gaul IDS Portsmouth, R.I. 

Steven Labitt IDS Sudbury, Mass. 

Donald Larson IDS Portsmouth, R.I. 

Randy Smith IDS Huntsville, Ala. 

Edward Taylor IDS Tewksbury, Mass. 

Bruce Bohannan IIS Aurora, Colo. 

Gorman Findley IIS State College, Pa. 

Mike Forsman IIS Garland, Texas 

John Garnett IIS State College, Pa. 

Daniel Gleason IIS Aurora, Colo. 

Dale Hargrave IIS Aurora, Colo. 

Wayne O’Brien IIS Falls Church, Va. 

Bob Peterson IT-IIS Garland, Texas 

Gary Route IIS Aurora, Colo. 

Cary Sutton IIS Omaha, Neb. 

David Younkin IIS Aurora, Colo. 

Jim Booher NCS Fullerton, Calif. 

Mario D’Amico NCS Marlborough, Mass. 

Paula Moss NCS Fort Wayne, Ind. 

John Schlundt NCS Fort Wayne, Ind. 

David Bossert RMS Tucson, Ariz. 

Steven Greene RMS Tucson, Ariz. 

Louisa Guise RMS Tucson, Ariz. 

Dennis Hart RMS Tucson, Ariz. 

Andrew Hinsdale RMS Tucson, Ariz. 

Jay Stern RMS Tucson, Ariz. 

Stephen Thelin RMS Tucson, Ariz. 

Thomas Bergman RTSC Indianapolis, Ind. 

Timothy Bretz RTSC Indianapolis, Ind. 

Todd Patel RTSC Indianapolis, Ind. 

Glen Davis SAS Goleta, Calif. 

Gary Lindgren SAS El Segundo, Calif. 

Jeanette Lurier SAS El Segundo, Calif. 

Bruce Munro SAS Plano, Texas 

Kevin Sullivan SAS Goleta, Calif. 

Michelle White-Heon SAS McKinney, Texas 

Brian Wells Corp Waltham, Mass. 


Special Interest 

To Preserve and Protect: 

Ultrathin Environmental and Electroactive Polymer Coatings 

Many Raytheon electronic components 

and systems must survive 

harsh environmental conditions 

for long periods. Environmental conditions 

such as humidity, bias, temperature 

cycling, and ionic contamination can cause 

de-lamination and migration of the metallic 

interconnects. In an effort to reduce or 

eliminate this type of damage, Raytheon is 

investigating the use of GVD Corporation’s 

polytetrafluoroethylene coating (PTFE, also 

known as Teflon ® ) as an alternative candidate 

for the board-level environmental 

protection of active electronically scanned 

arrays (AESA). 

Conventional Wet Coatings—Challenges 

Applications ranging from aerospace structures 

to radio frequency (RF) electronics to 

microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) require 

ultrathin polymer coatings tailored to 

meet customer needs. Commonly used wetcoating 

methods are often complicated by 

the need to blend in and then remove solvents 

to ensure proper coating uniformity. 

Solvent purchase, processing, extraction, 

and disposal add to manufacturing costs 

and/or production time. 

Coatings with uniform thickness may be difficult 

to achieve with many wet processes, 

especially when very thin coatings are 

needed. Further, solvent-substrate incompatibility 

may damage the part being coated 

or prevent adequate wetting; the latter also 

contributes to poor coating uniformity. 

Coating of nano- or micron-scale surface 

roughness is required in many emerging 

applications (e.g., some flat-screen televisions 

have tiny moving mirrors that require 

a lubricating coating). But wet processes are 

often not adequate to achieve the required 

coating coverage, consistency, smoothness 

and thickness. Non-uniformity is exacerbated 

when the part being coated has a 

complex topology. In many cases, small 

features (microns or below) are obscured 

or overcoated when the solvent is driven 

off. Further, on drying, the strong liquid surface 

tension forces of wet coatings tend to 

cause small particles (e.g., carbon nanotubes, 


ceramic fillers) to aggregate, producing incomplete 

or uneven coverage. Hence, there is a 

great need for an all-dry, low-cost approach to 

depositing functional polymer coatings. 

GVD Corporation’s Novel, Vapor- 

Deposited Coatings 

To address this need, GVD Corporation 

provides the Exilis line of ultrathin, solvent-free 

polymer coatings. Exilis coatings 

are based on novel chemical vapor deposition 

(CVD) technologies developed at the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology by 

Prof. Karen Gleason. 

