TEM in Geology. Basics <strong>and</strong> applications 39 encrustations of detrital grains <strong>and</strong> fossils by Mn oxy-hydroxides, suggesting that the oxides formed from the interaction of fluids with sediments. Well-crystallised Mn-oxide phases were <strong>to</strong>dorokite <strong>and</strong> birnessite, based on XRD, TEM, <strong>and</strong> SAED analyses of Mn crusts. TEM <strong>and</strong> SAED allowed the identification of poorly crystallized <strong>and</strong> amorphous phases with small crystal size that could correspond <strong>to</strong> poorly crystallized birnessite <strong>and</strong> amorphous Mn-rich nanocrystallites, also containing Si <strong>and</strong> Fe. To determine the valence of Mn in the different types of particles, the MnL 3 <strong>to</strong> MnL 2 area ratio was measured <strong>and</strong> compared with that of three st<strong>and</strong>ard samples containing Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , <strong>and</strong> Mn 4+ respectively. The valence of Mn was then calculated from the calibration curve. The chemical shift of the MnL 3 edge was also measured for the different types of particles <strong>and</strong> compared <strong>to</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard samples. The shape of the oxygen K-edge spectra of the samples was also observed <strong>and</strong> compared with that of st<strong>and</strong>ard compounds. EELS analyses gave an average oxidation state for Mn of about 3.7 for birnessite <strong>and</strong> a lower average valence state for veil-like particles <strong>and</strong> aggregates of small veil-forming cellular structures of filament. Buatier et al. (2004) concluded that <strong>to</strong>dorokite was the final product requiring a several-step mechanism for formation. This implies that reactants included intermediate lower-valence state <strong>and</strong> poorly crystallized minerals, with progressive increases in the size <strong>and</strong> crystallinity of Mn oxide <strong>and</strong> a progressive oxidation of Mn. References Abad, I., Livi, K., Nie<strong>to</strong>, F., Árkai, P. <strong>and</strong> Judik, K. (2007). Analysis of ammonium in micas by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy, in "Diagenesis <strong>and</strong> Low-Temperature Metamorphism. Theory, Methods <strong>and</strong> Regional Aspects", F. Nie<strong>to</strong> <strong>and</strong> J. Jiménez- Millán, eds. Seminarios SEM 3, 99. Abad, I., Nie<strong>to</strong>, F., Peacor, D.R. <strong>and</strong> Velilla, N. (2003). Clay Miner., 38, 1-23. Abad-Ortega, M.A. <strong>and</strong> Nie<strong>to</strong>, F. (1995). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 120, 327-336. Ahn, J.H. <strong>and</strong> Peacor, D.R. (1986). Clays Clay Miner., 34, 165-179. Amouric, M., Mercurio, G. <strong>and</strong> Baronnet, A. (1981). Bull. Miner., 104, 298-313. Auzende, A.L., Guillot, S., Devouard, B. <strong>and</strong> Baronnet, A. (2006). Eur. J. Mineral., 18, 21-33. Banfield, J.F., Veblen, D.R. <strong>and</strong> Smith, D.J. (1991). Am. Mineral., 76, 343-353. Banfield, J.F. <strong>and</strong> Veblen, D.R. (1991). Am. Mineral., 76, 113-127. Baronnet, A. <strong>and</strong> Devouard, B. (2005). Can. Mineral., 43, 513-542.
