Appendix C.Significant Methodological Changes FromPrevious <strong>Survey</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Regional TrendsThe 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>,<strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-AssociatedRecreation (FHWAR) was designedto continue the data collection <strong>of</strong>the 1955 to 2006 <strong>Survey</strong>s. Whilecomplete comparability between anytwo <strong>Survey</strong>s cannot be achieved, thisappendix compares major findings <strong>of</strong>all the <strong>Survey</strong>s <strong>and</strong> presents trends forthe major categories <strong>of</strong> wildlife-relatedrecreation where feasible. Differencesamong the <strong>Survey</strong>s are discussed in thefollowing two sections.The principal characteristics <strong>of</strong> the1955 to 2011 <strong>Survey</strong>s are summarizedin Table C-1. The table shows the scope<strong>and</strong> design <strong>of</strong> all 12 <strong>Survey</strong>s.This appendix provides trend informationin two sections (1991 to 2011 <strong>and</strong>1955 to 1985). A significant changewas made in 1991 in the recall periodused in the detailed phase <strong>of</strong> theFHWAR <strong>Survey</strong>s. The recall periodin 1991 was shortened from the 12months used in previous <strong>Survey</strong>s to 4months in order to improve the accuracy<strong>of</strong> the data collected. As a result<strong>of</strong> that change, the <strong>Survey</strong>s conductedsince 1991 cannot be compared withthose conducted earlier.The 1955 to 1985 <strong>Survey</strong>s requiredrespondents to recall their recreationactivities for the survey year at thebeginning <strong>of</strong> the following year. The1991 to 2011 <strong>Survey</strong>s went to therespondents two or three times duringthe survey year to get their activityinformation. The change in the recallperiod was due to a study 1 <strong>of</strong> theeffect <strong>of</strong> the respondent recall length1Investigation <strong>of</strong> Possible Recall/Reference Period Biasin <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation, December 1989, Westat, Inc.on survey estimates. The study foundsignificant differences in FHWAR<strong>Survey</strong> results using annual recallperiods versus shorter recall periods.Longer recall periods lead to higherestimates. Even when everything elsewas held constant, such as questionnairecontent <strong>and</strong> sample design,increasing the respondent’s recallperiod resulted in significantly higherestimates for the same phenomenon.The recall study also found that theextent <strong>of</strong> recall bias varied for differenttypes <strong>of</strong> fishing <strong>and</strong> hunting participation<strong>and</strong> expenditures. For example,annual recall respondents gave anestimate <strong>of</strong> average annual days <strong>of</strong> saltwaterfishing that was 46 percent higherthan the trimester recall estimate, whilethe annual recall estimate <strong>of</strong> averageannual saltwater fishing trips was 30percent higher than the trimester recallestimate. This means there is no singlecorrection factor for all survey estimateswhen calculating trends from<strong>Survey</strong>s using different recall periods.Reliable trends analysis needs to usedata compiled from surveys in whichthe important elements, such as thesample design <strong>and</strong> recall period, are notsignificantly different.1991 to 2011 SignificantMethodological DifferencesThe most significant design differencesin the five <strong>Survey</strong>s are as follows:1. The 1991 <strong>Survey</strong> data wascollected by interviewers fillingout paper questionnaires. The dataentries were keyed in a separateoperation after the interview. The1996, 2001, 2006, <strong>and</strong> 2011 <strong>Survey</strong>data were collected by the use <strong>of</strong>computer-assisted interviews. Thequestionnaires were programmedinto computers, <strong>and</strong> the interviewerkeyed in the responses at the time<strong>of</strong> the interview.2. The 1991 <strong>Survey</strong> screeningphase was conducted in January<strong>and</strong> February <strong>of</strong> 1991, when ahousehold member <strong>of</strong> the samplehouseholds was interviewed onbehalf <strong>of</strong> the entire household.The screening interviews for the1996, 2001, <strong>and</strong> 2006 <strong>Survey</strong>s wereconducted April through June <strong>of</strong>their survey years in conjunctionwith the first wave <strong>of</strong> the detailedinterviews. The 2011 <strong>Survey</strong> alsoconducted screening interviews <strong>and</strong>the first detailed interviews Aprilthrough June <strong>of</strong> 2011, but furthermorehad an additional screening<strong>and</strong> detailed effort from February2012 to the end <strong>of</strong> May 2012. TheApril–June 2011 screening efforthad a high noncontact rate because<strong>of</strong> poor results using sample telephonenumbers obtained from aprivate firm. Census went back tothe noncontacted component <strong>of</strong> theoriginal sample in February-May2012 <strong>and</strong> interviewed a subsample,requiring annual recall for thoserespondents. The Wave 3 screensample was 12,484 <strong>of</strong> the total48,600 household screen sample. Amodification <strong>of</strong> the 2011 samplingscheme was to oversample countiesthat had relatively high proportions<strong>of</strong> hunting license purchases.The screening interviews for all five<strong>Survey</strong>s consisted primarily <strong>of</strong> demographicquestions <strong>and</strong> wildlife-relatedrecreation questions concerning activityin the previous year (1990, 1995, etc.)