Comintern: Revolutionary Internationalism in Lenin's Time
Comintern: Revolutionary Internationalism in Lenin's Time
Comintern: Revolutionary Internationalism in Lenin's Time
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22<br />
For Class-Struggle Trade Unions<br />
The revolutionary upsurge <strong>in</strong> Europe dur<strong>in</strong>g and after the First<br />
World War threw the trade union movement across the cont<strong>in</strong>ent<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a profound upheaval.<br />
Communist workers were challenged to unite revolutionary<br />
unionists with diverse ideological backgrounds, while deepen<strong>in</strong>g<br />
their roots <strong>in</strong> unions with right-w<strong>in</strong>g leaderships.<br />
When war broke out <strong>in</strong> 1914, pro-capitalist labour officials had<br />
harnessed the unions to the bourgeoisie’s war mach<strong>in</strong>e. Workers’<br />
protest had found expression <strong>in</strong> new channels, such as organizations<br />
of left-w<strong>in</strong>g shop stewards and newly formed factory committees.<br />
As Communist International leader Karl Radek commented<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1920, “Many of us thought that the trade union movement was<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ished.”<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g the Russian revolution, revolutionaries won the leadership<br />
of Russia’s unions, which became a pillar of the new workers’<br />
and peasants’ republic.<br />
But when the German revolution broke out <strong>in</strong> November 1918,<br />
pro-capitalist labour officials moved quickly to negotiate economic<br />
ga<strong>in</strong>s for workers. Frightened bosses conceded the eight-hour day.<br />
Workers poured <strong>in</strong>to the revived unions, whose membership tripled<br />
<strong>in</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle year. The union officialdom provided a pro-capitalist<br />
buttress aga<strong>in</strong>st revolution.<br />
Meanwhile, most German communists were call<strong>in</strong>g on workers to<br />
“get out of the trade unions.” Many favoured build<strong>in</strong>g new “unitary<br />
organizations” that would comb<strong>in</strong>e the functions of a trade union<br />
and a political party.<br />
Such views were widespread <strong>in</strong> the Communist International. US<br />
communists proclaimed their task to be “the destruction of the exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
trades union organizations.” And Italian leader Nicola Bombacci<br />
told the International’s Second Congress that “I absolutely<br />
deny that trade unions have any revolutionary function whatever.”<br />
In Len<strong>in</strong>’s view, such a stand was “the greatest service communists<br />
could render the bourgeoisie.” In his pamphlet Left-W<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Communism: an Infantile Disorder, written <strong>in</strong> 1920, he stated that<br />
quitt<strong>in</strong>g the unions would leave workers under the <strong>in</strong>fluence of the<br />
“labour lieutenants of the capitalist class.”<br />
Instead, communists “must absolutely work wherever the masses<br />
are to be found” even if repressive conditions required a “resort to<br />
various stratagems, artifices, and illegal methods.”