Dr. Stafford Tick Management Handbook - Newtown, CT

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StaffordThe Connecticut Agricultural Experimentation StationBelow left: Dorsal and ventral view female I. scapularis; dorsal view male I. scapularis; right is male, femaleand engorged female with straight pin for size comparison.27262829Basic Seasonal Guide to Major TicksAffecting Humans in Connecticut(Also see seasonal graph for I. scapularis)Fall (October-November)Adult Ixodes scapularis activeWinter (December-February)Adult Ixodes scapularis active during periods ofwarm weather (the ticks do not hibernate)Early Spring (March-April)Adult Ixodes scapularis (second peak of activity)Adult Dermacentor variabilis appear late AprilAdult Amblyomma americanum appear mid-April(lone star ticks still are not common in CT)Late Spring (May)Adult Ixodes scapularis are disappearingNymphal Ixodes scapularis appear about mid-MayNymphal Amblyomma americanum appear mid-May(lone star ticks still are not common in CT)Early Summer (June-July)Nymphal Ixodes scapularis peak period activityAdult Dermacentor variabilisNymphs Amblyomma americanum(lone star ticks still are not common in CT)Late Summer (August-September)Larval Ixodes scapularis peakA few nymphs of Ixodes scapularis &adults of Dermacentor variabilis may still be present12 Bulletin No. 1010
StaffordThe American Dog Tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say)The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, is the primaryvector of the causal agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in theeastern United States and is also a vector for the agent of tularemia.This tick does not transmit Lyme disease spirochetes and recentstudies have indicated that it is not a vector for the agent of humangranulocytic ehrlichiosis. The American dog tick, known by somepeople as the wood tick, is one of the most widely distributed andcommon ticks in the eastern and central United States, found fromNova Scotia to the Gulf Coast as far west as Texas, Kansas andthe Dakotas. It is also found in parts of California, Oregon, easternWashington, and northern Idaho. Only adults of the Americandog tick feed on people and their pets – records of nymphs fromhumans are rare.The Connecticut Agricultural Experimentation StationAdult American dog ticks are reddish brown in color withsilvery-gray or whitish markings on the back or upper body. Theyare almost 6.4 mm (¼ inch) in length. The palps are short. Theornate marking is on the scutum of the female, which on the male,extends over the entire back. Female ticks increase dramatically insize as they obtain their blood meal from a host animal. Fully engorged females may reach ½ inchin length (13 mm long by 10 mm wide) and resemble a dark pinto bean. Male ticks do not changenotably in size as they feed. The scutum or plate does not change in size and the white markings arereadily visible on a blood-fed tick. Adult dog ticks can be distinguished from adult I. scapularis bytheir larger size and the white markings on the dorsal scutum. In the northeast, adults of both tickspecies are active during the spring.3031Dogs are the preferred hosts of adult ticks, but they also feed readily on other medium to largemammals. These include opossums, raccoons, skunks, fox, coyote, bobcat, squirrel, cattle, sheep,horses and people. Larvae and nymphs of the American dog tick feed on meadow voles (Microtuspennsylvanicus), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and other rodents. In New Jersey, adultticks are active from mid-March to mid-August. In Connecticut and Massachusetts, adults becomeactive about mid-April to early May, peak in June, and may remain a nuisance until mid-August.Mating occurs on the host. A female tick will feed for 10-12 days. Once she is engorged with blood,she drops off the host, and may deposit about 3,000 to 7,000 eggs (average around 5,000). Malescontinue to ingest small amounts of blood from the host. In the northeast, the American dog tickprobably requires 2 years to complete its life cycle as opposed to one year in the southern parts ofits range. American dog ticks can live for extended periods without feeding, more than two years toalmost three years, if suitable hosts are not available. Larvae, nymphs, and adults may live up to 540,584, and 1,053 days, respectively, although typically survival will be much less.American dog ticks are most numerous along roadsides, paths, marshy areas and trails in brushywoodlands or meadows with tall grass or weeds. Meadow voles are found in . elds, pastures, freshand saltwater marshes and meadows, borders of streams and lakes, and open and wooded swamps.Consequently, large numbers of American dog ticks may be encountered in these areas. People ortheir pets may bring these ticks from outdoors into the home, where they can survive for many days.However, the tick will not become established indoors. The Brown dog tick is the species that maycause household infestations.Bulletin No. 1010 13
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About the AuthorDr. Kirby Stafford
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Dr. Stafford Tick Management Handbook - Newtown, CT

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