ForewordWhen I was growing up, it was takenas a matter <strong>of</strong> faith that kids belongedoutside. I grew up with 4 brothers, <strong>and</strong>during those long, hot Atlanta summers,it was common for our mom to holler,“You boys get outside, <strong>and</strong> don’t comeback ‘til it’s dark.” It never occurredto me or my brothers to do anythingelse in our spare time but explore theworld around us. The truth is, we hadlittle else to do. But those experiences– waking up on frosty mornings <strong>and</strong>starting the campfire, scanning treesfor a shot at a scampering gray squirrelin the dawn light, scouring creek bedsfor crawdads <strong>and</strong> other fishing bait,or simply <strong>of</strong> the fun we had trampingthrough the forest – shaped who I am,<strong>and</strong> drew me to a career in conservation.That’s why I’m excited by this 2011<strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>,<strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation.This report, the 12th in a series thatbegan in 1955, documents a significantresurgence in the number <strong>of</strong> peopleembracing America’s Great Outdoors.<strong>Hunting</strong> participation has increased by9 percent, while angling participationgrew by 11 percent. Nearly 38 percent<strong>of</strong> Americans participated in wildliferelatedrecreation, an increase <strong>of</strong> 2.6million participants from the 2006<strong>Survey</strong>.In addition, wildlife-related recreationis a major driver <strong>of</strong> the nation’seconomy. The 2011 <strong>Survey</strong> estimatesthat Americans spent $145 billion onrelated gear, trips, licenses, l<strong>and</strong> acquisitionor leases, <strong>and</strong> other purchases,representing about one percent <strong>of</strong> thenation’s gross domestic product. Thisspending creates thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> jobs,supports countless local communities<strong>and</strong> provides vital funding for conservation.This year marks the 75th anniversary<strong>of</strong> the <strong>Wildlife</strong> <strong>and</strong> Sport Fish RestorationProgram, a cornerstone <strong>of</strong> wildlifeconservation in the United States.Through excise taxes on firearms,ammunition, archery <strong>and</strong> anglingequipment, the U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>Service has distributed over $14 billionfor State <strong>and</strong> territorial wildlife conservationprograms.This report would not have beenpossible without the combined efforts<strong>of</strong> state wildlife agencies – whichprovided financial support throughthe Multi-State Conservation GrantPrograms – the Association <strong>of</strong> Fish<strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Agencies <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong>major national conservation organizations.We also owe our gratitude to thethous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> survey respondents fromhouseholds across America. Because<strong>of</strong> you, this <strong>Survey</strong> is the nation’sdefinitive wildlife-related recreationdatabase <strong>and</strong> information sourceconcerning participation <strong>and</strong> purchasesassociated with hunting, fishing <strong>and</strong>other forms <strong>of</strong> wildlife-associatedrecreation nationwide.The Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service is dedicatedto connecting people <strong>and</strong> familieswith nature. We are proud to celebratethe good news in this report, <strong>and</strong> welook forward to continuing progressas we work with the States, <strong>and</strong> allour partners <strong>and</strong> the public to helpkeep recreational fishing, hunting, <strong>and</strong>wildlife watching growing <strong>and</strong> goingstrong.Dan AsheDirector, U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Servicevi 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau
<strong>Survey</strong> Background <strong>and</strong> MethodThe <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>,<strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-AssociatedRecreation (<strong>Survey</strong>) has beenconducted since 1955 <strong>and</strong> is one <strong>of</strong>the oldest <strong>and</strong> most comprehensivecontinuing recreation surveys. The<strong>Survey</strong> collects information on thenumber <strong>of</strong> anglers, hunters, <strong>and</strong> wildlifewatchers, how <strong>of</strong>ten they participate,<strong>and</strong> how much they spend on theiractivities in the United States.Preparations for the 2011 <strong>Survey</strong>began in 2008 when the Association <strong>of</strong>Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Agencies (AFWA)asked the Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service tocoordinate the twelfth <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong><strong>of</strong> wildlife-related recreation. Fundingcame from the Multistate ConservationGrant Programs, authorized by <strong>Wildlife</strong><strong>and</strong> Sport Fish Restoration Acts, asamended.Four regional technical committeeswere set up under the auspices <strong>of</strong>AFWA to ensure that State fish <strong>and</strong>wildlife agencies had an opportunity toparticipate in all phases <strong>of</strong> survey planning<strong>and</strong> design. The committees weremade up <strong>of</strong> agency representatives.We consulted with State <strong>and</strong> Federalagencies <strong>and</strong> nongovernmentalorganizations such as the AmericanSportfishing Association <strong>and</strong> <strong>National</strong>Shooting Sports Foundation to determinesurvey content. Other sportspersons’organizations <strong>and</strong> conservationgroups, industry representatives, <strong>and</strong>researchers also provided valuableadvice.Data collection for the <strong>Survey</strong> wascarried out in two phases by theU.S. Census Bureau. The first phasewas the screen which began in April2011. During the screening phase, theCensus Bureau interviewed a sample<strong>of</strong> 48,600 households nationwide, todetermine