instrumental techniques applied to mineralogy and geochemistry

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122 Kjell Bilström radiogenic signature. On the basis of independent evidence, it is likely that in addition to Swedish Bergslagen copper ore, either ores mined in Japan or Morrocco were transported by Batavia. The plumbing system in Pompeii during the Roman empire examplifies another case where Pb isotopes were applied (Boni et al., 2000). By analyzing lead pipes belonging to the water supply system, the authors could identify a quite complex data pattern involving three, or more, lead sources. The isotope patterns also suggest that lead in the pipes have been melted and re-circulated to be used in new constructions as part of a major reconstruction programme involving the entire town. The ultimate sources of lead cannot easily be identified, but the suggested end-members include one specific ore at Sardinia. The other sources remain unidentified as the appropriate isotopic compositions can be matched with several ore districts in the Mediterranean region. At Sagalassos in SW Turkey, archeological excavation works have lately included isotope methods. The main approach has been to use a multi-isotope, and trace element approach in order to constrain the possible sources of raw materials used in manufacturing iron and glass artifacts (Degryse et al., 2006). Three local glass types are known from the area (green glass, blue glass and HIMT = High Iron Manganese Titanium glass), and Sr and Pb data support a theory where the latter two were recycled to produce green glass. On the basis of Sr isotope signatures and absolute Sr contents in the glasses, suggestions have also been put forward with relevance for the ultimate origin of the glass types. Locally found iron artifacts and their origins constitutes another source of discussion at Sagalassos. Limestone-hosted hematite and magnetite ores and hematite placer deposits are known from the area, and their potential association with the iron artefacts is clearly of interest. It turned out that Sr isotope signatures were most useful to provenance the iron-containing objects, whilst Pb data often show a more scattered or overlapping character. Combined with trace element analyses the cited isotope work at Sagalassos provide a good basis for interpreting the origin of raw materials.
Radiogenic isotopes and their applications within a range of scientific fields 123 FIGURE 5. Lead isotope data of Cu-tacks from the Bavaria wreckage and some reference fields (after Van Duiwenvoorde, 2008). Mints and coins form another group of objects which have been successfully provenanced by lead isotopes. Silver coins often carry a substantial amount of lead which follows from the circumstance that argentiferous lead ores often are used for silver production. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of Roman silver coins were reported to have been used for assessing the trade and exchange of metals and ores (Pointing et al., 2003). Tracing the life story of humans (" you are what you eat") Archaeologists, interested in how people have moved between inhabited regions, may benefit from applying Sr isotopes in their work. The reason is that different regions, characterized by different geology, tend to have quite distinct Sr isotopic signatures or finger-prints. Taken Sr isotopes as an example, there is principally a 1:1 relationship between bedrock, soil, plants and other organisms higher up in the food chain which can be explained as follows. The strontium isotope signature of the bedrock is controlled by geological factors – the soil inherits the isotopic signature of the weathered bedrock – the
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SEMINARIOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA
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INDEX Electron back-scattered diffr
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