These technologies accommodate a wide 

range of off-the-shelf monomers and precursors, 

and parts being coated need not 

have any special surface chemistry. Exilis 

coatings can be used in applications requiring 

environmental protection (circuit 

boards), RF transparency (radomes), optical 

transparency (lenses, displays), lubrication 

or release (composite molding tools), antistiction 

(MEMs), or electrical conductivity 

(electromagnetic interference [EMI] shielding, 

resistive heating, energy storage). 

Raytheon has applications in almost all of 

these areas. 

GVD currently produces coatings based 

on intrinsically conductive polymers (e.g., 

PEDOT [Polyethylenedioxythiophene], a 

polythiophene), silicones, and PTFE. PTFE is 

a widely used polymer with unique properties, 

including a tendency to repel water, 

a non-stick surface that minimizes friction, 

and unsurpassed chemical resistance. 

Ultrathin, Conformal Coatings 

Exilis coating thicknesses in the 25 nanometer 

to 10 micron range are typical. 

Deposition rates of up to 1 micron/minute 

or more are achievable for coatings based 

on PTFE, GVD’s most mature product offering. 

Exilis PTFE coatings are ready to use 

right after deposition; no post-processing 

(drying, curing) is required. GVD’s coatings 

are highly conformal to simple substrates 

and those with complex topologies, including 

molds, nanoparticles, foams, 

membranes and nanofibers (see figure). 

GVD Corporation deposits conformal, 

“shrink-wrap” coatings of ultrathin polymers 

onto substrates that have complex 

topologies. For example, open-cell foam 

coated with GVD’s Exilis electrically conductive 

polymer is shown here. GVD’s vapor 

deposition coating process preserves the 

foam’s open-cell structure. 

For example, when an Exilis polymer coating 

is to be deposited on a porous substrate, 

the reactive monomer vapors infiltrate the 

substrate’s pores, forming a thin polymer 

coating on contact and “shrink-wrapping” 

the porous structure. The open porosity 

of the substrate is thus preserved. Indeed, 

uniform “shrink-wrapping” of geometries 

as small as individual carbon nanotubes has 

been demonstrated. 

Raytheon’s Potential Use of GVD Coatings 

When fully populated, Raytheon’s AESA 

panel array boards have 128 TR channels. 

GVD’s coating process facilitates lower-cost, 

near-room-temperature, conformal coating 

of the entire panel array board with proper 

masking. GVD’s process is so gentle that 

even facial tissue can be coated. 

Exilis coatings show significant promise in 

protecting Raytheon components, such as 

those in AESAs, that are subjected to harsh 

environments. For example, Exilis coatings 

may effectively shield circuit boards 

from corrosive salt water. These coatings 

(1012 – 1013 Ω resistance range) have 

survived under physiological saline soak 

and DC electrical bias for greater than four 

years. No coating cracks, pinholes or other 

failure manifestations have developed over 

this time period. For AESAs, the GVD coating 

can be tailored to provide exceptional 

dielectric performance as well as superior 

moisture barrier properties. Raytheon IDS 

is currently verifying the performance GVD 

coatings against required metrics. • 

Erik S. Handy, Ph.D., 

GVD Corporation, Cambridge, Mass.

U.S. Patents 

Issued to Raytheon 

At Raytheon, we encourage people to work on 

technological challenges that keep America 

strong and develop innovative commercial 

products. Part of that process is identifying and 

protecting our intellectual property. Once again, 

the U.S. Patent Office has recognized our 

engineers and technologists for their contributions 

in their fields of interest. We compliment 

our inventors who were awarded patents 

from January through June 2010. 

