Fig. 46. Penicillium digitatum. 7-day old colonies on A. CYA, B ... - CBS

J. C. FRISVAD &R.A.SAMSON
P. echinulatum Fassatiová, Acta Univ. Carol.
Biol. 12: 326, 1977
In <strong>Penicillium</strong> subgenus <strong>Penicillium</strong> section Viridicata
series Solita
Type: Herb. PRM 778523
Culture ex type: CBS 317.48 = IBT 6294 = IMI 040028 =
ATCC 10434 = NRRL 1151 = FRR 1151 = IFO 7760 =
MUCL 15615 = QM 7519, contaminant in a Petri dish,
Ottawa, Canada (T)
Diagnostic features: Territrems, cyclopenins, dark green
rough-walled conidia
Similar species: P. echinulatum differs from P. solitum by
producing rough-walled conidia and from P. discolor by
inability to produce a diffusible red pigment. P. discolor
differs from P. cavernicola by the cream-coloured reverse
on CYA, in contrast to the brown reverse of the latter
species.
Description:
Conidiophores: Terverticillate, appressed elements, born
from subsurface hyphae
Conidia: Rough-walled, globose to subglobose, 3.5-4.5 μm.
Phialides: Cylindrical tapering to a distinct collulum, 9-11
μm x 2.5-3.0 μm
Metulae: Cylindrical, 11-15 μm x 3-3.5 μm
Rami: Cylindrical, 12-20 μm x 3.5-4.2 μm
Stipes: Rough-walled, 250-500 μm x 3.5-4.2 μm
Synnemata or fasciculation: Weakly fasciculate
Sclerotia: None
Colony texture: Velutinous to weakly fasciculate
Conidium colour on CYA: Dark green
Exudate droplets on CYA: Present, clear
Reverse colour on CYA: Cream coloured
Reverse colour on YES: Yellow
Diffusible colour: None
Ehrlich reaction: None
Odour and volatile metabolites: Ethyl acetate, isobutanol,
isopentanol, 3-octanone, geosmin (Larsen and Frisvad,
1995)
Extrolites: 1) Palitantin, 2) Territrems and arisugacins, 3)
Cyclopeptin, dehydrocyclopeptin, cyclopenin, cyclopenol,
viridicatin, viridicatol
Growth on creatine: Very good
Acid and base production on creatine: Good acid production
followed by base production
Growth on UNO: Very good
Growth on nitrite: Poor
Abiotic factors:
Diam., 1 week, 25°C: CYA: 20-40 mm; MEA: 18-35 mm;
YES: 33-53 mm; CREA: 21-27 mm; Cz: 14-25 mm, OAT:
20-34 mm: CYAS: 32-39 mm; CzBS: 17-24 mm; CzP: 0
mm; UNO: 12-22 mm; DG18: 16-29 mm
Diam., CYA, 1 week: 5°C: 3-5 mm; 15°C: 25-31 mm;
30°C: 0-1 mm; 37°C: 0 mm
CYA/CYAS: 0.8 [0.6-1.0]
CYA15°C/CYA 25°C: 0.9 [0.8-1.3]
CYA30°C/CYA 25°C: 0.03 [0.03-0.05]
CZBS/CZ: 0.9 [0.8-1.0]
CZP/CZ: 0
Distribution: Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany,
France, Wyoming, Arizonut, USA, Canada, Thailand,
Japan, South Africa
Ecology and habitats: Lipids, margarine, cheese, wood and
wood products, lemon grass
Biotechnological applications: None
Biodeterioration & phytopathology: Has been found in
wet mechanical pulp, and may be able to degrade paper.
Mycotoxicoses and mycotoxins: Territrems are
tremorgenic mycotoxins, but these have not been found to
occur naturally.
Typical cultures: IBT 21524 = IBT 12879 = CBS 101027,
ex wash basin, Denmark (Y); IBT 7000 = CBS 268.97, ex
goat cheese, Paris, France; IBT 3232 = CBS 337.59 =
ATCC 18487 = FAT 1019 = FRR 637 = IFO 6233 = IMI
068236 = QM 7304, unrecorded source, Japan (P. palitans
var. echinoconidium); IBT 3234 = CBS 112287 = FRR
1963, ex cheddar cheese, Orange Free State, South Africa;
IBT 21568 = CBS 112288; ex wood shaving, Denmark;
IBT 16296 = CBS 290.97, ex root, Wyoming, USA; IBT
22503 = CBS 112289, ex waste, Germany; IBT 21839 =
CBS 112286, ex lemon grass, Thailand; CBS 255.55, ex
wet mechanical pulp, Sweden; IBT 4105 = CBS 347.97, ex
adult bee gut, Arizona, USA.
100