instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Raman, Conventional Infrared and Synchrotron Infrared Spectroscopy in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: Basics and Applications Biliana Gasharova ANKA Synchrotron Light Source / Institute for Synchrotron Radiation, Research Center Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Both vibrational spectroscopy methods, Raman and infrared (IR), have proved a useful tool for fingerprint analysis, structural characterization, in-situ monitoring of reaction kinetics / pressure / temperature dependence, quantitative analysis, as a probe of interatomic forces, and for calculation of thermodynamic and elastic properties. Over the past decades the development of microbeam techniques has had a major impact on vibrational studies and thus these techniques are enjoying a growing popularity in the geosciences. As with any experimental approach some theoretical understanding of the physical phenomena underlying the experiment as well as some knowledge about the principles and performance of the instrumentation are essential for a meaningful analysis of vibrational spectra. Examples of applications of Raman and IR spectroscopy in mineralogy and geochemistry will follow a brief introduction to the basics of both methods and the corresponding instrumentation. They are number of excellent summaries of both theory and applications available in the literature. For example, books as those of Nakamoto (1996, first published in 1963) describing fundamental theories of vibrational spectroscopy and illustrating their applications to inorganic and coordination compounds; Farmer (1974) providing an excellent description of theory, instrumentation and techniques related to mineralogy along with very extensive and valuable summary of vibrational studies across all mineralogical fields; Hawthorne (1988) summarizing theory and applications in mineralogy and geology. Some more recent books of interest could be Mirabella (1992), Putnis (1995), Turell and Corset (1996), McCreery (2000), Chalmers and Griffiths
58 Biliana Gasharova (2001), Beran and Libowitzky (2004). The content of the theoretical part in this article is based on the literature mentioned above, which has not been further cited throughout the text. Spectroscopic methods FIGURE 1. Regions of the EM spectrum with E indicated in eV (energy), cm -1 (wavenumber), Hz (frequency) and m (wavelength). Spectroscopic methods are complementary techniques or some times even an alternative to the traditionally applied diffraction methods. In terms of the interaction of radiation with matter, diffraction involves a change in direction of the incident radiation, without change in its energy. The determination of structure by diffraction depends largely on the periodicity of the structure and therefore produces a long-range or average picture. Spectroscopic methods on the other hand provide information about the local structure of a material like local chemical and crystallographic environment, coordination number, site symmetry, etc. and do not depend on long-range periodicity or crystallinity. Although there are many different spectroscopic methods they all work on the same basic principle. Under some conditions, an incident beam of radiation can be absorbed, transmitted, reflected or scattered by matter, or alternatively, can cause the emission of radiation from the material. The energy differences between ground and excited states cover the entire range of the EM spectrum from radio frequency (~10 6 Hz) to x-ray and g-ray frequencies (up to ~10 20 Hz, Fig. 1). For example, in the lowest energy range, nuclei have energy levels associated with their spin with the differences between these energy levels being in the radio frequency range; transitions between spin energy levels of electrons have energy in the microwave region; rotations of molecular groups lie in the far-IR range; molecular vibrations involving stretching and bending of atomic bonds,
Page 2 and 3:
SEMINARIOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA
Page 4 and 5:
FOREWORD On the occasion of the Spa
Page 6 and 7: INDEX Electron back-scattered diffr
Page 8 and 9: 8 Elisabetta Mariani et al Introduc
Page 10 and 11: 10 Elisabetta Mariani et al success
Page 12 and 13: 12 Elisabetta Mariani et al number
Page 14 and 15: 14 Elisabetta Mariani et al FIGURE
Page 16 and 17: 16 Elisabetta Mariani et al FIGURE
Page 18 and 19: 18 Elisabetta Mariani et al In-situ
Page 20 and 21: TEM in Geology. Basics and applicat
Page 42 and 43: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Mi
Page 58 and 59: Raman, Conventional Infrared and Sy
Page 82 and 83: 84 Clemente Recio Isotope Terminolo
Page 84 and 85: 86 Clemente Recio collector gas sou
Page 86 and 87: 88 Clemente Recio Something similar
Page 88 and 89: 90 Clemente Recio beers. Some brand
Page 90 and 91: 92 Clemente Recio The source of the
Page 92 and 93: 94 Clemente Recio By using GC-C-IRM
Page 94 and 95: 96 Clemente Recio about 25% of tota
Page 96 and 97: 98 Clemente Recio such as blood and
Page 98 and 99: 100 Clemente Recio relatively simpl
Page 100 and 101: 102 Clemente Recio following admini
Page 102 and 103: 104 Clemente Recio and high N in dr
Page 104 and 105: 106 Clemente Recio although 15 N d
Page 106 and 107:
108 Clemente Recio spectrometers th
Page 108 and 109:
110 Clemente Recio O’Brien, D.M.
Page 110 and 111:
112 Kjell Bilström time in old geo
Page 112 and 113:
114 Kjell Bilström ratios ( 204 Pb
Page 114 and 115:
116 Kjell Bilström Certain samples
Page 116 and 117:
118 Kjell Bilström Molybdenite is
Page 118 and 119:
120 Kjell Bilström analyzed with r
Page 120 and 121:
122 Kjell Bilström radiogenic sign
Page 122 and 123:
124 Kjell Bilström plants inherits
Page 124 and 125:
126 Kjell Bilström in some cases a
Page 126 and 127:
128 Kjell Bilström Besides, minera
Page 128 and 129:
130 Kjell Bilström References Bear
Page 130 and 131:
Analytical techniques applied to fl
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
show all

instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?