PURNACHANDRA R. GOGINENI 

MARTIN A. KEBSCHULL 

JEFFREY H. KOESSLER 

JUAN A. PEREZ 

JOHN PARINE 

7642492 Single-axis fin deployment system 

EMERALD J. ADAIR 

GRAY FOWLER 

MICHAEL LIGGETT 

7642336 Improved phthalonitrile composites 

ALEXANDER A. BETIN 

KALIN SPARIOSU 

7646796 Solid-state suspension laser 

ROBERT ADAMS 

WILLIAM J. SCHWIND 

7645970 Flight control system and method of using 

piezoelectric modal sensors to mitigate flexible body dynamics 

CHUL J. LEE 

SEAN T. PRICE 

7646332 Method and apparatus interleaved gridding in 

distributed multiple computing for real-time rcs prediction 

LACY G. COOK 

ANDREW LEWANSKI 

SUSAN B. SPENCER 

7648249 Beam-steering apparatus having five degrees of 

freedom of line-of-sight steering 

BRIAN J. HARKINS 

CHUL J. LEE 

7652620 RCS sinature generation for closely spaced multiple 

objects using n-point models 

DANIEL T. MCGRATH 

7652631 Ultra-wideband antenna array with additional 

low-frequency resonance 

BRIEN ROSS 

KEVIN WAGNER 

7652818 Optical sight having an unpowered reticle 

illumination source 

CONRAD STENTON 

7651237 Improved reticle illumination 

MORRIS ROBITAILLE 

7650711 Rifle scope with textured profile 

ROBERT E. LEONI 

7657189 Optical link 

TROY ROCKWOOD 

TAMER ELBATT 

JIJUN YIN 

7656801 Jamming of network traffic in connection-based 

networks 

PATRICK T. HANZLICK 

JOSHUA J. LANGE 

7665691 Aerial vehicle launching system and method 

JAMES CLINGENPEEL 

7661036 Cache for collecting events on a monitored computer 

QUENTEN E. DUDEN 

7661628 Catalyzed decomposing structural payload foam 

MARK A. GLOUDEMANS; WILLIAM COLEMAN JR.; 

JAYANTI PATEL; BROR PETERSON; WILLIAM MOS- 

LEY JR. 