<strong>and</strong> intentions for recreating in thesurvey year.108 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-1. Major Characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>s: 1955 to 2011Characteristic 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980<strong>Survey</strong> design:Screening interviewmode <strong>and</strong> population<strong>of</strong> interest ..............Combined withdetailed phasePersonal interview, 12years old <strong>and</strong> olderPersonal interview, 9years old <strong>and</strong> olderMail questionnaire, 9years old <strong>and</strong> olderTelephone interview,6 years old <strong>and</strong> olderTelephone/personalinterview, 6 years old<strong>and</strong> olderDetailed interviewmode <strong>and</strong> population<strong>of</strong> interest .............. Personal interview, 12years old <strong>and</strong> olderPersonal interview,12 years old <strong>and</strong>older. Substantialparticipants 1Personal interview,12 years old <strong>and</strong>older. Substantialparticipants 1Personal interview, Mail questionnaire, 912 years old <strong>and</strong> years old <strong>and</strong> olderolder. Substantialparticipants 2Personal interview, 16years old <strong>and</strong> olderRespondent’s recallperiod ................. 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 yearSample sizes:Screening phase(households)............ 20,000 18,000 16,000 24,000 106,294 116,025Detailed phase(individuals):<strong>Fishing</strong> <strong>and</strong> hunting. . . . . . 9,328 10,300 6,400 8,700 20,211 30,291<strong>Wildlife</strong> watching 3 ....... (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) 5,997Response rates:Screening phase .......... (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 95 percent 95 percentDetailed phase:<strong>Fishing</strong> <strong>and</strong> hunting. . . . . . (NA) 93 percent (NA) (NA) 37 percent 90 percent<strong>Wildlife</strong> watching 3 ....... (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) 95 percentLevel <strong>of</strong> reporting ........... <strong>National</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>National</strong> State <strong>and</strong><strong>National</strong>State <strong>and</strong><strong>National</strong>Data collection agent .........PrivatecontractorU.S.Census BureauU.S.Census BureauU.S.Census BureauPrivatecontractorU.S.Census BureauSee footnotes at end <strong>of</strong> table.U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation 109
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service2011Nat
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Economics and StatisticsAdministrat
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List of TablesFishing and Hunting1.
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ForewordWhen I was growing up, it w
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Highlights
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watching (observing, photographing,
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Expenditures for Wildlife-Related R
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Fishing
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Fishing ExpendituresAnglers spent $
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Freshwater Fishing ExpendituresAngl
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pike, pickerel, and muskie, as well
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Sex and Age of AnglersAlthough more
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The majority of anglers had househo
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2001-2011 Fishing Participants, Day
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Hunting HighlightsIn 2011, 13.7 mil
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Big Game HuntingIn 2011, a majority
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Days per hunterTrips per hunterTrip
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Hunting on Public and PrivateLandsm
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Large MSA25%Medium MSA17%Percent of
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Hispanics, who represent a growingp
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Wildlife WatchingU.S. Fish and Wild
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Wildlife-Watching ExpendituresThirt
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Wildlife Fed, Observed, orPhotograp
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Metropolitan and NonmetropolitanAro
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Education, Race, and Ethnicity ofAr
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Away-From-Home Participantsby Type
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Away-From-Home WildlifeWatchers by
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Metropolitan and NonmetropolitanAwa
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2001-2011 Comparison of Wildlife-Wa
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2006-2011 Wildlife-Watching Partici
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Guide to Statistical TablesPurpose
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