Dr. Stafford Tick Management Handbook - Newtown, CT

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Stafford456The Connecticut Agricultural Experimentation Stationabundant and annoying. Over a century later in1872, entomologist Asa Fitch noted that ticks werenearly or quite extinct along the route that PehrKalm had traveled. During this time, the land hadbeen cleared for agriculture and white-tailed deerin many areas were drastically reduced or virtuallyeliminated due to habitat loss and unregulatedhunting. With the reestablishment of forestedhabitat and animal hosts through the latter half ofthe twentieth century, ticks that may have survivedon islands off the southern New England coastwere able to increase and spread. The blackleggedtick, Ixodes scapularis, which is commonly knownas the “deer” tick, and the principal vector forLyme disease or Lyme borreliosis, was present onNaushon Island, Massachusetts, in the 1920s and1930s. Some I. scapularis from Montauk Point,Long Island, New York, that were collected in thelate 1940s and early 1950s were found infectedwith Lyme disease bacteria. The risk of humaninfection increased through the 1960s and 1970suntil the recognition of the disease from the clusterof cases in Lyme, Connecticut, in 1975. Indeed,the disease was not new and cases had occurredin Europe through the 20 th century under differentnames.The rising incidence of Lyme disease is due to anumber of factors including:• Increased tick abundance• Overabundant deer population• Increased recognition of the disease• Establishment of more residences in woodedareas• Increased potential for contact with ticks.With the steady increase in the incidence and geographic spreadof Lyme disease, there is a need for homeowners, public healthof. cials, and the pest control industry to learn how to manage orcontrol the tick problem. The purpose of this handbook is to providebasic information on ticks and their biology, basic information onthe diseases they carry, methods to reduce the risk of exposure tothese parasites, and most importantly, information on how to reduceor manage tick populations, and therefore risk of disease, in theresidential landscape.72Bulletin No. 1010
StaffordThe Connecticut Agricultural Experimentation StationTicks: the foulest and nastiest creatures that be. Pliny the Elder, 23-79 A.D.Ticks of the Northeastern United StatesTicks are not insects but are arthropods more closely related to mites, spiders, scorpions, andharvestmen. There are about 80 species of ticks in the United States (~ 865 species worldwide).However, only about 12 or so in the U.S. are of major public health or veterinary importance witha few others that occasionally attack humans. The ticks discussed in this handbook belong to thefamily Ixodidae or hard ticks. The principal hard ticks recovered from humans in the mid-Atlanticand northeastern United States are the blacklegged (i.e., deer) tick, Ixodes scapularis, the Americandog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Other tickspecies recorded as feeding on humans in the eastern U.S. include Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus,and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The Argasidae or soft ticks form the other majorgroup of ticks. Soft ticks are generally nest inhabitants that are associated with rodents, birds, orbats. Several species of soft ticks attack humans and can transmit disease organisms, mainly inwestern states, but are not the focus of this handbook. One species, Carios (Ornithodoros) kelleyi, abat tick, has been recovered from states in the northeast, including Connecticut.Table 1. Important ticks of the northeastern states and some other major ticks of medicalimportance in the United States.Tick Common name General DistributionHard TicksIxodes scapularis Blacklegged tick Northeastern, southeastern & mid-western U.S.Ixodes pacificus Western blacklegged tick Paci. c coast & parts Nevada, Arizona, UtahIxodes cookei A woodchuck tick Eastern United States & northeast CanadaIxodes dentatus A rabbit tick Eastern United StatesAmblyomma americanum Lone star tick Southeastern U.S., Texas to S. New EnglandDermacentor variabilis American dog tick Eastern U.S. & parts of the west coastDermacentor andersoni Rocky Mountain wood tick Rocky Mountain states south to NM & AZDermacentor albipictus Winter tick Canada, United States south to Central AmericaDermacentor occidentalis Paci. c coast tick California, Oregon, northern Baja peninsulaRhipicephalus sanguineus Brown dog tick All U.S. and worldwideSoft TicksOrnithodoros species ticks Relapsing fever ticks Western United StatesCarios kelleyi A bat tick A bat tickScientific Names and a Few TermsThe scienti. c name of ticks, like other organisms, is given in two parts: genus (capitalized, oftenabbreviated by the . rst letter, e.g. I. scapularis) and species (not capitalized) sometimes followed bythe name of the person who described the organism (given in parenthesis if the genus name is laterchanged). The name Linneaus is abbreviated L. Common names like deer tick can vary regionallyand some organisms may have no common name. The common names used in this guide followthose of. cially recognized by scienti. c societies. Several terms are used to de. ne the cycles ofanimal, tick and pathogen.Bulletin No. 1010 3
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About the AuthorDr. Kirby Stafford
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Dr. Stafford Tick Management Handbook - Newtown, CT

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