instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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18 Elisabetta Mariani et al In-situ heating and deformation experiments Static in-situ high-temperature EBSD and SEM imaging experiments on metals and rock-forming minerals have proved successful in the observation and quantification of recrystallization and phase transformations up to ~1000 o C (e.g. Seward et al. 2004 and Bestmann et al. 2005). The range of samples that can be analysed is somewhat limited by the material properties and the operating conditions of the SEM. An interplay exist between 1) the attainment of temperatures suitable for studying recrystallization processes on experimental timescales, 2) preserving the integrity of lattice structure at temperature, and 3) avoiding sample deterioration by heating (e.g. calcite) or reduced grain boundary mobility (e.g. quartz) at reduced pressure conditions in the SEM. A custom-designed sample stage for the CamScan X500 FEG-SEM at Liverpool incorporates a high-temperature heating system with a deformation rig, permitting simultaneous heating and tensile deformation of samples with real-time EBSD analysis and conventional SEM imaging (Tatham work in progress). Although the deformation stage is undergoing significant hardware and software development in order to optimise the assembly for crystal-plastic deformation of geological materials, preliminary deformation experiments on copper samples have provided useful results and are promising for future work. Summary Electron backscatter diffraction is now a commonly used analytical tool in the Earth Sciences. It provides a measure of the full crystallographic orientation of crystalline materials > 1 μm in size and fully automated EBSD can be successfully applied to a large number of rock-forming minerals. In-situ high temperature tensile deformation capability for rocks and minerals is being developed at Liverpool. References Barrie, C. D., Boyle, A.P. et al. (2007). Jour. Structural Geol., 29, 1494-1511. Bestmann M., Piazolo, S. et al. (2005). Jour. Structural Geol. 27, 447-457. Groeber, M. A., Haley, B.K. et al. (2006). Materials Characterization 57(4-5), 259-273. Halfpenny, A., Prior, D.J. et al. (2006). Tectonophysics 427(1-4), 3-14.
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the SEM: applications to microstructures in minerals and rocks and recent technological advancements 19 Juul Jensen,D. and Schmidt, N.H. (1990). An automatic on-line technique for determination of crystallographic orientation by EBSP. In P. Chandra, Ed., Proceedings, Recrystallization 90. 219-224. Lloyd, G. E., C. C. Ferguson, et al. (1987). Tectonophysics,135, 243-249. Mikulik, P., Lubbert, D. et al. (2003). Jour. Physics D-Appl. Physics, 36(10A), A74- A78. Pennock, G. M., Drury, M.R. et al. (2006). Jour. Structural Geol., 28(4),588-601. Prior, D. J., Boyle, A.P. et al. (1999). Amer. Mineral., 84, 1741-1759. Randle, V. (1992). Microtexture determination and its applications. London, The Institute of Materials. pp 174. Randle, V. (2006). Jour. Microscopy 222, 69-75. Seward, G. G. E., Celotto, S. et al. (2004). Acta Materialia 52(4), 821-832. Storey, C. D. and Prior, D.J. (2005). Jour. Petrol. 46(12), 2593-2613. van Daalen, M., Heilbronner, R. et al. (1999). Tectonophysics 303(1-4), 83-107. Wheeler J, Prior D.J. et al. (2001). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 141 (1) 102-124. Winkelmann, A., Trager-Cowan, C. et al. (2007). Ultramicroscopy. 107, 414-421.
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