instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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TEM in Geology. Basics and applications 29 - Images (low or high resolution) Mosaic crystal, twins, dislocations, strain, polytypism, polysomatism, phase transformation, antiphase domains, nanotextures, nanocrystals, exsolution, nonstoichiometry. - Analytical electron microscopy Quick mineral identification, high-spatial resolution quantitative analysis. The frequent use of TEM in the geological sciences has revealed that many of these phenomena are more the rule than the exception. Mellini (1985) proposed the concept of microstructure to define “defects of various types and origins inside a monomineral grain (definable as real structure in a strict sense) or the diverse associations of several minerals in a polyphasic grain, homogeneous on a macroscopic scale” The first part of the definition has been a well-known concept in crystallography for decades, even considered in some definitions of crystals (Navrotsky, 1994), while the second part begins to point to a redefinition of the concept of mineral itself. The occurrence of a given microstructure mainly depends on the nucleation conditions and/or on the postcrystallization sub-solidus evolution. They may be important indicators of the thermobaric evolution of minerals and rocks. TABLE 1 refers to some representative examples, ordered according to the type of phenomenon studied. In addition, some significant cases are presented below.
30 Fernando Nieto PHENOMENON REFERENCE POLYMORPHISM Reconstructive transformations -Three different polymorphs of wollastonite in the Allende Brenker and Krot meteorite (2004) -Biogenic nanocrystalline sphalerite and wurtzite growing Moreau et al. (2004) on degraded wood -Berthierine and chlorite: stability relationships; are they true Abad-Ortega and polymorphs? Nieto (1995) -Microstructures of polygonal serpentines Baronnet and Devouard (2005) -Martensitic transition due to decompression in -PbO 2 -type Shen et al. (2005) TiO 2 in ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rock Displacive transformations -Antiphase domains in pigeonite Moore et al. (2001) -Twin walls in anorthoclase enriched in alkali and depleted Camara et al. (2000) in Ca and Al Order-disorder transformations -Antiphase domains in omphacites Brenker et al. (2003) -Antiphase domains in scapolite solid solutions Seto et al. (2004) -Niocalite. False disordered distribution of Nb and Ca, due Mellini (1982) to polysynthetically twinned domains Fe/Cu ordered superstructure of bornite Ding et al. (2005) Fe/Mg ordering in low-calcium actinolite Driscall et al. (2005) POLYTYPISM -Micas Amouric et al. (1981) -Kaolinite-dickite Kogure and Inoue (2005) -Chlorites Spinkler et al. (1984) -Lizardite-chlorite transformation and high-pressure lizardite Dodony and Buseck polytype (2004) -Disorder across the interlayer region in sodium mica Kogure et al. (2005) wonesite -Parallel intergrowths in cronstedtite Durovic et al. (2004)
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