40 Fern<strong>and</strong>o Nie<strong>to</strong> Bauluz, B., Mayayo, M.J., Yuste, A., Fern<strong>and</strong>ez-Nie<strong>to</strong>, C. <strong>and</strong> Gonzalez Lopez, J.M. (2004a). Clay Miner., 39, 333-344. Bauluz, B., Peacor, D.R. <strong>and</strong> Hollis, C.J. (2004b). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 219, 209-219. Bozhilov, K.N., Jenkins, D.M. <strong>and</strong> Veblen, D.R. (2004). Am. Mineral., 89, 74-84. Brenker, F.E. <strong>and</strong> Krot, A.N. (2004). Am. Mineral., 89, 1280-1289. Brenker, F.E., Muller, W.F. <strong>and</strong> Brey, G.P. (2003). Am. Mineral., 88, 1300-1311. Buatier, M.D., Guillaume, D., Wheat, C.G., Herve, L. <strong>and</strong> Adatte, T. (2004). Am. Mineral., 89, 1807-1815. Buseck , P.R. (1992). Principles of transmission electron microscopy, in "Minerals <strong>and</strong> reactions at the a<strong>to</strong>mic scale: transmission electron microscopy", P.R. Buseck, ed. Min. Soc. Amer. Reviews in Mineralogy 27, 1-35. Washing<strong>to</strong>n, D.C. Camara, F., Doukhan, J.C., Domeneghetti, M.C. <strong>and</strong> Zema, M. (2000). Eur. J. Mineral., 12, 735-748. Capitani, G. <strong>and</strong> Mellini, M. (2004). Am. Mineral., 89, 147-158. Capitani, G. <strong>and</strong> Mellini, M. (2005). Am. Mineral., 90, 991-999. Capitani, G.C., Oleynikov, P., Hovmoller, S. <strong>and</strong> Mellini, M. (2006). Ultramicroscopy, 106, 66-74. Chatterjee, N.D. (1966). Contrib. Miner. Petrol., 12, 325-339. Cliff, G. <strong>and</strong> Lorimer, G.W. (1975). Journal of Microscopy, 103, 203-207. Ding, Y. <strong>and</strong> Veblen, D.R. (2004). Am. Mineral., 89, 961-968. Ding, Y., Veblen, D.R. <strong>and</strong> Prewitt, C.T. (2005). Am. Mineral., 90, 1265-1269. Dodony, I. <strong>and</strong> Buseck, P.R. (2004). Am. Mineral., 89, 1631-1639. Driscall, J., Jenkins, D.M., Dyar, M.D. <strong>and</strong> Bozhilov, K.N. (2005). Am. Mineral., 90, 900-911. Durovic, S., Hybler, J. <strong>and</strong> Kogure, T. (2004). Clays Clay Miner., 52, 613-621. Eggle<strong>to</strong>n, R.A. <strong>and</strong> Guggenheim, S. (1994). Am. Mineral., 79, 426-437. Faivre, D., Menguy, N., Guyot, F., Lopez, O. <strong>and</strong> Zuddas, P. (2005). Am. Mineral., 90, 1793-1800. Ferraris, C., Grobety, B., Fruh-Green, G.L. <strong>and</strong> Wessicken, R. (2004). Eur. J. Mineral., 16, 899-908. Ferrow, E.A. <strong>and</strong> Hovmoller, S. (1993). Eur. J. Mineral., 5, 181-188. Giorgetti, G., Gliozzo, E. <strong>and</strong> Memmi, I. (2004). Eur. J. Mineral., 16, 493-503. Giorgetti, G., Mata, M.P. <strong>and</strong> Peacor, D.R. (2003). Clay Miner., 38, 113-126. Golden, D.C., Ming, D.W., Morris, R.V., Brearley, A., Lauer, H.V., Treiman, A.H., Zolensky, M.E., Schw<strong>and</strong>t, C.S., Lofgren, G.E. <strong>and</strong> McKay, G.A. (2004). Am. Mineral., 89, 681-695. Hochella, M.F., Kasama, T., Putnis, A., Putnis, C.V. <strong>and</strong> Moore, J.N. (2005). Am. Mineral., 90, 718-724. Huertas, F.J., Fiore, S. <strong>and</strong> Linares, J. (2004). Clay Miner., 39, 423-431. Idrissi, H., Cordier, P., Jacob, D. <strong>and</strong> Walte, N. (2008). Eur. J. Mineral., in press. Il<strong>to</strong>n, E.S. <strong>and</strong> Veblen, D.R. (1988). Nature, 334, 516-518. Jimenez-Millan, J., Velilla, N. <strong>and</strong> Vazquez, M. (2007). Clay Miner., 42, 273-286. Kogure, T., Banno, Y. <strong>and</strong> Miyawaki, R. (2004). Eur. J. Mineral., 16, 891-897. Kogure, T. <strong>and</strong> Inoue, A. (2005). Eur. J. Mineral., 17, 465-473. Kogure, T., Miyawaki, R. <strong>and</strong> Banno, Y. (2005). Am. Mineral., 90, 725-731.
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