instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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INDEX Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) in the SEM: applications to microstructures in minerals and rocks and recent technological advancements …………………..... 7 Elisabetta Mariani TEM in Geology. Basics and applications ……..................................21 Fernando Nieto García X-ray absorption spectroscopy in Mineralogy and in the Earth and Environmental sciences ……………….....……….... 43 Jesús Chaboy Nalda Raman, conventional infrared and synchrotron infrared spectroscopy in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: basics and applications ……………………………………….………........... 57 Biliana Gasharova Alike as two water drops: distinguishing one source of the same substance from another ……………………...…………... 83 Clemente Recio Hernández Radiogenic isotopes and their applications within a range of scientific fields ……………………………………..……. 111 Kjell Bilström Analytical techniques applied to fluid inclusions studies: basics and applications ………………………................................…133 Salvador Morales Ruano
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the SEM: applications to microstructures in minerals and rocks and recent technological advancements Elisabetta Mariani a , D. J. Prior a , D. McNamara a , M. A. Pearce a , N. Seaton b , G. Seward c , D. Tatham a and J. Wheeler a a Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK b Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA c Department of Geology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9630 USA Abstract Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is based on the principle that a beam of electrons generated in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is the source of randomly scattered electrons in a specimen. The backscattered electrons (BSE) that escape the sample generate a Kikuchi pattern on a phosphor screen, which is linked to the specimen crystal structure. Different crystal orientations generate different EBSPs. EBSD provides orientation, misorientation and boundary measurements from a small area (>1 μm) in a crystal and automated EBSD analysis is applied to an increasingly large number of rock-forming minerals. Excellent results are obtained for example on calcite and quartz and recent achievements include successful automated indexing of low symmetry minerals such as feldspars and omphacite. The effective application of EBSD to mineralogy and petrology has increased and includes detailed studies of microstructures, twin boundaries, deformation mechanisms and metamorphic processes. A technique for in-situ high temperature tensile deformation of minerals and rocks is currently being developed.
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