instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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TEM in Geology. Basics and applications 33 PETROGRAPHY OF FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS -Smectite-illite diagenetic transformation Ahn and Peacor (1986) -Prograde and retrograde diagenetic and metamorphic Abad et al (2003) evolution in metapelitic rocks -Nanometer-sized meteorite impact-derived glass Bauluz et al. (2004a) -Mineral composition and genetic relationships in impactite Ding and Veblen (2004) -Direct transformation of andalusite to kaolinite in strongly Jimenez-Millan et al. deformed areas (2007) -Submicroscopic intergrowths of K biotite, Na biotite, and Ruiz Cruz (2004) intermediate Na-K biotite -Nanometric intergrowths of graphite within ultramafic Ferraris et al. (2004) phlogopite -Mineralogical characterisation of archaeological pottery Giorgetti et al. (2004) -Environmentally important, poorly crystalline Fe/Mn Hochella et al. (2005) hydrous oxides -Mineral transformations in fired carbonated clays Bauluz et al. (2004b) -Evolution of textures and mineral assemblages from Giorgetti et al. (2003) sediment to metamorphic rock in open hydrothermal systems The polymorphs of TiO 2 Seven known polymorphs of TiO 2 exist. Rutile, anatase, and brookite had been previously found in nature. Nevertheless, in anatase Bandfield et al. (1991) found lamellae of a second mineral, ranging in size from a few nm to hundreds of a nm across. Both minerals showed a well-defined orientation relationship but the interplanar spacings of lattice parallel to the interphase were not exactly equal. They interpreted high-resolution electron micrographs to determine the positions of columns of Ti cations within the unit cell. The model structure was tested by comparing computer-generated images with experimental micrographs and refined using a distance-least-squares program to adjust interatomic distances to those previously known in anatase and rutile. The unnamed mineral had been reported previously as the synthetic polymorph TiO 2 (B). In this way, they were able to model the structure of anatase, TiO 2 (B), and their
34 Fernando Nieto boundaries. Heating experiments carried out with the electron microscope showed that TiO 2 (B) was converted to anatase at a furnace temperature of ~700 ºC (~100 ºC below the anatase-rutile transformation). The most common form of TiO 2 in nature is rutile, which is an important accessory mineral in metamorphic rocks, particularly high-pressure ones. Wu et al. (2005) described a natural high-pressure phase of titanium oxide with -PbO 2 -structure. It occurred as (
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