instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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Raman, Conventional Infrared and Synchrotron Infrared Spectroscopy in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: Basics and Applications 69 technical rather than fundamental, it may change with evolving technology. With today’s technology, a spectrometer with a laser wavelength longer than 850 nm will be FT, since suitable multichannel detectors are not available for Raman-shifted wavelengths longer than ~1000 nm. Furthermore, there are good reasons (in general) to avoid laser wavelengths
70 Biliana Gasharova increasingly Raman) spectroscopy is widely applied for routine identification of materials, without necessarily knowing the structural origin of the individual spectral peaks. In some cases there are significant advantages over diffraction methods, as the spectra are easy to obtain from solids, liquids and gases, and from materials with low atomic weight. In earth sciences, vibrational spectroscopy is commonly used to identify specific molecular groups (or to monitor their changes in diverse in-situ reactions) such as OH, H 2 O, CO 2 , CO 3 , SO 4 , NO 3 , SiO 4 , CrO 4 , CH 2 , CH 3 , CH 4 , etc., all of which usually give intense Raman and IR peaks. Structural changes can be monitored in time-resolved experiments, and the distribution of species in heterogeneous samples can be investigated by mapping and imaging. Fingerprint analysis in fluid inclusions studies Fluid inclusion (FI) research, for example, is a worth mentioning field of geochemistry, which greatly benefits from these abilities. Studies of FI provide insights into geological processes in the Earth's crust governed by chemical reactions between rocks and natural fluids. Raman and IR microspectroscopy provide qualitative and quantitative information on molecular species. Sometimes H 2 O and OH may cause interferences in the IR analysis of aqueous and gas inclusions due to their strong absorption. On the other hand Raman spectra can be completely obscured by fluorescence emission from inclusions, host minerals, or organics present in the sample or in the mounting media. Molecular components like N 2 (only Raman active), CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 O and molecular ions such as OH - , HS - 2- or SO 4 can be routinely analyzed in fluid inclusions by Raman and IR spectroscopy. The spectrum in Fig. 3 contains prominent Raman FIGURE 3. Raman spectrum of the vapor phase of aqueous inclusion in quartz (from Samson et peaks of CH 4 and CO 2 with a trace of N 2 al., 2003). and possibly of H 2 S. Other features are bands of the quartz host mineral and cosmic ray spikes.
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instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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