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COMPTUEX/JTFEX EA/OEA Final Chapter 10Wells, R.S., T.P. Dohl, L.J. Hansen, D.L. Kelly, A. Baldridge, and R.H. Defran, 1990. Northward extension of therange of bottlenose dolphins along the California coast. Pages 421-431 in S. Leatherwood and R.R. Reeves(eds.), The bottlenose dolphin. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 653 pp.Westgate, A.J., A.J. Read, P. Berggren, H.N. Koopman, and D.E. Gaskin, 1995. Diving behaviour of harbourporpoises, Phocoena phocoena. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:1064-1073.Westgate, A.J., and A.J. Read. 1998. Applications of new technology to the conservation of porpoises. MarineTechnology Society Journal 32:70-81.Whitehead, H., S. Brennan, and D. Grover, 1992. Distribution and behaviour of male sperm whales on the ScotianShelf, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:912-918.Whitehead, H., W.D. Bowen, S.K. Hooker and S. Gowans, 1998. Marine mammals. Pages 186-221 in W.G.Harrison and D.G. Fenton (eds.), The Gully: a scientific review of its environment and ecosystem. Departmentof Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, ON. Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Research Document 98/83.Wiggins, S.M., M.A. McDonald, L.M. Munger, S.E. Moore, and J.A. Hildebrand, 2004. Waveguide propagationallows range estimates for North Pacific right whales in the Bering Sea. Canadian Acoustics 32:146-154.Williams, T.M., R.W. Davis, L.A. Fuiman, J. Francis, B.L. Le Boeuf, M. Horning, J. Calambokidis, and D.A. Croll,2000. Sink or swim: strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals. Science 288(5463):133-136.Willis, P.M. and R.W. Baird, 1998. Sightings and strandings of beaked whales on the west coast of Canada. AquaticMammals 24:21-25.Winn, H.E., and P.J. Perkins, 1976. Distribution and sounds of the minke whale, with a review of mysticete sounds.Cetology 19:1-12.Winn, H.E., J.D. Goodyear, R.D. Kenney, and R.O. Petricig, 1995. Dive patterns of tagged right whales in the GreatSouth Channel. Continental Shelf Research 15:593-611.Wolski, L.F., R.C. Anderson, A.E. Bowles, and P.K. Yochem, 2003. Measuring hearing in the harbor seal (Phocavitulina): Comparison of behavioral and auditory brainstem response techniques. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 113:629-637.Würsig, B., S.K. Lynn, T.A. Jefferson, and K.D. Mullin, 1998. Behaviour of cetaceans in the northern Gulf ofMexico relative to survey ships and aircraft. Aquatic Mammals 24:41-50.Yelverton, J. T. 1981. Underwater explosion damage risk criteria for birds, fish and mammals. Paper presented atthe 102 nd of the Acoustical Society of America. Miami Beach, FL. Pp. 19.Yelverton, J. T., Richmond, D. R., Hicks, W., Saunders, K., and Fletcher, E. R. 1975. "The Relationship BetweenFish Size and Their Response to Underwater Blast." Report DNA 3677T, Director, Defense Nuclear Agency,Washington, DC.Yelverton, J. T., Richmond, D. R., Fletcher, E. R., and Jones, R. K. 1973. Safe distances from underwaterexplosions for mammals and birds. DNA 3114T, Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research,Albuquerque, New Mexico.Yost, W.A., 1994. Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction. San Diego: Academic Press.Young, G. A. 1991. Concise methods for predicting the effects of underwater explosions on marine life. NAVSWCNO 91-220. Naval Surface Warfare Center. Silver Spring, Maryland.Yu, H-Y., H-K. Mok, R-C. Wei, and L-S., Chou, 2003. Vocalizations of a rehabilitated rough-toothed dolphin,Steno bredanensis. Page 183 in Abstracts, Fifteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.14–19 December 2003. Greensboro, North CarolinaFebruary 2007 10-28
COMPTUEX/JTFEX EA/OEA Final Appendix AINTRODUCTIONAPPENDIX AMARINE MAMMAL DENSITY ESTIMATESDefinition of ResourcesMarine mammals addressed within this Environmental Assessment/Overseas Environmental Assessment(EA/OEA) include members of two orders: Cetacean, which includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises;and Carnivora, which includes true seals (family Phocidae), sea lions (family Otariidae), and sea otters (amember of the Mustelidae family). Cetaceans spend their lives entirely at sea. Pinnipeds (seals and sealions) hunt and feed exclusively in the ocean, and some of the species occurring in the SOCAL RangeComplex come ashore to rest, mate, and bear young. Although most mustelids (a family which includesotters, weasels, skunks, and wolverines) are terrestrial, sea otters primarily swim, feed, and sleep in theocean and rarely haul-out.Regional SettingThe status of populations of cetaceans and pinnipeds that occur in the SOCAL Range Complex in relationto populations found off the entire California coast is summarized in Tables A-1 and A-2. A largeproportion of the California gray whale population migrates through waters of the SOCAL RangeComplex during their northward and southward migrations. For most other species, the waters of theSOCAL Range Complex constitute a relatively small portion of their total range, although in some casesnumbers within the study area may be high, at least at certain times of year. Species-by-species detailsare given in later sections.CetaceansA total of 33 species of cetaceans could be encountered in the SOCAL Range Complex (Table A-1).They include 24 species of toothed whales (odontocetes) and eight species of baleen whales (mysticetes).At least 10 species generally can be found in the SOCAL Range Complex in moderate or high numberseither year-round or during annual migrations into or through the area: gray whale (Eschrichtiusrobustus), pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), pantropicalspotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), short-beaked commondolphin (Delphinus delphis), Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), Risso’s dolphin(Grampus griseus), northern right whale dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis), and Dall’s porpoise(Phocoenoides dalli). Other species are represented by either small numbers, moderate numbers duringpart of the year, occasional sightings, or strandings. Not included in the 24 species are species consideredto be extralimital in the SOCAL Range Complex.Six species of cetaceans occurring in the SOCAL Range Complex are listed as endangered. Mostendangered baleen whales that occur in California waters were once commercially hunted to the point thattheir populations were severely depleted. The northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), humpbackwhale (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whale (B. physalus), and seiwhale (B. borealis) are currently listed as endangered species and protected by the Endangered SpeciesAct (ESA) (16 U.S.C. § 1531). Gray whales were removed from the endangered list in 1994 because ofan increase in population numbers (Carretta et al., 2005). The one toothed whale that is listed asendangered is the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Stocks of all species listed as endangeredunder the ESA are automatically considered ‘depleted’ and ‘strategic’ under the Marine MammalProtection Act (MMPA).A-1 February 2007
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Appendix B Final COMPTUEX/JTFEX EA/
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Appendix O Final COMPTUEX/JTFEX EA/
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STATE OF CALIFORNIA -- THE RESOURCE
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Page 3Findings.Marine Resources Fin
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