who in the household hadfished, hunted, or wildlife watched in2010, <strong>and</strong> who had engaged or plannedto engage in those activities in 2011.In most cases, one adult householdmember provided information for allmembers. The screen primarily covered2010 activities while the next, morein-depth phase covered 2011 activities.For more information on the 2010 data,refer to Appendix B.The second phase <strong>of</strong> data collectionconsisted <strong>of</strong> three detailed interviewwaves. The first wave began in April2011 concurrent with the screen, thesecond in September 2011, <strong>and</strong> thelast in January 2012. Interviews wereconducted with samples <strong>of</strong> likelyanglers, hunters, <strong>and</strong> wildlife watcherswho were identified in the initialscreening phase. Interviews wereconducted primarily by telephone, within-person interviews for respondentswho could not be reached by phone.Respondents in the second surveyphase were limited to those who wereat least 16 years old. Each respondentprovided information pertaining onlyto his or her activities <strong>and</strong> expenditures.Sample sizes were designed toprovide statistically reliable results atthe state level. Altogether, interviewswere completed for 11,330 anglers <strong>and</strong>hunters <strong>and</strong> 9,329 wildlife watchers.More detailed information on samplingprocedures <strong>and</strong> response rates is foundin Appendix D.Comparability WithPrevious <strong>Survey</strong>sThe 2011 <strong>Survey</strong>’s questions <strong>and</strong>methodology were similar to thoseused in the 2006, 2001, 1996, <strong>and</strong> 1991<strong>Survey</strong>s. Therefore, the estimates arecomparable.The methodology for these <strong>Survey</strong>sdiffers significantly from the 1955to 1985 <strong>Survey</strong>s, so these estimatesare not directly comparable to those<strong>of</strong> earlier surveys. Changes in methodologyincluded reducing the recallperiod over which respondents had toreport their activities <strong>and</strong> expenditures.Previous <strong>Survey</strong>s used a 12-monthrecall period which resulted in greaterreporting bias. Research found that theamount <strong>of</strong> activity <strong>and</strong> expendituresreported in 12-month recall surveyswas overestimated in comparisonwith that reported using shorter recallperiods.U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation vii
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Metropolitan and NonmetropolitanAwa
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2001-2011 Comparison of Wildlife-Wa
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2006-2011 Wildlife-Watching Partici
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Guide to Statistical TablesPurpose
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Table 3. Freshwater Anglers and Day
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Table 7. Hunters and Days of Huntin
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Table 8. Selected Characteristics o
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Table 9. Selected Characteristics o
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Table 10. Selected Characteristics
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Table 12. Expenditures for Fishing:
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Table 14. Trip and Equipment Expend
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Table 16. Trip and Equipment Expend
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Table 18. Trip and Equipment Expend
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Table 20. Trip and Equipment Expend
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Table 22. Special Equipment Expendi
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Table 25. Freshwater Anglers and Da
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Table 29. Hunters and Days of Hunti
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Table 33. Hunters Preparing for Hun
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Table 37. Participation in Wildlife
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Table 40. Expenditures for Wildlife
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Table 41. Selected Characteristics
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Table 42. Selected Characteristics
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Table 46. Total Wildlife-Related Pa
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Appendix A.DefinitionsAnnual househ
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State governments (such as State pa
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Appendix B.2010 Participation of 6-
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Table B-4. Most Recent Year of Fish
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Table B-7. Selected Characteristics
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Table B-9. Participation by 6-to-15
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Appendix C.Significant Methodologic
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Table C-1. Major Characteristics of
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Table C-2. Anglers and Hunters by C
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household income in the 2001Survey.
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Table C-4. Comparison of Major Find
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Table C-5. Anglers and Hunters by C
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Appendix D.Sample Design and Statis
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lation 6 to 15 years of age were de
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compute in advance the standard err
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Illustration of the Computation of
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Table D-2. Approximate Standard Err
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Table D-4. Approximate Standard Err
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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S.