Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...

Scandinavian History in the Viking Age
The archaeological record
[H60] A. Roussell, Farms and churches in the mediaeval Norse settlements of Greenland, Meddelelser
om Grønland 89.1 (1941) [UL 402.b.94.22]
[H61] C.L. Vebæk, ‘Topographical and archaeological investigations in the Norse settlements of
Greenland’, (A42):107-22
[H62] C.L. Vebæk, ‘An eleventh-century farmhouse in the Norse colonies in Greenland’, (A43):112-18;
on Narssaq
[H63] C. Keller, ‘Vikings in the west Atlantic: a model of Norse Greenlandic medieval society’,
(H7):126-41
[H64] S. Brink, ‘Den norröna bosättningen på Grönland: en kortfattad forskningsöversikt jämte några
nya forskningsbidrag’, SI 42 (1991), 3-33
North America
The Norse discovery of North America in the early eleventh century has naturally attracted all kinds of
attention. Although the literary traditions enshrined above all in the Vinland sagas have often been called
into question (cf. (B330, B332)), the fact that many of the essential points of these traditions are already
found in the works of Adam of Bremen (B73) and Ari (B255) lend them some credibility.
[H70] For bibliographical guidance to older research, see: H. Hermannsson, The problem of Wineland,
Islandica 25 (1936) [UL 752:4.c.1.25]
[H71] H. Ingstad, Westward to Vinland: the discovery of pre-Columbian Norse house-sites in North
America, transl. E.J. Friis (1969) [UL 660:3.c.95.9]
[H72] G. Jones, ‘Historical evidence for Viking voyages to the New World’, (O36):1-12 and ‘The
Vikings in North America’, (O34):209-30
[H73] R. McGhee, ‘Contact between native North Americans and the medieval Norse: a review of the
evidence’, American antiquity 49 (1984), 4-26
[H74] B. Linderoth Wallace, ‘The Vikings in North America: myth and reality’, (O64):207-20
[H75] B. Linderoth Wallace, ‘Vinland 1000 – a European outpost in North America’ [O83]: 307-24
[H76] B.L. Clausen, (ed.), Viking voyages to North America (1993) [UL 660:3.c.95.36]; articles by all
the usual suspects
L’Anse aux Meadows
Not until the excavation of an indisputably Norse farmstead complex at L’Anse aux Meadows on
Newfoundland was definitive proof discovered of a Viking presence in North America; for further, often
clearly fake, forms of material evidence, see any of the general items above.
[H80] A. Stine Ingstad et al., The Norse discovery of America. I: Excavations of a Norse settlement at
L’Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-68. II: The historical background and the evidence of the
Norse settlement discovered in Newfoundland (1985) [UL 660:3.b.95.3-4]
[H81] B. Linderoth Wallace, ‘The L’anse aux Meadows site’, (H5):285-304
[H82] B. Linderoth Wallace, ‘L’Anse aux Meadows, gateway to Vinland’, (H7):166-97
[H83] B. Linderoth Wallace, ‘The Viking Settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows’, [H10]:208-16
[H84] B. Linderoth Wallace, ‘L’Anse aux Meadows and Vinland: and abandoned experiment’,
(H11):207-38
The Vinland question
Much debate has raged over exactly where Vínland or ‘Wine-land’ was; no definitive answer is likely to
be found, but for those who accept the tradition at all, somewhere further south of L’Anse aux Meadows
looks most likely.
[H85] E. Haugen, ‘Was Vinland in Newfoundland?’, (A47):3-8
[H86] G. Barnes, ‘Vínland the good: Paradise lost?’, Parergon n.s. 12:2 (1995), 75-96
[H87] E. Lönnroth, ‘The Vinland problem’, SJH 21 (1996), 39-47
[H88] Magnús Stefánsson, ‘Vínland or Vinland?’, SJH 23 (1998), 139-52
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