IntroductionThe <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>,<strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-AssociatedRecreation reports results from interviewswith U.S. residents about theirfishing, hunting, <strong>and</strong> wildlife watching.This report focuses on 2011 participation<strong>and</strong> expenditures <strong>of</strong> persons 16years <strong>of</strong> age <strong>and</strong> older.However, in addition to 2011 numbers,we also provide trend information inthe Highlights sections <strong>and</strong> AppendixC <strong>of</strong> the report. The 2011 numbersreported can be compared with those inthe 1991, 1996, 2001, <strong>and</strong> 2006 <strong>Survey</strong>reports because they used similar methodologies.However, the 2011 estimatesshould not be directly compared withresults from <strong>Survey</strong>s conducted earlierthan 1991 because <strong>of</strong> changes in methodologyto improve accuracy.The report also provides informationon participation in wildlife-relatedrecreation in 2010, particularly <strong>of</strong>persons 6 to 15 years <strong>of</strong> age. The 2010information is provided in AppendixB. Information about the scope <strong>and</strong>coverage <strong>of</strong> the 2011 <strong>Survey</strong> can befound in Appendix D. The remainder<strong>of</strong> this section defines important termsused in the <strong>Survey</strong>.<strong>Wildlife</strong>-Related Recreation<strong>Wildlife</strong>-related recreation is fishing,hunting, <strong>and</strong> wildlife-watching activities.These categories are not mutuallyexclusive because many individualsparticipated in more than one activity.<strong>Wildlife</strong>-related recreation is reportedin two major categories: (1) fishing<strong>and</strong> hunting, <strong>and</strong> (2) wildlife watching,which includes observing, photographing,<strong>and</strong> feeding fish or wildlife.<strong>Fishing</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Hunting</strong>This <strong>Survey</strong> reports information aboutresidents <strong>of</strong> the United States wh<strong>of</strong>ished or hunted in 2011, regardless <strong>of</strong>whether they were licensed. The fishing<strong>and</strong> hunting sections report informationfor three groups: (1) sportspersons, (2)anglers, <strong>and</strong> (3) hunters.SportspersonsSportspersons are those who fishedor hunted. Individuals who fishedor hunted commercially in 2011 arereported as sportspersons only if theyalso fished or hunted for recreation. Thesportspersons group is composed <strong>of</strong> thethree subgroups shown in the diagrambelow: (1) those that fished <strong>and</strong> hunted,(2) those that only fished, <strong>and</strong> (3) thosethat only hunted.The total number <strong>of</strong> sportspersons isequal to the sum <strong>of</strong> people who onlyfished, only hunted, <strong>and</strong> both hunted<strong>and</strong> fished. It is not the sum <strong>of</strong> allanglers <strong>and</strong> all hunters because thosepeople who both fished <strong>and</strong> hunted areincluded in both the angler <strong>and</strong> hunterpopulation <strong>and</strong> would be incorrectlycounted twice.SportspersonsAnglersFishedonlyFished<strong>and</strong>huntedHuntersHuntedonlyAnglersAnglers are sportspersons who onlyfished plus those who fished <strong>and</strong>hunted. Anglers include not onlylicensed hook <strong>and</strong> line anglers, butalso those who have no license <strong>and</strong>those who use special methods suchas fishing with spears. Three types <strong>of</strong>fishing are reported: (1) freshwater,excluding the Great Lakes, (2) GreatLakes, <strong>and</strong> (3) saltwater. Since manyanglers participated in more than onetype <strong>of</strong> fishing, the total number <strong>of</strong>anglers is less than the sum <strong>of</strong> the threetypes <strong>of</strong> fishing.HuntersHunters are sportspersons who onlyhunted plus those who hunted <strong>and</strong>fished. Hunters include not onlylicensed hunters using rifles <strong>and</strong>shotguns, but also those who haveno license <strong>and</strong> those who engagein hunting with archery equipment,muzzleloaders, other primitive firearms,or pistols or h<strong>and</strong>guns.Four types <strong>of</strong> hunting are reported:(1) big game, (2) small game,(3) migratory bird, <strong>and</strong> (4) otheranimals. Since many hunters participatedin more than one type <strong>of</strong> hunting,the sum <strong>of</strong> hunters for big game,small game, migratory bird, <strong>and</strong> otheranimals exceeds the total number <strong>of</strong>hunters.<strong>Wildlife</strong> WatchersSince 1980, the <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> hasincluded information on wildlifewatchingactivities in addition t<strong>of</strong>ishing <strong>and</strong> hunting. However, unlikethe 1980 <strong>and</strong> 1985 <strong>Survey</strong>s, the<strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>s since 1991 havecollected data only for those activitieswhere the primary purpose was wildlife2 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau
watching (observing, photographing, orfeeding wildlife).The 2011 <strong>Survey</strong> uses a strict definition<strong>of</strong> wildlife watching. Participants musteither take a “special interest” in wildlifearound their homes or take a tripfor the “primary purpose” <strong>of</strong> wildlifewatching. Secondary wildlife watching,such as incidentally observing wildlifewhile pleasure driving, is not included.Two types <strong>of</strong> wildlife-watching activityare reported: (1) away-from-home(formerly nonresidential) activities <strong>and</strong>(2) around-the-home (formerly residential)activities. Because some peopleparticipated in more than one type <strong>of</strong>wildlife watching, the sum <strong>of</strong> participantsin each type will be greater thanthe total number <strong>of</strong> wildlife watchers.Only those engaged in activities whoseprimary purpose was wildlife watchingare included in the <strong>Survey</strong>. The twotypes <strong>of</strong> wildlife-watching activity aredefined below.Away-From-HomeThis group includes persons whotook trips or outings <strong>of</strong> at least 1 milefrom home for the primary purpose <strong>of</strong>observing, feeding, or photographingfish <strong>and</strong> wildlife. Trips to fish or hunt orscout <strong>and</strong> trips to zoos, circuses, aquariums,<strong>and</strong> museums are not consideredwildlife-watching activities.Around-The-HomeThis group includes those whoparticipated within 1 mile <strong>of</strong> home <strong>and</strong>involves one or more <strong>of</strong> the following:(1) closely observing or trying to identifybirds or other wildlife; (2) photographingwildlife; (3) feeding birds orother wildlife; (4) maintaining naturalareas <strong>of</strong> at least 1/4 acre where benefitto wildlife is the primary concern;(5) maintaining plantings (shrubs,agricultural crops, etc.) where benefitto wildlife is the primary concern; or(6) visiting parks <strong>and</strong> natural areaswithin 1 mile <strong>of</strong> home for the primarypurpose <strong>of</strong> observing, feeding, orphotographing wildlife.State-Level EstimatesOnly national-level estimates areincluded in this report. State-level estimatesare available in the state reportswhich will be issued alphabetically,beginning in early 2013.U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation 3
- Page 1: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service2011Nat
- Page 4 and 5: Economics and StatisticsAdministrat
- Page 6 and 7: List of TablesFishing and Hunting1.
