instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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94 Clemente Recio By using GC-C-IRMS, it is possible not only to identify the individual hydrocarbons composing the accelerant, but also the individual 13 C of each of them. Commonly, accelerants may be formed by a mixture of up to 50-100 individual hydrocarbons that can be chromatographically separated. Obviously, after a fire, most of them will have degraded, but if we can recover say 4 useful compounds, our chances of unequivocally characterizing the accelerant used are high. GC-C-IRMS techniques can link together accelerant residues from the scene with partially evaporated residues on the arsonist or its environment, and with the remaining pristine accelerant in the container used (Jasper et al., 2002). Drugs of Abuse and Pharmaceuticals When fighting trafficking of drugs, an extremely useful piece of information for Authorities is to determine both the area of production and the possible routes followed by dealers. When a batch of heroin, cocaine or other drugs is seized, the drug itself and the impurities it contain keep a record of its origins and its distribution circuit. Drugs suchs as heroin or cocaine derive from plant materials. The photosyntetic pathway of the plant (C 3 vs C 4 ), the soil nitrogen the plant had available for gowth, and environmental factors, such as climate and water availability, all impart an specific isotope signature to the final product (Desage et al., 1991; Ehleringer et al., 1999, 2000; Galimov et al., 2005). If adulterants used to "cut" the drug are also considered, the final result is that every batch is almost unique on its combined 13 C and 15 N signature (Fig. 4). But not only batches can be characterized. Heroin is a highly addictive drug that is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Once inside the body it is rapidly metabolised to morphine, which is then excreted in the urine. The presence of morphine in urine cannot alone be used as a marker for illicit heroin abuse since morphine and codeine (which is also metabolised to morphine) can be found in prescriptive medicines (treatments for pain, coughs and diarrhoea) and foods (pastries containing poppy seeds have also been shown to lead to the presence of morphine and codeine in the urine). However, the intermediate metabolite of heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), can
Alike as two water drops: distinguishing one source of the same substance from another 95 be used as a specific marker for heroin as it does not result from the metabolism of either morphine or codeine. In addition, acetylcodeine is a known impurity of illicit heroin synthesis and may be used to distinguish between the pharmacologically pure heroin that is used in heroin maintenance programs and illicit ‘street’ heroin. Stable isotopic analysis of such components, extracted from body fluids, can aid in distinguishing between prescribed and illicit drugs. -26,00 -28,00 -30,00 -32,00 -34,00 Finnigan MAT Application Flash Report No. 15 Heroin Cocaine Fourel (2002) Heroin Turkey Pakistan Thailand Syria Lebanon India Galimov et al. (2005) Cannabis, Rusia and Ukraine Heroin, Colombia Morphine, Colombia Heroin, Korea -36,00 -38,00 -40,00 -15,00 -10,00 -5,00 0,00 5,00 10,00 15 N AIR , ‰ FIGURE 4. C and N isotopic values in four different seizures of heroin and and six shipments of cocaine. Variation of 13 C is relatively small, but 15 N clearly individualizes each batch (Finnigan MAT, 1995). Additional data on Heroin and Cannabis samples of known origin have been included for comparison (from Fourel, 2002; Galimov et al., 2005). In contrast with heroin and cocaine, ecstasy is a synthetic drug, not derived from plant extracts. Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine; MDMA) is typically prepared from a number of cheap and readily available natural products, via conversion to 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetone (MDA) and reductive amination to form an N- substituted amine (Palhol et al., 2003, 2004; Carter, 2002). According to the UK's Home Office statistics for 1999, 29% of 16-29 year olds have experienced hallucinogenic drugs. Police and HM Customs seized approximately 6.5 million ecstacy tablets, for an estimated supply of 26 million tablets. In France, with
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SEMINARIOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA
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FOREWORD On the occasion of the Spa
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INDEX Electron back-scattered diffr
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8 Elisabetta Mariani et al Introduc
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10 Elisabetta Mariani et al success
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14 Elisabetta Mariani et al FIGURE
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TEM in Geology. Basics and applicat
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