7664472 Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of a signal 

KAMAL TABATABAIE 

7662698 Transistor having field plate 

ROBERT W. BYREN 

7663090 Automatic avalanche photodiode bias setting system 

based on unity-gain noise measurement 

MICHAEL G. ADLERSTEIN 

7664196 Frequency agile phased locked loop 

RICHARD J. LETT 

GREGORY L. RENNO 

THOMAS N. TERWIEL 

7669081 System and methods for scheduling, processing, and 

monitoring tasks 

EMMET ANDERSON 

DAVID G. ANTHONY 

DANIEL W. BRUNTON 

DAVID G. GARRETT 

DANIEL C. HARRISON 

JIM R. HICKS 

DAVID J. KNAPP 

JAMES P. MILLS 

FRANK E. SMITH III 

WAYNE L. SUNNE 

7667190 Optical fiber assembly wrapped across gimbal axes 

ROBERT J. DELACK 

KEVIN J. KRESSNER 

7665998 Radio frequency connector 

DEVON G. CROWE 

7667850 Imaging system with low coherence light source 

JOHN P. BETTENCOURT 

ALAN J. BIELUNIS 

KATHERINE J. HERRICK 

7670045 Microstrip power sensor 

JOSEPH M. CROWDER 

PATRICIA S. DUPUIS 

MICHAEL C. FALLICA 

JOHN B. FRANCIS 

JOSEPH LICCIARDELLO 

ANGELO M. PUZELLA 

7671696 Radio frequency interconnect circuits and techniques 

JOHN CARCONE 

7671783 Radar reflector 

JAMES A. PRUETT 

FRANK L. SHACKLEE 

7671801 Armor for an electronically scanned array 


RICHARD GENTILMAN 

PATRICK HOGAN 

MICHAEL USHINSKY 

7675952 Articulated glaze cladding for laser crystal components 

and method of encapsulation 

THOMAS K. DOUGHERTY 

JOHN J. DRAB 

STEPHEN A. GABELICH 

GREGORY D. TRACY 

TRICIA VEEDER 

7675066 Erase-on-demand memory cell 

BILLIE G. HENDRY 

STEVEN MATTHEWS 

ROBERT D. STULTZ 

7675958 Intra-cavity non-degenerate laguerre mode generator 

OLIVER HUBBARD 

JIAN WANG 

7675458 Dual beam radar system 

RANDY W. HILL 

PAUL A. MEREMS 

7677491 Methods and apparatus for airborne systems 

MICHAEL A. GRITZ 

RAFAEL HERNANDEZ 

WILLIAM H. WELLMAN 

7679057 Antenna-coupled-into-rectifier infrared sensor elements 

and infrared sensors 

STEPHEN JACOBSEN 

DAVID MARCEAU 

DAVID MARKUS 

SHAYNE ZURN 

7680377 Ultra-high density connector 

THOMAS K. DOUGHERTY 

JOHN J. DRAB 

SOLOMON O. ROBINSON 

DANIEL SIEVENPIPER 

7683854 Tunable impedance surface and method for fabricating a 

tunable impedance surface 

ROBERT J. CODA 

CHRISTOPHER A. LEDDY 

JOHNNY Y. LEE 

STEPHEN R. NASH 

7683945 Responsivity correction for electro-optical images 

ANDREW B. FACCIANO 

ROBERT T. MOORE 

GREGG J. HLAVACEK 

CRAIG SEASLY 

7681834 Composite missile nose cone 

JOHN A. COGLIANDRO 

HENRY FITZSIMMONS 

7681776 Methods and apparatus for efficiently generating profiles 

for circuit board work/rework 

PATRICK M. KILGORE 

7684634 System and method for adaptive non-uniformity compensation 

for a focal plane array 

ROBERT C. HON 

MICHAEL H. KIEFFER 

CARL KIRKCONNELL 

THOMAS H. POLLACK 

7684955 Noncontinuous resonant position feedback system 

MIRON CATOIU 

7683734 Rf re-entrant combiner 

KEVIN W. CHEN 

GRAY FOWLER 

ERIC KRUMIN 

MICHAEL M. LIGGETT 

RICHARD M. WEBER 

7686248 System and method for internal passive cooling 

of composite structures 

HANSFORD CUTLIP 

NELSON WALLACE 

7688438 Scanning solar diffuser relative reflectance monitor 

JAMES M. IRION II 

ROBERT S. ISOM 

7688265 Dual polarized low profile antenna 

MARK A. HARRIS 

7686255 Space vehicle having a payload-centric configuration 

ROBERT CAVALLERI 

THOMAS A. OLDEN 

7685940 Pellet propellant and composite propellant rocket motor 

GERALD L. EHLERS 

CHARLES LEPPLE 

AARON WATTS 

7693313 Personal authentication device 

VICTOR JARINOV 

MICHAEL THORPE 

7692858 Method and apparatus for internally zeroing a sight 

SHAHROKH HASHEMI-YEGANEH 

RICHARD A. MONTGOMERY 

CLIFTON QUAN 

DAVID E. ROBERTS 

7692508 Spring loaded microwave interconnector 

ROBERT B. HALLOCK 

KAMAL TABATABAIE 

7692222 Atomic layer deposition in the formation of gate 

structures for III-V semiconductor 

SCOTT R. CHEYNE 

JEFFREY PAQUETTE 

7690924 An electrical connector to connect circuit cards 

SCOTT R. CHEYNE 

JEFFREY PAQUETTE 

JOHN D. WALKER 

DIMITRY ZARKH 

7704083 Busbar connector 

MATTHEW H. BOSSE 

NICCOLO A. GARBARINO 

RANAPRATAP LAVU 

JOHN MICHEL 

MICHAEL P. PEYTON 

JOSE J. SOTO 

7698148 Web-based risk management tool and method 

ERIC P. LAM 

CHRISTOPHER A. LEDDY 

STEPHEN R. NASH 

7697073 Image processing system with horizontal line registration 

for improved imaging with scene motion 

DAVID B. HATFIELD 

RENEE M. RODGERS 

TERRY M. SANDERSON 

7694578 Method of evaluating materials using curvature 

DANIEL J. MOSIER 

7697646 Discrete state-space filter and method for processing 

asynchronously sampled data 

PAUL CRETE 

7696460 Frequency adjusting arrangement 

RANDY C. BARNHART 

CRAIG S. KLOOSTERMAN 

MELINDA C. MILANI 

DONALD V. SCHNAIDT 

STEVEN TALCOTT 

7701891 Data handling in a distributed communication network 

DELMAR L. BARKER 

HARRY SCHMITT 

NITESH N. SHAH 

DONALD E. WAAGEN 

7701381 System and method of orbital angular momentum (OAM) 

diverse signal processing using classical beams 


ISTVAN RODRIGUEZ 

ROBERT A. LINDQUIST JR. 