- Page 8 and 9: ForewordWhen I was growing up, it w
- Page 11: Highlights
- Page 15 and 16: Expenditures for Wildlife-Related R
- Page 17 and 18: Fishing
- Page 19 and 20: Fishing ExpendituresAnglers spent $
- Page 21 and 22: Freshwater Fishing ExpendituresAngl
- Page 23 and 24: pike, pickerel, and muskie, as well
- Page 25 and 26: Sex and Age of AnglersAlthough more
- Page 27 and 28: The majority of anglers had househo
- Page 29: 2001-2011 Fishing Participants, Day
- Page 32 and 33: Hunting HighlightsIn 2011, 13.7 mil
- Page 34 and 35: Big Game HuntingIn 2011, a majority
- Page 36 and 37: Days per hunterTrips per hunterTrip
- Page 38 and 39: Hunting on Public and PrivateLandsm
- Page 40 and 41: Large MSA25%Medium MSA17%Percent of
- Page 42 and 43: Hispanics, who represent a growingp
- Page 45 and 46: Wildlife WatchingU.S. Fish and Wild
- Page 47 and 48: Wildlife-Watching ExpendituresThirt
- Page 49 and 50: Wildlife Fed, Observed, orPhotograp
- Page 51 and 52: Metropolitan and NonmetropolitanAro
- Page 53 and 54: Education, Race, and Ethnicity ofAr
- Page 55 and 56: Away-From-Home Participantsby Type
- Page 57 and 58: Away-From-Home WildlifeWatchers by
- Page 59 and 60: Metropolitan and NonmetropolitanAwa
- Page 61 and 62: 2001-2011 Comparison of Wildlife-Wa
- Page 63:
2006-2011 Wildlife-Watching Partici
- Page 66 and 67:
Guide to Statistical TablesPurpose
- Page 68 and 69:
Table 3. Freshwater Anglers and Day
- Page 70 and 71:
Table 7. Hunters and Days of Huntin
- Page 72 and 73:
Table 8. Selected Characteristics o
- Page 74 and 75:
Table 9. Selected Characteristics o
- Page 76 and 77:
Table 10. Selected Characteristics
- Page 78 and 79:
Table 12. Expenditures for Fishing:
- Page 80 and 81:
Table 14. Trip and Equipment Expend
- Page 82 and 83:
Table 16. Trip and Equipment Expend
- Page 84 and 85:
Table 18. Trip and Equipment Expend
- Page 86 and 87:
Table 20. Trip and Equipment Expend
- Page 88 and 89:
Table 22. Special Equipment Expendi
- Page 90 and 91:
Table 25. Freshwater Anglers and Da
- Page 92 and 93:
Table 29. Hunters and Days of Hunti
- Page 94 and 95:
Table 33. Hunters Preparing for Hun
- Page 96 and 97:
Table 37. Participation in Wildlife
- Page 98 and 99:
Table 40. Expenditures for Wildlife
- Page 100 and 101:
Table 41. Selected Characteristics
- Page 102 and 103:
Table 42. Selected Characteristics
- Page 104 and 105:
Table 46. Total Wildlife-Related Pa
- Page 106 and 107:
Appendix A.DefinitionsAnnual househ
- Page 108 and 109:
State governments (such as State pa
- Page 110 and 111:
Appendix B.2010 Participation of 6-
- Page 112 and 113:
Table B-4. Most Recent Year of Fish
- Page 114 and 115:
Table B-7. Selected Characteristics
- Page 116 and 117:
Table B-9. Participation by 6-to-15
- Page 118 and 119:
Appendix C.Significant Methodologic
- Page 120 and 121:
Table C-1. Major Characteristics of
- Page 122 and 123:
Table C-2. Anglers and Hunters by C
- Page 124 and 125:
household income in the 2001Survey.
- Page 126 and 127:
Table C-4. Comparison of Major Find
- Page 128 and 129:
Table C-5. Anglers and Hunters by C
- Page 130 and 131:
Appendix D.Sample Design and Statis
- Page 132 and 133:
lation 6 to 15 years of age were de
- Page 134 and 135:
compute in advance the standard err
- Page 136 and 137:
Illustration of the Computation of
- Page 138 and 139:
Table D-2. Approximate Standard Err
- Page 140 and 141:
Table D-4. Approximate Standard Err
- Page 143:
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S.