Using Laboratory Experiments to Study Law and Crime - Chair of ...

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Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Ryan O. Murphy, Karl-Dieter Opp, Jim Short, andFabian Winter for valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript, and Dirk Helbing fororganizing this scientific collaboration.Christine Horne is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology at Washington StateUniversity. Her work develops theoretical understanding of norm enforcement, tests theoreticalpredictions using laboratory experiments, and applies theoretical insights to explain naturallyoccurring norms. She is editor (with Michael Lovaglia) of Experiments in Criminology and Lawand author of The Rewards of Punishment: A Relational Theory of Norm Enforcement.Heiko Rauhut is a Post-Doc researcher at the ETH Zurich, Chair of Sociology, in particular ofModeling and Simulation. His work focuses on the theoretical understanding of the emergenceof social norms, normative conflict, criminal behavior and their interrelation with the wisdom ofcrowds. He conducted a number of laboratory experiments whose results were published inRationality and Society, Social Science Research, Journal of Mathematical Psychology,Zeitschrift für Soziologie and elsewhere. He is currently working on a book entitled Crime andPunishment from a Game Theoretical Perspective.1
ththThe 19 and 20 centuries produced breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, and thebiological sciences. Laboratory research played an important role in the rapid advances made inthese fields. Can laboratory research also contribute to progress in the social sciences? Can itcontribute to progress in law and criminology?Open any social science methods textbook and you will see evaluations of the strengthsand weaknesses of different methods. These evaluations typically include a claim that laboratoryexperiments are high in internal validity and low in external validity. This claim sometimes isfollowed by the conclusion that, in practice, laboratory experiments are of little use in the socialsciences. But this conclusion is premature. Laboratory experiments can be used to develop andtest not just theories about the physical world, but also about the social world. By relying onmultiple methods – including laboratory experiments – we can increase our knowledge.To make this argument, we begin by discussing what laboratory experiments can andcannot do. We then describe three issues in the criminological and legal literature – whyviolence is higher in the southern United States than in the North, the relation between theseverity of punishment and crime, and the expressive effects of law. We describe the relevantdata from laboratory experiments and discuss how these data complement those gained throughother methods.WHAT LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS CAN AND CANNOT DOHistorically, criminologists have most commonly relied on surveys, data from officialrecords and other sources of quantitative data, along with ethnographic studies (for someexceptions see Steffensmeier and Terry 1975). Recently, field experiments have garneredattention because of their strengths in determining causality (see, for example Farrington andWelsh 2005 for a review of the last two decades; see also Welsh and Farrington 2001). An entirejournal (the Journal of Experimental Criminology) is now devoted to reporting experimental2
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Page 29 and 30: REFERENCESAustin, James, John Clark
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