7701308 Radio frequency modulator 

LACY G. COOK 

7703932 All-reflective, wide-field-of-view, inverse-telephoto 

optical system with external posterior aperture stop and long 

back focal length 

DEVON G. CROWE 

7705971 System and method for determining crosswinds 

JAMES BALLEW 

SHANNON DAVIDSON 

7711977 System and method for detecting and managing HPC 

node failure 

KUO-LIANG CHIOU 

CARROLL CHIOU 

KEVIN E. RUDOLPH 

7711476 Aided ins/gps/sar navigation with other platforms 

PETER LUKENS 

7707871 Leak detection system with controlled 

differential pressure 

DAVID BURKS 

THOMAS E. FETSKO 

RICHARD GENTILMAN 

MARLENE PLATERO 

DERRICK J. ROCKOSI 

CHRISTOPHER K. SOLECKI 

7710347 Methods and apparatus for high performance 

structures 

RALPH HUDSON 

JOHN P. KILKELLY 

JON H. SHERMAN 

HELEN L. SUN 

7714768 Non-statistical method for compressing 

and decompressing complex SAR data 

KENNETH W. BROWN 

7715091 Spatially-fed high-power amplifier with shaped reflectors 

THOMAS G. LAVEDAS 

7714791 Antenna with improved illumination efficiency 

RICHARD M. LLOYD 

7717042 Munition 

PATRICK M. BROGAN 

FRANK COSTANZO 

WILLIAM J. MARSHALL 

DINO ROBERTI 

7719926 Slotted cylinder acoustic transducer 

ROBERT H. BUCKLEY 

WILLIE NG 

DAVID PERSECHINI 

7725043 System and method for reducing interferometric 

distortion and relative intensity noise in directly modulated 

fiber optic links 

LAWRENCE SCHWARTZ 

7725259 Trajectory estimation system for an orbiting satellite 

JEFFREY M. PETERSON 

ERIC SCHULTE 

7723815 Wafer bonded composite structure for thermally 

matching a readout circuit and an infrared detector 

chip both during and after hybridization 


WILLIAM R. OWENS 

ABRAM YOUNG 

7724420 Frequency modulation structure and method utilizing 

frozen shockwave 

WON CHON 

GHARIB GHARIBJANIANS 

NICK J. ROSIK 

DEAN W. SCHOETTLER 

GREGORY SURBECK 

7724061 Active clamp circuit for electronic components 

TIMOTHY E. ADAMS 

JERRY M. GRIMM 

CHRISTOPHER MOSHENROSE 

JAMES A. PRUETT 

7724176 Articulated synthetic aperture radar antenna 


7726244 Mine counter measure system 

MARLIN SMITH JR. 

7729667 System and method for intermodulation distortion 

cancellation 

ERWIN M. DE SA 

JUSTIN DYSTER 

MARVIN D. EBBERT 

RODNEY H. KREBS 

7728264 Precision targeting 

KAICHIANG CHANG 

YUCHOI F. LOK 

7728764 Sidelobe blanking characterizer 


RUDY A. EISENTRAUT 

EDGAR R. MELKERS 

7728266 Exhaust assembly for mass ejection drive system 

JAMIE CLARK 

TERRY M. SANDERSON 

7728267 Methods and apparatus for adjustable surfaces 

MICHAEL GUBALA 

KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN 

ROBERT A. ROSEN 

7728756 Wide area high resolution sar from a moving 

and hovering helicopter 

KAICHIANG CHANG 

WILIAM KENNEDY 

7728769 Adaptive processing method of clutter rejection in a 

phased array beam pattern 

CONRAD STENTON 

7728988 Method and apparatus for testing conic optical surfaces 

KENNETH W. BROWN 

REID F. LOWELL 

ALAN RATTRAY 

A-LAN V. REYNOLDS 

7730819 Weapon having lethal and non-lethal 

directed-energy portions 

EMERALD J. ADAIR 

JUDITH K. CLARK 

GRAY FOWLER 

MICHAEL LIGGETT 

7732030 Method and apparatus for preform consistency 

JAYSON KAHLE BOPP 

JOSEPH C. DENO 

PAUL JONES 

JAMES LEECH 

7732772 System and method for detecting explosive materials 

RAYMOND C. LANING 

STEVEN J. MANSON 

7733339 Automated translation of high order complex geometry 

from a CAD model into a surface based combinatorial geometry 

format 

JAMES H. DUPONT 

RICHARD D. LOEHR 

WILLIAM N. PATTERSON 

7730838 Buoyancy dissipator and method to deter an errant 

vessel 

ARNOLD W. NOVICK 

7738319 Determining angles of arrival using multipaths 


KALIN SPARIOSU 

7742512 Scalable laser with robust phase locking 

ELI BROOKNER 

JIAN WANG 

7741992 A moving target detector for radar systems 

JOSEPH R. ELLSWORTH 

MICHAEL P. MARTINEZ 

TEPHEN J. PEREIRA 

7742307 High performance power device 

GABRIEL D. COMI 

KELLY L. PETERMAN 

7747569 Systems, methods, and language for selection 

and retrieval of information from databases 

JAYSON KAHLE BOPP 

MARTIN G. FIX 

7746639 F-16 avionics processor packaging 

International 

Patents Issued to Raytheon 

Titles are those on the U.S.-filed patents; actual titles on 

foreign counterparts are sometimes modified and not 

recorded. While we strive to list current international 

patents, many foreign patents issue much later than 

corresponding U.S. patents and may not yet be reflected. 

