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110 Clemente Recio O’Brien, D.M. and Wooller, M.J. (2007). Rapid Comm. Mass Spec., 21, 2422-2430. O’Connel, T.C. and Hedges, R.E.M. (1999). Am. J. Phys. Anth., 108, 409-425. Orús, F., Quílez, D. and Beltrán, J. (2000). Informaciones Técnicas, 93. Departamento de Agricultura, Gobierno de Aragón. Palhol, F., Lamoreux, C. and Naulet, N. (2003). Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 376, 486-490. Palhol, F., Lamoreux, C., Chabrillat, M. and Naulet, N. (2004). Analytica Chimica Acta, 510, 1-8. Perlmutter, N. M. and Koch, E. (1972). U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 800-B, pp. 225-235. Phillips, A. (1999). Micromass Application Note 501. Phillips, A. and Shackleton, C.H.L. (1999). SIMSUG '99. Poster. Phillips, A., Davies, S. and Mounier, L. (2000). IMSC 2000. Poster. Porter, K. S. (1980). Ground Water 6, 617-625. Recio, C. (2007). Ponencias, comunicaciones y pósteres IV Congreso Mundial del Jamón. Salamanca 2007, 59-63. Rossmann, A. (2001). Food Rev. Int., 17, 347-381. Shackleton, C. H. L., Phillips, A., Chang, T. and Li, Y. (1997.a). Steroids, 62, 379-387. Shackleton, C.H.L., Roitman, E., Phillips, A. and Chang, T. (1997.b). Steroids, 62, 665- 673. Sottas, P-E., Saudan, C., Schwizer, C., Baume, N., Mangin, P. and Saugy, M. (2008). Forensic Sci. Int., 174, 166-172. Vigil, J., Warburton, S., Haynes, W.S. and Kaiser, L. (1965). Public Health Reports, 80, 1119-1121. WADA (2004) Reporting and Evaluation Guidance for testosterone, epitestosterone, T/E ratio and other endogenous steroids. WADA Technical Document TD2004EAAS. http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/end_steroids_aug_04.pdf Wassenaar, L. I. (1995). Appl. Geochem., 10, 391-405.
Radiogenic isotopes and their applications within a range of scientific fields Kjell Billström Swedish Museum of Natural History, Laboratory for isotope geology Box 50 007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Introduction Isotopic methods have become a very important tool in the study of natural processes, and numerous applications have proved valuable in a diversity of research areas. Most of the early developed methods were devoted to solve problems in bedrock geology and other geological disciplines, and the ability to obtain absolute ages provided a break-through in the understanding of the Earth’s history. More recently, novel applications have been tested successfully within e.g. forensics and environmental studies. As a result, a wealth of information has grown over the last few decades through studies involving both stable and radiogenic isotopes. This contribution focuses on the application of radiogenic isotopes, whilst the approach using stable isotopes is further developed by Recio (2008, this volume). To a large extent, the tremendous increase in using isotope geochemical tools in new research areas has been driven by the technical development and introduction of new generations of very sensitive instrumentation. Besides, the chemical separation methods have developed to a point where extremely small samples (down to nanogram levels) can be handled and effects of interferences and contamination can be kept at a minimum. Contrary to stable isotopes whose abundances are unchanged by radioactive processes, a radioactive/radiogenic isotope is either unstable and decay to another nuclide, or is the result of a decay series. Radiogenic isotopes may be divided into longlived and short-lived isotopes, and their different half-lifes (T 1/2 ; the time during which 50 % of the radiogenic (parent) isotope decay to produce a daughter isotope) have implications for their usage in science. For instance, long-lived isotopes, e.g. 238 U (which decays to 206 Pb with a half-life of 4468 million years, Ma), are well suited for measuring
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