Appendix A.DefinitionsAnnual household income—Total2011 income <strong>of</strong> household membersbefore taxes <strong>and</strong> other deductions.Around-the-home wildlifewatching—Activity within 1 mile <strong>of</strong>home with one <strong>of</strong> six primary purposes:(1) taking special interest in or tryingto identify birds or other wildlife; (2)photographing wildlife; (3) feedingbirds or other wildlife; (4) maintainingnatural areas <strong>of</strong> at least one-quarteracre for the benefit <strong>of</strong> wildlife; (5)maintaining plantings (such as shrubs<strong>and</strong> agricultural crops) for the benefit<strong>of</strong> wildlife; <strong>and</strong> (6) visiting parks <strong>and</strong>natural areas to observe, photograph, orfeed wildlife.Auxiliary equipment—Equipmentowned primarily for wildlife-associatedrecreation. For the sportspersonssection, these include sleeping bags,packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars<strong>and</strong> field glasses, special fishing <strong>and</strong>hunting clothing, foul weather gear,boots <strong>and</strong> waders, maintenance <strong>and</strong>repair <strong>of</strong> equipment, <strong>and</strong> processing<strong>and</strong> taxidermy costs. For the wildlifewatchingsection, these include tents,tarps, frame packs, backpacking <strong>and</strong>other camping equipment, <strong>and</strong> blinds.For both sportspersons <strong>and</strong> wildlifewatchers, it also includes electronicauxiliary equipment such as GlobalPositioning Systems.Away-from-home wildlife watching—Trips or outings at least 1 mile fromhome for the primary purpose <strong>of</strong>observing, photographing, or feedingwildlife. Trips to zoos, circuses, aquariums,<strong>and</strong> museums are not included.Big game—Bear, deer, elk, moose,wild turkey, <strong>and</strong> similar large animalsthat are hunted.Census DivisionsEast North CentralIllinoisIndianaMichiganOhioWisconsinEast South CentralAlabamaKentuckyMississippiTennesseeMiddle AtlanticNew JerseyNew YorkPennsylvaniaMountainArizonaColoradoIdahoMontanaNevadaNew MexicoUtahWyomingNew Engl<strong>and</strong>ConnecticutMaineMassachusettsNew HampshireRhode Isl<strong>and</strong>VermontPacificAlaskaCaliforniaHawaiiOregonWashingtonSouth AtlanticDelawareDistrict <strong>of</strong> ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaMaryl<strong>and</strong>North CarolinaSouth CarolinaVirginiaWest VirginiaWest North CentralKansasIowaMinnesotaMissouriNebraskaNorth DakotaSouth DakotaWest South CentralArkansasLouisianaOklahomaTexasDay—Any part <strong>of</strong> a day spent participatingin a given activity. For example,if someone hunted two hours one day<strong>and</strong> three hours another day, it wouldbe reported as two days <strong>of</strong> hunting.If someone hunted two hours in themorning <strong>and</strong> three hours in the afternoon<strong>of</strong> the same day, it would beconsidered one day <strong>of</strong> hunting.Education—The highest completedgrade <strong>of</strong> school or year <strong>of</strong> college.Expenditures—Money spent in 2011for wildlife-related recreation tripsin the United States, wildlife-relatedrecreational equipment purchased inthe United States, <strong>and</strong> other items. The“other items” were books, magazines,<strong>and</strong> DVDs; membership dues <strong>and</strong>contributions, l<strong>and</strong> leasing or owning;hunting <strong>and</strong> fishing licenses; <strong>and</strong> plantings,all for the purpose <strong>of</strong> wildliferelatedrecreation. Expendituresincluded both money spent by participantsfor themselves <strong>and</strong> the value <strong>of</strong>gifts they received.96 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau
<strong>Fishing</strong>—The sport <strong>of</strong> catching orattempting to catch fish with a hook<strong>and</strong> line, bow <strong>and</strong> arrow, or spear; italso includes catching or gatheringshellfish (clams, crabs, etc.); <strong>and</strong> thenoncommercial seining or netting<strong>of</strong> fish, unless the fish are for use asbait. For example, seining for smelt isfishing, but seining for bait minnows isnot included as fishing.<strong>Fishing</strong> equipment—Items ownedprimarily for fishing:Rods, reels, poles, <strong>and</strong> rodmakingcomponentsLines <strong>and</strong> leadersArtificial lures, flies, baits, <strong>and</strong>dressing for flies or linesHooks, sinkers, swivels, <strong>and</strong> otheritems attached to a line, except lures<strong>and</strong> baitsTackle boxesCreels, stringers, fish bags, l<strong>and</strong>ingnets, <strong>and</strong> gaff hooksMinnow traps, seines, <strong>and</strong> baitcontainersDepth finders, fish finders, <strong>and</strong> otherelectronic fishing devicesIce fishing equipmentOther fishing equipmentFreshwater—Reservoirs, lakes, ponds,<strong>and</strong> the nontidal portions <strong>of</strong> rivers <strong>and</strong>streams.Great Lakes fishing—<strong>Fishing</strong> in LakesSuperior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair,Erie, <strong>and</strong> Ontario, their connectingwaters such as the St. Mary’s Riversystem, Detroit River, St. Clair River,<strong>and</strong> the Niagara River, <strong>and</strong> the St.Lawrence River south <strong>of</strong> the bridgeat Cornwall, New York. Great Lakesfishing includes fishing in tributaries <strong>of</strong>the Great Lakes for smelt, steelhead,<strong>and</strong> salmon.Home—The starting point <strong>of</strong> a wildlife-relatedrecreational trip. It may be apermanent residence or a temporary orseasonal residence such as a cabin.