AUSTRALIA 

ELI BROOKNER 

2004282851 Efficient technique for estimating elevation angle 

when using a broad beam for search in a radar 

RICHARD LAPALME 

2003238262 Method and apparatus for intelligent information 

retrieval 

ELI BROOKNER 

DAVID MANOOGIAN 

FRITZ STEUDEL 

2004282856 Multiple radar combining for increased range, radar 

sensitivity and angle accuracy 

RICHARD T. KARON 

MICHAEL E. LEVESQUE 

2005326810 Event alert system and method (robust system architecture 

for sensors on dedicated and on-dedicated platforms)" 

BORIS S. JACOBSON 

2006232963 Integrated smart power switch 

CLIFTON QUAN 

STEPHEN SCHILLER 

YANMIN ZHANG 

2006255759 Attenuator circuit comprising a plurality of quarter 

wave transformers and lump element resistors 

JOHN CANGEME 

GERALD M. PITSTICK 

DAVID MANOOGIAN 

2006270435 A method of generating accurate estimates of azimuth 

and elevation angles of a target for a phased-phased array 

rotating radar 

ROBERT ALLISON 

RON K. NAKAHIRA 

JOON PARK 

BRIAN H. TRAN 

2006205200 Micro-electrical-mechanical device and method of 

making same 

KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN 

ROBERT A. ROSEN 

2006249603 Variable inclination array antenna 

WENDY CONNOR 

2006255733 Top loaded disk monopole antenna 

KWANG CHO 

LEO H. HUI 

2006330076 Efficient autofocus method for swath SAR 

REZA TAYRANI 

2006269627 Two stage microwave Class E power amplifier 

MICHAEL BRENNAN 

BENJAMIN DOLGIN 

LUIS GIRALDO 

JOHN HILL III 

DAVID KOCH 

JORAM SHENHAR 

2004267467 Drilling apparatus, method, and system 

AUSTRALIA, CHINA 


2005332059 Catalyzed decomposing structural payload foam 

AUSTRALIA, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, UK 


ALLAN T. MENSE 

2005333599 Catalyzed decomposing foam for encapsulating 

space-based kinetic objects 

AUSTRALIA, FRANCE, SPAIN, UK 

JAMES HOLDERLE 

JAMES A. KEEBAUGH 

JEFFREY W. LEWELLEN 

2005327114 Determining a predicted performance of a 

navigation system 

AUSTRALIA, JAPAN 

TAMRAT AKALE 

EDUARDO D. BARRIENTOS JR. 

MICHAEL T. CRNKOVICH 

LAWRENCE DALCONZO 

DAVID J. DRAPEAU 

CHRISTOPHER A. MOYE 

2006292765 Compact multilayer circuit 

AUSTRIA, CZECH REPUBLIC, FRANCE, GERMANY, 

ITALY, UK 

RUDY A. EISENTRAUT 

MARTIN A. KEBSCHULL 

JOHN PARINE 

1485668 Missile having deployment mechanism for stowable fins 

CANADA 

STEVEN R. GONCALO 

YUCHOI F. LOK 

2452635 Precision approach radar system having computer 

generated pilot instructions 

PAUL M. INGRAM JR. 

