State governments (such as State parks<strong>and</strong> wildlife management areas), or thefederal government (such as <strong>National</strong>Forests, Recreational Areas, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>Refuges).Residents—Individuals who lived inthe State being reported. For example,a person who lives in California <strong>and</strong>watches whales in California is a residentialwildlife watcher in California.Rural—<strong>All</strong> territory, population, <strong>and</strong>housing units located outside <strong>of</strong> urbanizedareas <strong>and</strong> urban clusters, as determinedby the U.S. Census Bureau.Saltwater—Oceans, tidal bays <strong>and</strong>sounds, <strong>and</strong> the tidal portions <strong>of</strong> rivers<strong>and</strong> streams.Screening interviews—The first<strong>Survey</strong> contact with a sample household.Screening interviews areconducted with a household representativeto identify respondents whoare eligible for in-depth interviews.Screening interviews gather data suchas age <strong>and</strong> sex about individuals in thehouseholds. Further information onscreening interviews is available onpage vii in the “<strong>Survey</strong> Background<strong>and</strong> Method” section <strong>of</strong> this report.Small game—Grouse, pheasants, quail,rabbits, squirrels, <strong>and</strong> similar smallanimals for which States have smallgame seasons <strong>and</strong> bag limits.Special equipment—Big-ticket equipmentitems that are owned primarily forwildlife-related recreation:Bass boatsOther types <strong>of</strong> motor boatsCanoes <strong>and</strong> other types <strong>of</strong> nonmotorboatsBoat motors, boat trailer/hitches, <strong>and</strong>other boat accessoriesPickups, campers, vans, travel or tenttrailers, motor homes, house trailers,recreational vehicles (RVs)CabinsOff-the-road vehicles such as trailbikes, all terrain vehicles (ATVs),dune buggies, four-wheelers, 4x4vehicles, <strong>and</strong> snowmobilesOther special equipmentSpenders—Individuals who spentmoney on fishing, hunting, or wildlifewatchingactivities or equipment <strong>and</strong>also participated in those activities.Sportspersons—Individuals whoengaged in fishing, hunting, or both.Trip—An outing involving fishing,hunting, or wildlife watching. A tripmay begin from an individual’s principalresidence or from another place,such as a vacation home or the home<strong>of</strong> a relative. A trip may last an hour, aday, or many days.Type <strong>of</strong> fishing—There are threetypes <strong>of</strong> fishing: (1) freshwater exceptGreat Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, <strong>and</strong> (3)saltwater.Type <strong>of</strong> hunting—There are four types<strong>of</strong> hunting: (1) big game, (2) smallgame, (3) migratory bird, <strong>and</strong> (4) otheranimal.Unspecified expenditure—An itemthat was purchased for use in bothfishing <strong>and</strong> hunting, rather thanprimarily one or the other. Auxiliaryequipment, special equipment, magazines<strong>and</strong> books, <strong>and</strong> membership dues<strong>and</strong> contributions are the items forwhich a purchase could be categorizedas “unspecified.”Urban—<strong>All</strong> territory, population, <strong>and</strong>housing units located within boundariesthat encompass densely settled territory,consisting <strong>of</strong> core census block groupsor blocks that have a population density<strong>of</strong> at least 1,000 people per square mile<strong>and</strong> surrounding census blocks thathave an overall density <strong>of</strong> at least 500people per square mile. Under certainconditions, less densely settled territorymay be included, as determined by theCensus Bureau.Visit parks or natural areas—A visitto places accessible to the public <strong>and</strong>that are owned or leased by a governmentalentity, nongovernmental organization,business, or a private individualor group such as an association or club.<strong>Wildlife</strong>—Animals such as birds, fish,insects, mammals, amphibians, <strong>and</strong>reptiles that are living in natural orwild environments. <strong>Wildlife</strong> does notinclude animals living in aquariums,zoos, <strong>and</strong> other artificial surroundingsor domestic animals such as farmanimals or pets.<strong>Wildlife</strong> observed, photographed, orfed—Examples <strong>of</strong> species that wildlifewatchers observe, photograph, <strong>and</strong>/or feed are (1) Wild birds—songbirdssuch as cardinals, robins, warblers,jays, buntings, <strong>and</strong> sparrows; birds<strong>of</strong> prey such as hawks, owls, eagles,<strong>and</strong> falcons; waterfowl such as ducks,geese, <strong>and</strong> swans; other water birdssuch as shorebirds, herons, pelicans,<strong>and</strong> cranes; <strong>and</strong> other birds such aspheasants, turkeys, road runners, <strong>and</strong>woodpeckers; (2) L<strong>and</strong> mammals—large l<strong>and</strong> mammals such as bears,bison, deer, moose, <strong>and</strong> elk; small l<strong>and</strong>mammals such as squirrels, foxes,prairie dogs, <strong>and</strong> rabbits; (3) Fishsuch as salmon, sharks, <strong>and</strong> groupers;(4) Marine mammals such as whales,dolphins, <strong>and</strong> manatees; <strong>and</strong> (5) Otherwildlife such as butterflies, turtles,spiders, <strong>and</strong> snakes.<strong>Wildlife</strong>-related recreation—Recreational fishing, hunting, <strong>and</strong>wildlife watching.<strong>Wildlife</strong> watching—There are sixtypes <strong>of</strong> wildlife watching: (1) closelyobserving, (2) photographing, (3)feeding, (4) visiting parks or naturalareas, (5) maintaining plantings, <strong>and</strong>(6) maintaining natural areas. Theseactivities must be the primary purpose<strong>of</strong> the trip or the around-the-homeundertaking.<strong>Wildlife</strong>-watching equipment—Itemsowned primarily for observing, photographing,or feeding wildlife:Binoculars <strong>and</strong> spotting scopesCameras, video cameras, speciallenses, <strong>and</strong> other photographicequipmentFilm <strong>and</strong> developingCommercially prepared <strong>and</strong> packagedwild bird foodOther bulk food used to feed wildbirdsFood for other wildlifeNest boxes, bird houses, feeders, <strong>and</strong>bathsDay packs, carrying cases, <strong>and</strong>special clothingOther items such as field guides <strong>and</strong>maps98 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau
Appendix BU.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation 99
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service2011Nat
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Economics and StatisticsAdministrat
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List of TablesFishing and Hunting1.
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ForewordWhen I was growing up, it w
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Highlights
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watching (observing, photographing,
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Expenditures for Wildlife-Related R
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Fishing
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Fishing ExpendituresAnglers spent $
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Freshwater Fishing ExpendituresAngl
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pike, pickerel, and muskie, as well
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Sex and Age of AnglersAlthough more
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The majority of anglers had househo
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2001-2011 Fishing Participants, Day
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Hunting HighlightsIn 2011, 13.7 mil
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Big Game HuntingIn 2011, a majority
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Days per hunterTrips per hunterTrip
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Hunting on Public and PrivateLandsm
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Large MSA25%Medium MSA17%Percent of
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Hispanics, who represent a growingp
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Wildlife WatchingU.S. Fish and Wild
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Wildlife-Watching ExpendituresThirt
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Wildlife Fed, Observed, orPhotograp
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Metropolitan and NonmetropolitanAro
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Education, Race, and Ethnicity ofAr
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Away-From-Home Participantsby Type
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- Page 96 and 97: Table 37. Participation in Wildlife
- Page 98 and 99: Table 40. Expenditures for Wildlife
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- Page 106 and 107: Appendix A.DefinitionsAnnual househ
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