instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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90 Clemente Recio beers. Some brands claiming to be “pure barley malt”, however, are suspicious of misslabelling. Other recent examples have to do with characterizing pork products. Traditional breeding of the Iberian pig depends on the “Dehesa”, a distinctive ecosystem where the animals are free ranging, feeding on natural resources all year long, with a major contribution by acorns in the winter months. It is acorns that impart special characteristics, both in terms of taste and healt benefits, to this class of pork, with quantity and quality of the product mirroring the resources available. But modern market demands are decoupled from natural cycles, which results in a modification of traditional practices in order to satisfy demand, leading to an ever increasing number of animals being reared on non-natural resources; mostly on formulated feed. 8 6 Pure Barley Malt Barley and Wheat Malt Added Corn, Rice, ... 4 Not clearly labelled Bavarian Purity Law of 1516 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -29 -27 -25 -23 -21 -19 -17 -15 13 C PDB , FIGURE 1. Binary plot of 13 C vs 15 N measured on the dry extract of beer. Note two wellseparated groupings, mostly determined by C isotopic values. Some samples gave values that, a priori, do not correspond with the declared ingredients. Data from Cubides Castillo et al. (2007). The high quality of Iberian pork products -and subsequent consumer appreciation and willingness to pay a corresponding high price- derives, however, from the traditional breeding and feeding system, so a method to test for substantial acorn consumption is
Alike as two water drops: distinguishing one source of the same substance from another 91 required. Fig. 2 shows that 13 C of oleic fatty acid is a useful index to differentiate animals raised on grass + acorns from those fed formulated feed. -15,00 13 C PDB= -26,9 ‰ C18:1 vs C18:0 -20,00 -25,00 -30,00 Pienso N Pienso L Bellota Encina Bellota Alc 98 B.Pienso 10 Ib. Pienso 31 Ib. Recebo 32 Ib. Recebo 33 Ib. Recebo 65 Ib. Bellota 66 Ib. Bellota 67 Ib. Bellota Oils -35,00 -35,00 -33,00 -31,00 -29,00 -27,00 -25,00 -23,00 -21,00 -19,00 -17,00 -15,00 C18:1 FIGURE 2. 13 C VPDB obtained for the methyl ester of Oleic Acid (C18:1) versus those of Estearic Acid (C18:0). No single sample classed as Bellota has 13 C C18:1 > -26,88‰. Values of different formulated feeds, acorns and several vegetable oils have been included for reference. From Recio (2007). Forensics The analytical techniques commonly available to forensic scientists allow identification of the substances present, but cannot tell one source of the same substance from another. Stable isotope variation, however, responds to fundamental physical, chemical and biological processes, and can thus be used to differentiate among otherwise chemically identical substances. Stable isotopes can corroborate and confirm many evidential leads in the investigation of serious crime (Benson et al., 2006). One potential use is in geo-location, that is, the relationship between stable isotopes and location. Stable isotope ratios can also be used to provide information about the origin of counterfeit money by measuring the hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in the paper.
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SEMINARIOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA
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FOREWORD On the occasion of the Spa
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INDEX Electron back-scattered diffr
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8 Elisabetta Mariani et al Introduc
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10 Elisabetta Mariani et al success
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14 Elisabetta Mariani et al FIGURE
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TEM in Geology. Basics and applicat
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