ARCHIE MUSE 

2416266 Sensitivity of iterative spectrally smooth temperature/ 

emissivity separation to instrument noise 


2597527 Warhead with aligned projectiles 

VINH ADAMS 

WESLEY DWELLY 

2561391 Versatile attenuator 

WILLIAM AUTERY 

JAMES HUDGENS 

JOHN M. TROMBETTA 

GREGORY TYBER 

2419987 Method of making chalcogenide glass

CHINA 

STEPHEN HERSHEY 

WILLIAM SU 

zl200480017652.0 Distributed dynamic channel selection in a 

communication network 


WILLIAM R. OWENS 

ROSS D. ROSENWALD 

NITESH SHAH 

HAO XIN 

zl200680001822.5 Dynamic control of planck radiation in 

photonic crystals 

DENMARK, FRANCE, GERMANY, NETHERLANDS, 

SINGAPORE, SPAIN, SWEDEN, UK 

ROBERT ALLISON 

JAR J. LEE 

ROBERT LOO 

BRIAN PIERCE 

CLIFTON QUAN 

JAMES SCHAFFNER 

1597797 Low cost 2-D electronically scanned array with compact 

CTS feed and MEMs phase shifters 

FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, UK 

ROBERT ADAMS 

VINH ADAMS 

WESLEY DWELLY 

1896869 Radar system and method for reducing clutter in 

a high-clutter environment 

JOHN P. BETTENCOURT 

ALAN J. BIELUNIS 

KATHERINE J. HERRICK 

1756593 Microstrip power sensor 

SHARON A. ELSWORTH 

MARVIN I. FREDBERG 

WILLIAM H. FOSSEY JR. 

