Practical Information - Generative Linguistics in the Old World
Practical Information - Generative Linguistics in the Old World
Practical Information - Generative Linguistics in the Old World
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
D<strong>in</strong>ka and <strong>the</strong> architecture of long-distance extractionNorv<strong>in</strong> Richards and Coppe van Urk, MITSummary: Work by Rackowski and Richards (2005) on Tagalog and Den Dikken (2009, 2012)on Hungarian shows that agreement between v and CP is necessary for long-distance extraction.These authors develop proposals <strong>in</strong> which this agreement allows v to probe <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> CP phase,<strong>the</strong>reby do<strong>in</strong>g away with <strong>the</strong> need to postulate <strong>in</strong>termediate movement to Spec-CP.This paper presents novel data from D<strong>in</strong>ka Nyarweng (Nilo-Saharan, South Sudan) bear<strong>in</strong>gon this issue. We demonstrate that D<strong>in</strong>ka offers strong evidence that successive-cyclic movementdoes <strong>in</strong>volve movement through <strong>in</strong>termediate Spec-CPs, contra Rackowski and Richards(2005) and Den Dikken (2009, 2012). Intrigu<strong>in</strong>gly, D<strong>in</strong>ka at <strong>the</strong> same time shows that CPs thatare extracted from stand <strong>in</strong> an Agree relation with v, just as <strong>the</strong>se authors propose. We proposea modification of Rackowski and Richards (2005), <strong>in</strong> which both <strong>in</strong>termediate movement andAgree between v and CP are necessary steps <strong>in</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g a long-distance dependency.Two EPP positions: D<strong>in</strong>ka has two positions with <strong>the</strong> EPP property, which must be occupied <strong>in</strong>declaratives. For ease of exposition, <strong>the</strong>se are boxed throughout. The first of <strong>the</strong>se is Spec-CP,as D<strong>in</strong>ka has C-level V2 <strong>in</strong> all f<strong>in</strong>ite clauses:(1) Bòl a-cí Gò¨t yík DÈN bâ¨äi. (2) Bâ¨äi a-cíi Bôl Gò¨t yík DÈN.Bol 3SG-PRF house build Deng town town 3SG-PRF Bol house build Deng‘Bol built a house for Deng <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town.’ ‘Bol built a house for Deng <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town.’The second such position is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> verbal doma<strong>in</strong>, just before <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> verb if an auxiliary ispresent. We identify it as Spec-vP. This position must be filled by one nom<strong>in</strong>al object:(3) GÈn cí Ayén yiÉn kitàp.(4) GÈn cí kitàp yiÉn Ayén .I PRF Ayen give bookI PRF book give Ayen‘I gave Ayen a book.’‘I gave Ayen a book.’Successive-cyclicity: These positions are sensitive to successive-cyclicity <strong>in</strong> two ways:Empty edge positions: Although Spec-vP and Spec-CP must be occupied <strong>in</strong> declaratives, ifextraction takes place across <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>se positions must be empty (5a–b). We take this to showthat <strong>the</strong>se are edge positions, which extraction uses as <strong>in</strong>termediate land<strong>in</strong>g sites, behavior weattribute to <strong>the</strong> effects of phase impenetrability (Chomsky 2001).(5) a. Yà¨är a-cí DÈN lɨk, [yè Bòl a-cí Ayén tuÒOc wú¨üt].Yaar 3SG-PRF Deng tell C Bol 3SG-PRF Ayen send cattle.camp’Yaar told Deng [that Bol sent Ayen to <strong>the</strong> cattle camp].’b. YeNà cíi Yâ¨är lɨk DÈN, [yè cíi Bôl tuÒOc wú¨üt]?who PRF Yaar tell Deng C PRF Bol send cattle.camp’Who did Yaar tell Deng [that Bol sent to <strong>the</strong> cattle camp]?’Plural clitic strand<strong>in</strong>g: The second way <strong>in</strong> which extraction affects <strong>the</strong>se positions is by wayof <strong>the</strong> plural clitic ke, which plural DPs leave <strong>in</strong> each Spec-vP along <strong>the</strong> path of movement:(6) YèyîNà ye *(ké) tàak [ cíi Bôl *(ké) tí¨N]?who.PL AUX.2SG PL th<strong>in</strong>k PRF Bol PL see’Who all do you th<strong>in</strong>k Bol saw?’PP extraction: The behavior of argument and adjunct PPs is more complicated. As (7) shows,extracted PPs fail to empty <strong>the</strong> Spec-vP along its path, but do leave a plural ke:(7) Ye bȨËi kò cíi nyanká¨i *(ké) wanmá¨th tuÒOc thín?Q villages which PRF sister PL bro<strong>the</strong>r send <strong>the</strong>re’Which villages did my sister send my bro<strong>the</strong>r to?’We propose that <strong>the</strong>se PPs move through Spec-vP, leav<strong>in</strong>g a plural clitic, but do not satisfy<strong>the</strong> EPP property of this position. Ra<strong>the</strong>r, we <strong>in</strong>voke <strong>the</strong> condition on <strong>the</strong> vP EPP positionillustrated <strong>in</strong> (3–4): it must be occupied by a DP. We posit two movement-driv<strong>in</strong>g features1