instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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Analytical techniques applied to fluid inclusion studies: basics and applications 149 Gagnon et al. (2003) also include an example in which concentration units are obtained from raw data using readily available commercial spreadsheets and spectral analysis software. Regarding the microprobes group, Anderson & Mayanovic (2003) made an extended review of electron, nuclear and X-ray microprobes. In this review, the techniques using an electron microbeam for analysis of fluid inclusions are divides into three types: (1) Scanning electron microscopy: used for identification or semiquantitative analysis of daughter minerals (in combination with energy dispersive analysis), for analysis of decrepitated mounds, or for analysis of frozen fluid inclusions (in combination with a cryogenic stage). (2) Electron microprobe: used for semiquantitative analysis of unopened fluid inclusions, limited by the electron beam’s shallow level of penetration. (3) Transmission electron microscopy: used mainly for morphological studies. According to Ryan (1999), nuclear microprobe techniques can be divided into PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission), PIGE (Proton-Induced Gamma-ray Emission) and ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis) for the purpose of analyzing fluid inclusions. PIXE provides detection limits around 40 ppm for different elements and is useful for elements ranging from Cl to U (with the exception of rare earth elements). PIGE is particularly used for lighter elements (Li, B, F, Na, Mg and Al) and ERDA for H analysis. In addition, RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry) coupled with PIXE provides the geometrical information needed for quantitative elemental analysis (Strivay et al., 2008). With respect to x-ray probes, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) and x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) have been used to analyse fluid inclusions (for example, Anderson & Mayanovic, 2003; Cauzid et al. 2006) providing minimum detection limits of a few ppm for many metals. As Anderson & Mayanovic (2003) indicate, electron microprobe analyses are semiquantitative but these techniques are accessible to many researchers. In contrast, nuclear and X-ray microprobe analyses are quantitative, but laboratories equipped with these techniques and suitable for fluid inclusion analyses are very limited at present.
150 Salvador Morales Conclusions The study of fluid inclusions is a highly useful tool for analysing the physicochemical properties of the fluids involved, not only in mineralising processes but also in many geological processes involving fluids. Their detailed study requires an approximation to the problems using different analytical techniques, but this is often sufficient only with a suitable microthermometric characterization. For other investigations with more ambitious objectives, the portfolio of analytical techniques that are available nowadays is quite extensive, ranging from simple techniques commonly used within the majority of research laboratories to complex techniques that are difficult to access. Likewise, advances in the development of new analytical techniques and their application to the study of fluid inclusions, especially in the quantitative study of individual fluid inclusions, is taking place at a frantic pace, so that "barriers" are quickly broken and "borders" take less and less time to be crossed. The use of these techniques depends, therefore, on both the requirements of each specific study and on the economic resources or the facilities for access to instrumentation available to each researcher. However, the future is coming: what will it have to offer us?. Acknowledgements This work arise from the knowledge and experience acquired over years of field and laboratory work. This experience arises from numerous contacts with colleagues from different research institutions as well as from the extensive literature that exists in this regard. For the training received I am grateful, both to the people with whom I have conversed directly, and to those with whom I have "only" communicated through their written texts. I have also learned a great deal from peoples that I teach, specially my students, and from the colleagues with I share my research, both geologist and chemists. To all of them, my sincere thanks and my apologies for any mistakes. Financial help from different research projects also contribute this experience (for example, CGL2006- 02594BTE, Ministry of Education and Science and FEDER, and “Proyecto de Excelencia” RNM-736, Junta de Andalucía, both nowadays in force). Their contributions are greatly appreciated. I am very grateful to Jim Daniell for reviewing the English version.
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