1595023 High strength, long durability strutural fabric/seam 

system 

NORMAN A. LUQUE 

782496 Apparatus and methods for split-feed coupled-ring 

resonator-pair elliptic-function filters 

JOSEPH M. CROWDER 

PATRICIA S. DUPUIS 

MICHAEL C. FALLICA 


1520455 Multilayer stripline radio frequency circuits 

and interconnection methods 

FRANCE, GERMANY, UK 

ROBERT W. BYREN 

1517158 Synthetic aperture ladar system and method 

using real-time holography 

TIMOTHY D. SMITH 

NINA L. STEWART 

1911226 Dynamic system and method of establishing 

communication with objects 

STAN W. LIVINGSTON 

470609 Solid state transmitter circuit 

DAVID D. CROUCH 

WILLIAM E. DOLASH 

436856 Reflecting surfaces having geometries independent of 

geometries of wavefronts reflected therefrom 

FRITZ STEUDEL 

159635 Radar system having spoofer, blanker and canceller 

JAMES HENDERSON 

MICHAEL M. LIGGETT 

JOSEPH TEPERA 

1196735 Ramming brake for gun-launched projectiles 

LACY G. COOK 

ROGER WITHRINGTON 

1488272 Method and laser beam directing system with rotatable 

diffraction gratings 

FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SPAIN, SWEDEN, UK 

BORIS S. JACOBSON 

JOHN MCGINTY 

PAUL C. THOMAS 

1774635 Method and apparatus for a power system 

phased array radar 

FRANCE, GERMANY, SWEDEN 

GERALD COX 

MARK S. HAUHE 

STAN W. LIVINGSTON 

CLIFTON QUAN 

ANITA L. REINEHR 

COLLEEN TALLMAN 

YANMIN ZHANG 

1749330 Radiator structures 

FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SINGAPORE, SPAIN, UK 

DAVID D. HESTON 

JOHN G. HESTON 

THOMAS L. MIDDLEBROOK 

1886406 Power absorber system and method 

FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, NETHERLANDS, UK 

FERNANDO BELTRAN 

JOHN J. HANLIN 

RICHARD H. HOLDEN 

1354370 Radio frequency antenna feed structures having a coaxial 

waveguide and asymmetric septum 

FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN, UK 

GARY ALLEY 

1287611 Amplifier circuit 

FRANCE, GERMANY, SWITZERLAND 

JOHN ARCHER 

UKROY P. MCMAHON 

203432 Arc-fault detecting circuit breaker system 

GERMANY, SWEDEN, UK 

REGINA ESTKOWSKI 

PETER TINKER 

602005019034.1-08 System and method for adaptive 

path planning 

HUNGARY 

WILLIAM T. STIFFLER 

E007461 Programmable cockpit upgrade system 

ISRAEL 

RICHARD HODGES 

JAMES M. IRION II 

NICHOLAS SCHUNEMAN 

160680 Balun and groundplanes for decade band tapered slot 

antenna and method of making same 

ALAN L. KOVACS 

MATTHEW PETER 

KURT S. KETOLA 

JACQUES LINDER 

156227 Multilayer thin film hydrogen getter 

STEVE E. HUETTNER 

STEVEN C. REIN 

DOUG BAKER 

165380 Accurate range calibration architecture 

PETER V. MESSINA 

164199 Figure eight hysteresis control method and 

follow-up system 

ISRAEL, SOUTH KOREA 

DIPANKAR CHANDRA 

ATHANASIOS SYLLAIOS 

161696 Sensor for detecting small concentrations of a target matter 

JAPAN 

RODERICK BERGSTEDT 

LEE A. MCMILLAN 

ROBERT STREETER 

4512304 Microelectromechanical micro-relay with liquid 

metal contacts 

ANTHONY S. CARRARA 

PAUL A. DANELLO 

JOSEPH MIRABILE 

4477040 Wedgelock system 

FERNANDO BELTRAN 

JOSEPH P. BIONDI 

RONNI J. CAVENER 

ROBERT CUMMINGS 

JAMES MCGUINNIS 

THOMAS V. SIKINA 

KEITH D. TROTT 

ERDEN YURTERI 

4440266 Wideband phased array radiator 

KURT S. KETOLA 

ALAN L. KOVACS 

JACQUES LINDER 

MATTHEW PETER 

4436249 Dielectric interconnect frame incorporating EMI shield 

and hydrogen absorber for tile T/R modules 

MARY ONEILL 

4481812 Method for protecting an aircraft against a threat that 

utilizes an infrared sensor 

KENNETH A. ESSENWANGER 

4445010 Compact balun for rejecting common mode 

electromagnetic fields 

YONAS NEBIYELOUL-KIFL 

WALTER G. WOODINGTON 

4447455 Automotive side object detection sensor blockage 

detection system and related techniques 

WILLIAM H. FOSSEY JR. 

SHARON A. ELSWORTH 

4510820 High strength fabric structure and seam therfor with 

uniform thickness and a method of making same 

PHILLIP ROSENGARD 

4473733 Method and system for encapsulating variable-size packets 

JONATHAN LYNCH 

4499728 Monolithic array amplifier with periodic bias-line 

bypassing structure and method 


4523596 Encapsulating packets into a frame for a network 

JON N. LEONARD 

JAMES SMALL 

4490433 Mass spectrometer for entrained particles, and method 

for measuring masses of the particles 

ANDREW B. FACCIANO 

ROBERT T. MOORE 

JAMES E. PARRY 

JOHN T. WHITE 

4444964 Missile with multiple nosecones 

SHANNON DAVIDSON 

4451806 On-demand instantiation in a high performance computer 

(HPC) system 

KELLY MCHENRY 

4497780 Projectile for the destruction of large explosive targets 

GERALD COX 

DOUGLAS A. HUBBARD 

TIMOTHY D. KEESEY 

CLIFTON QUAN 

DAVID E. ROBERTS 

CHRIS E. SCHUTZENBERGER 

RAYMOND TUGWELL 

4435459 Vertical interconnect between coaxial or GCPW circuits 

and airline via compressible center conductors 

RICHARD O’SHEA 

4463860 Flexible optical RF receiver 

TOM BROEKAERT 

4422914 Method and system for quantizing an analog signal 

utilizing a clocked resonant tunneling diode pair 

LLOYD LINDER 

4468358 Mixed technology MEMs/BICMOS LC bandpass sigmadelta 

for direct RF sampling 

SINGAPORE 

STEVEN G. BUCZEK 

STUART COPPEDGE 

ALEC EKMEKJI 

SHAHROKH HASHEMI-YEGANEH 

WILLIAM MILROY 

132849 True-time-delay feed network for CTS array 

JONATHAN D. GORDON 

REZA TAYRANI 

132485 Broadband microwave amplifier 

SOUTH KOREA 


10-0946446 Compressing cell headers for data communication 

YUEH-CHI CHANG 

MARIO DAMICO 

BRIAN D. LAMONT 


THOMAS SMITH 

NORVAL WARDLE 

10-0953233 Extendable spar buoy for sea-based 

communication system 

UK 

STAN SZAPIEL 

BRIEN ROSS 

2440013 Multi-magnification viewing and aiming scope 

Raytheon’s Intellectual Property is valuable. If you become 

aware of any entity that may be using any of Raytheon’s 

proprietary inventions, patents, trademarks, software, data or 

designs, or would like to license any of the foregoing, please 

contact your Raytheon IP counsel: David Rikkers (IDS), 

John J. Snyder (IIS), John Horn (MS), Robin R. Loporchio (NCS 

and Corporate), Charles Thomasian (SAS), Horace St. Julian 

(RTSC and NCS). 


Copyright © 2010 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. 

Approved for public release. Printed in the USA. 

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Technology Today Research Issue 2_2010 - Raytheon

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