<strong>Hunting</strong>—The sport <strong>of</strong> shooting orattempting to shoot wildlife with firearmsor archery equipment.Rifles, shotguns, muzzleloaders, <strong>and</strong>h<strong>and</strong>gunsArchery equipmentTelescopic sightsDecoys <strong>and</strong> game callsAmmunitionH<strong>and</strong> loading equipment<strong>Hunting</strong> dogs <strong>and</strong> associated costsOther hunting equipmentL<strong>and</strong> leasing <strong>and</strong> owning—Leasingor owning l<strong>and</strong> either singly or incooperation with others for the primarypurpose <strong>of</strong> fishing, hunting, or wildlifewatching on it.Maintain natural areas—To set aside1/4 acre or more <strong>of</strong> natural environment,such as wood lots or open fields,for the primary purpose <strong>of</strong> benefitingwildlife.Maintain plantings—To introduceor encourage the growth <strong>of</strong> food <strong>and</strong>cover plants for the primary purpose <strong>of</strong>benefiting wildlife.Metropolitan Statistical Area(MSA)—A Metropolitan StatisticalArea is a grouping <strong>of</strong> one or morecounties or equivalent entities thatcontain at least one urbanized area<strong>of</strong> 50,000 or more inhabitants. The“Outside MSA” classification includecensus-defined Micropolitan StatisticalAreas (or Micro areas). A Micro areais defined as a grouping <strong>of</strong> one or morecounties or equivalent entities thatcontain at least one urban cluster <strong>of</strong> atleast 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhabitants.Refer to , for a moredetailed definition <strong>of</strong> the MetropolitanStatistical Area.Migratory birds—<strong>Birds</strong> that regularlymigrate from one region or climate toanother such as ducks, geese, <strong>and</strong> doves<strong>and</strong> other birds that may be hunted.Multiple responses—The term usedto reflect the fact that individuals ortheir characteristics fall into more thanone reporting category. An example<strong>of</strong> a big game hunter who hunted fordeer <strong>and</strong> elk demonstrates the effect <strong>of</strong>multiple responses. In this case, addingthe number <strong>of</strong> deer hunters (one) <strong>and</strong>elk hunters (one) would overstate thenumber <strong>of</strong> big game hunters (one)because deer <strong>and</strong> elk hunters are notmutually exclusive categories. Incontrast, for example, total participantsis the sum <strong>of</strong> male <strong>and</strong> female participants,because “male” <strong>and</strong> “female” aremutually exclusive categories.Nonresidents—Individuals who donot live in the State being reported.For example, a person living in Texaswho watches whales in California isa nonresidential wildlife-watcher inCalifornia.Nonresponse—A term used to reflectthe fact that some <strong>Survey</strong> respondentsprovide incomplete sets <strong>of</strong> information.For example, a <strong>Survey</strong> respondentmay have been unable to identify theprimary type <strong>of</strong> hunting for which agun was bought. Total hunting expenditureestimates will include the gunpurchase, but it will not appear asspending for big game or any othertype <strong>of</strong> hunting. Nonresponses result inreported totals that are greater than thesum <strong>of</strong> their parts.Observe—To take special interest inor try to identify birds, fish or otherwildlife.Other animals—Coyotes, crows,foxes, groundhogs, prairie dogs,raccoons, alligators, <strong>and</strong> similaranimals that can be legally hunted <strong>and</strong>are not classified as big game, smallgame, or migratory birds. They maybe classified as unprotected or predatoryanimals by the State in which theyare hunted. Feral pigs are classifiedas “other animals” in all States exceptHawaii, where they are considered biggame.Participants—Individuals who engagein fishing, hunting, or a wildlifewatchingactivity. Unless otherwisestated, a person has to have hunted,fished, or wildlife watched in 2011 tobe considered a participant.Plantings—See “Maintain plantings.”Primary purpose—The principalmotivation for an activity, trip, orexpenditure.Private l<strong>and</strong>—L<strong>and</strong> owned by a business,nongovernmental organization,private individual, or a group <strong>of</strong> individualssuch as an association or club.<strong>Hunting</strong> equipment—Items ownedPublic l<strong>and</strong>—L<strong>and</strong> that is owned byprimarily for hunting:local governments (such as countyparks <strong>and</strong> municipal watersheds),U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong> Service <strong>and</strong> U.S. Census Bureau 2011 <strong>National</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fishing</strong>, <strong>Hunting</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wildlife</strong>-Associated Recreation 97
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service2011Nat
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Economics and StatisticsAdministrat
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List of TablesFishing and Hunting1.
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ForewordWhen I was growing up, it w
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Highlights
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watching (observing, photographing,
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Expenditures for Wildlife-Related R
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Fishing
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Fishing ExpendituresAnglers spent $
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Freshwater Fishing ExpendituresAngl
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pike, pickerel, and muskie, as well
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Sex and Age of AnglersAlthough more
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The majority of anglers had househo
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2001-2011 Fishing Participants, Day
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Hunting HighlightsIn 2011, 13.7 mil
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Big Game HuntingIn 2011, a majority
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Days per hunterTrips per hunterTrip
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Hunting on Public and PrivateLandsm
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Large MSA25%Medium MSA17%Percent of
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Hispanics, who represent a growingp
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Wildlife WatchingU.S. Fish and Wild
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Wildlife-Watching ExpendituresThirt
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Wildlife Fed, Observed, orPhotograp
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Metropolitan and NonmetropolitanAro
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Education, Race, and Ethnicity ofAr
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